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Lin TY, Chiu CH, Woo PCY, Razak Muttalif A, Dhar R, Choon Kit L, Morales G, Ozbilgili E. Pneumococcal serotype prevalence and antibiotic resistance in children in South and Southeast Asia, 2012-2024. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2417554. [PMID: 39478351 PMCID: PMC11533800 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2417554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This narrative review describes pneumococcal serotype prevalence for invasive disease and carriage and antibiotic resistance among specimens collected from children in countries across South and Southeast Asia from 2012 to 2024. Literature search retrieved 326 articles; 96 were included. The prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes varied geographically and over time after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Serotypes common in both pneumococcal carriage and disease were 6A, 6B, 14, 15B/15C, 19F, and 23F; serotypes 1, 3, 5, 19A, 15A, 10A, and 35B were also common in disease. Most of these serotypes are included in the 13-valent and 10-valent PCV. Carriage and disease isolates remained generally highly susceptible to vancomycin (mostly 100%) and levofloxacin (mostly >97%). These findings indicate that vaccine-preventable serotypes contribute significantly to pneumococcal disease burden in children in South and Southeast Asia. Consistency of national immunization programs with World Health Organization recommendations may reduce rates of pneumococcal disease in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzou-Yien Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Patrick CY Woo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abdul Razak Muttalif
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Dhar
- Department of Pulmonology, Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Leong Choon Kit
- Tampines Family Medicine Clinic, Mission Medical Clinic, Hougang, Singapore
| | - Graciela Morales
- Emerging Markets Medical Affairs, Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Egemen Ozbilgili
- Emerging Markets Medical Affairs, Vaccines, Pfizer Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
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Beissegulova G, Ramazanova B, Mustafina K, Begadilova T, Koloskova Y, Seitkhanova B, Mamatova A, Iskakova U, Sailaubekuly R, Seiitbay Z. Prevalence of nasopharyngeal Streptococcus Pneumoniae carriage in infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0315461. [PMID: 39693316 PMCID: PMC11654947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0315461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the prevalence of nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage (NSPC) in infants during their first two years of life and to compare the carriage rates among different vaccine groups and country income-levels. This will be achieved through a systematic review of the published literature, specifically focusing on data from cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. A comprehensive search was conducted in four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, using a predefined search strategy. Forty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. According to the results obtained from the random effects model, the pooled mean prevalence of NSPC was 1.68% at birth (95% CI [0.50; 5.47]), 24.38% at 1 to 4 months (95% CI [19.06; 30.62]), 48.38% at 4 to 6 months (95% CI [41.68; 55.13]), 59.14% at 7 to 9 months (95% CI [50.88; 66.91]), 48.41% at 10 to 12 months (95% CI [41.54; 55.35]), 42.00% at 13 to 18 months (95% CI [37.01; 47.16]), and 48.34% at 19 to 24 months (95% CI [38.50; 58.31]). The highest NSPC rates were observed among children aged 4 to 6 months and 7 to 9 months across all vaccine groups. Low-income countries consistently demonstrated the highest NSPC rates across all age categories studied. This systematic review and meta-analysis provide robust evidence of the high prevalence of NSPC in infants aged 4 to 6 months and 7 to 9 months in all vaccine groups, with persistent regional disparities, especially among low-income countries. The study highlights the need for continuous monitoring of NSPC trends, particularly the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes. Policymakers and healthcare providers should leverage these findings to enhance vaccination strategies, aiming to minimize the overall burden of pneumococcal diseases in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzhan Beissegulova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Bakyt Ramazanova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kamilya Mustafina
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Tolkyn Begadilova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Yekaterina Koloskova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Bibigul Seitkhanova
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Mamatova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ulzhan Iskakova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ratbek Sailaubekuly
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhaksylyk Seiitbay
- School of General Medicine-2, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Khoeri MM, Maladan Y, Salsabila K, Alimsardjono L, Vermasari N, Puspitasari I, Yunita R, Tafroji W, Sarassari R, Sari RF, Balqis SA, Wahid GA, Purwanto DS, Harimurti K, Soebandrio A, Safari D. Whole genome sequencing data of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Indonesian population. Data Brief 2024; 53:110251. [PMID: 38533114 PMCID: PMC10964051 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2024.110251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Indonesia introduced the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) nationwide in 2022. In this study, we present whole genome sequence (WGS) data of 94 S. pneumoniae isolates that were obtained from hospitalized patients, healthy children, and adult groups from different regions prior to PCV program in Indonesia. DNA sequences of S. pneumoniae were obtained using the TruSeq Nano DNA kit (Illumina NovaSeq6000 Platform). The genome data of S. pneumoniae features a 1,969,562 bp to 2,741,371 bp circular chromosome with 39-40% G+C content. The genome includes 1935-3319 coding sequences (CDS), 2 to 5 rRNA genes, 43 to 49 tRNA genes, and 56 to 71 ncRNA. These data will be useful for analyzing the serotype, sequence type, virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance genes, and the impact of pneumococcal vaccination in Indonesia. The FASTQ raw files of these sequences are available under BioProject accession number PRJNA995903 and Sequence Read Archive accession numbers SRR25316461-SRR25316554.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miftahuddin Majid Khoeri
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
- Doctoral program in Biomedical, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yustinus Maladan
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Korrie Salsabila
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Rina Yunita
- Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Wisnu Tafroji
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rosantia Sarassari
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Fathma Sari
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sarah Azhari Balqis
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ghina Athyah Wahid
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Diana Shinta Purwanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Kuntjoro Harimurti
- Departement of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amin Soebandrio
- Departement of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
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Purwanto DS, Khoeri MM, Tafroji W, Margaretha Kaligis SH, Wilar R, Johnson Kepel B, Raranta HPT, Gaghiwu L, Hammerschmidt S, Ervina WF, Safari D. Nasopharyngeal carriage rate, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial profiles of Streptococcus pneumoniae among patients with acute respiratory tract infection in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000703.v4. [PMID: 38725588 PMCID: PMC11077345 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000703.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We studied the carriage rate, distribution of serotype, and antimicrobial profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) among patients with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in two primary health centres and a tertiary referral hospital from 2019 to 2020 in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia before 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction. A total of 106 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from children and adult patients. Serotyping of S. pneumoniae strain was performed by sequential multiplex PCR and Quellung reaction. Antimicrobial profile was performed by the disc diffusion method. We identified thirty-one patients carried S. pneumoniae strains (29 %). The S. pneumoniae carriage rate was found to be higher among children aged 2-5 years (13/32; 40.6 %) than in children under 1 year (8/27; 29.6 %), children and adolescents under 18 years of age (5/20; 25.0 %) and adult patients (5/27; 18.5 %). The distribution of serotypes varied, including 14, 18C, 19A, 23F, 19F and 35B (two strains each) and 1, 3, 6B, 6C, 31, 9V, 15C, 16F, 17F, 23A, 35F (one strain each) and non-typeable (9/31; 29 %). We found S. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (30/31; 97 %), chloramphenicol (29/31; 94 %), clindamycin (29/31; 94 %), erythromycin (22/31; 71 %), azithromycin (22/31; 71 %), tetracycline (14/31; 45 %), penicillin (11/31; 35 %), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (10/31; 32 %). This study provides supporting baseline data on distribution of serotype and antimicrobial profile of S. pneumoniae among patients with ARTI before PCV13 introduction in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Shintawati Purwanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, R. D. Kandou General Hospital, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Miftahuddin Majid Khoeri
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Wisnu Tafroji
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Rocky Wilar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University / R. D. Kandou General Hospital, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Billy Johnson Kepel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | | | - Lidia Gaghiwu
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Waode Fifin Ervina
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
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Safari D, Daningrat WOD, Milucky JL, Khoeri MM, Paramaiswari WT, Tafroji W, Salsabila K, Winarti Y, Soebandrio A, Hadinegoro SR, Prayitno A, Childs L, Pimenta FC, Carvalho MDG, Pilishvili T. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children <5 years of age in Indonesia prior to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297041. [PMID: 38206916 PMCID: PMC10783721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) prevent nasopharyngeal colonization with vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, leading to reduced transmission of pneumococci and stronger population-level impact of PCVs. In 2017 we conducted a cross-sectional pneumococcal carriage study in Indonesia among children aged <5 years before 13-valent PCV (PCV13) introduction. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected during visits to community integrated health service posts at one peri-urban and one rural study site. Specimens were analyzed by culture, and isolates were serotyped using sequential multiplex polymerase chain and Quellung reaction. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by broth microdilution method. We enrolled 1,007 children in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta (peri-urban) and 815 in Southwest Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara (rural). Pneumococcal carriage prevalence was 30.9% in Gunungkidul and 87.6% in Southwest Sumba (combined: 56.3%). PCV13 serotypes (VT) carriage was 15.0% in Gunungkidul and 52.6% in Southwest Sumba (combined: 31.8%). Among pneumococcal isolates identified, the most common VT were 6B (16.4%), 19F (15.8%), and 3 (4.6%) in Gunungkidul (N = 323) and 6B (17.6%), 19F (11.0%), and 23F (9.3%) in Southwest Sumba (N = 784). Factors associated with pneumococcal carriage were age (1-2 years adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-2.5; 3-4 years aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1; reference <1 year), other children <5 years old in the household (aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0), and presence of ≥1 respiratory illness symptom (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.2). Overall, 61.5% of the pneumococcal isolates were non-susceptible to ≥1 antibiotic class and 13.2% were multi-drug non-susceptible (MDNS) (non-susceptible to ≥3 classes of antibiotics). Among 602 VT isolates, 73.9% were non-susceptible and 19.9% were MDNS. These findings are critical to establish a pre-PCV13 carriage prevalence and demonstrate the complexity in evaluating the impact of PCV13 introduction in Indonesia given the wide variability in the carriage prevalence as shown by the two study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Wa Ode Dwi Daningrat
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L. Milucky
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Miftahuddin Majid Khoeri
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Wisiva Tofriska Paramaiswari
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Wisnu Tafroji
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Korrie Salsabila
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yayah Winarti
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Amin Soebandrio
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Ari Prayitno
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lana Childs
- CDC Foundation, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Fabiana C. Pimenta
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Maria da Gloria Carvalho
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tamara Pilishvili
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Putri ND, Salsabila K, Prayitno A, Aprianti SC, Paramaiswari WT, Krisna MA, Safari D. Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae in children on Lombok Island, Indonesia. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000609.v4. [PMID: 37691843 PMCID: PMC10484310 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000609.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccine routine immunization programme has been implemented for almost a decade; however, there is limited surveillance of H. influenzae carriage rates in the Indonesian population. H. influenzae was isolated from nasopharyngeal (NP) swab specimens of healthy children on Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia from 2018 to 2019. Serotyping was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We identified H. influenzae in 40 of the 96 (41.6 %) NP swab specimens. We identified 39 non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) isolates and 1 Hib isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dwi Putri
- Department of Child Health, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Korrie Salsabila
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ari Prayitno
- Department of Child Health, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Shindy Claudya Aprianti
- Department of Child Health, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wisiva Tofriska Paramaiswari
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Made Ananda Krisna
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
- Present address: Biology Department and Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
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Pichichero M, Malley R, Kaur R, Zagursky R, Anderson P. Acute otitis media pneumococcal disease burden and nasopharyngeal colonization in children due to serotypes included and not included in current and new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:118-138. [PMID: 36565291 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2162506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the introduction of effective pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major cause of acute otitis media (AOM) worldwide. New, higher valency vaccines that offer broader serotype coverage have been recently developed and others are in development. However, given the capsular serotypes expressed by pneumococci causing AOM, it is unclear to what extent differing or higher valency PCVs will provide additional protection. AREAS COVERED We conducted a systematic literature search of the MEDLINE database to identify articles published from January 2016 to September 2021 in 4 low and middle income and 10 high-income countries. We searched PubMed with terms: (Streptococcus pneumoniae) OR pneumococcal AND serotype AND (conjugate vaccine). We evaluated serotype distribution and the actual or projected coverage of pneumococcal serotypes by PCV10 (GlaxoSmithKline), PCV13 (Pfizer), PCV10SII (Serum Institute of India) PCV15 (Merck) and PCV20 (Pfizer). EXPERT OPINION Our review highlights the important epidemiological differences in serotype distribution and coverage by existing and higher valency vaccines to protect against AOM in children. These data provide support for further evaluation of serotype-independent vaccines for optimal control of pneumococcal AOM disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pichichero
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard Malley
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zagursky
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Porter Anderson
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Massachusetts, USA
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1444-1451. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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