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Wachananawat B, Kong BL, Shaw P, Bongcheewin B, Sangvirotjanapat S, Prombutara P, Pornputtapong N, Sukrong S. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of Curcuma comosa and C. latifolia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31248. [PMID: 38813184 PMCID: PMC11133819 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the Curcuma genus, a crop in the Zingiberaceae, are widely utilized rhizomatous herbs globally. There are two distinct species, C. comosa Roxb. and C. latifolia Roscoe, referred to the same vernacular name "Wan Chak Motluk" in Thai. C. comosa holds economic importance and is extensively used as a Thai traditional medicine due to its phytoestrogenic properties. However, its morphology closely resembles that of C. latifolia, which contains zederone, a compound known for its hepatotoxic effects. They are often confused, which may affect the quality, efficacy and safety of the derived herbal materials. Thus, DNA markers were developed for discriminating C. comosa from C. latifolia. This study focused on analyzing core DNA barcode regions, including rbcL, matK, psbA-trnH spacer and ITS2, of the authentic C. comosa and C. latifolia species. As a result, no variable nucleotides in core DNA barcode regions were observed. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome was introduced to differentiate between the two species. The comparison revealed that the cp genomes of C. comosa and C. latifolia were 162,272 and 162,289 bp, respectively, with a total of 133 identified genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that C. comosa and C. latifolia exhibited a very close relationship with other Curcuma species. The cp genome of C. comosa and C. latifolia were identified for the first time, providing valuable insights for species identification and evolutionary research within the Zingiberaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bussarin Wachananawat
- Center of Excellence in DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Bobby Lim‐Ho Kong
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, N.T., China
| | - Pang‐Chui Shaw
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, N.T., China
| | - Bhanubong Bongcheewin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence in Herbal Medicine and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Sireeruckhachati Nature Learning Park, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | | | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Faculty of Science, Omics Science & Bioinformatics Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Natapol Pornputtapong
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Suchada Sukrong
- Center of Excellence in DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Nhat Nam N, Hoang Danh N, Minh Thiet V, Do HDK. New Insights Into The Evolution of Chloroplast Genomes in Ochna Species (Ochnaceae, Malpighiales). Evol Bioinform Online 2023; 19:11769343231210756. [PMID: 38020533 PMCID: PMC10655658 DOI: 10.1177/11769343231210756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochnaceae DC. includes more than 600 species that exhibit potential values for environmental ecology, ornamental, pharmaceutical, and timber industries. Although studies on phylogeny and phytochemicals have been intensively conducted, chloroplast genome data of Ochnaceae species have not been fully explored. In this study, the next-generation sequencing method was used to sequence the chloroplast genomes of Ochna integerrima and Ochna serrulata which were 157 329 and 157 835 bp in length, respectively. These chloroplast genomes had a quadripartite structure and contained 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs. Comparative analysis revealed 8 hypervariable regions, including trnK_UUU-trnQ_UUG, rpoB-psbM, trnS_GGA-rps4, accD-psaI, rpl33-rps18, rpl14-rpl16, ndhF-trnL_UAG, and rps15-ycf1 among 6 Ochnaceae taxa. Additionally, there were shared and unique repeats among 6 examined chloroplast genomes. The notable changes were the loss of rpl32 in Ochna species and the deletion of rps16 exon 2 in O. integerrima compared to other taxa. This study is the first comprehensive comparative genomic analysis of complete chloroplast genomes of Ochna species and related taxa in Ochnaceae. Consequently, the current study provides initial results for further research on genomic evolution, population genetics, and developing molecular markers in Ochnaceae and related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Nhat Nam
- Biotechnology Center, School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Danh
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Minh Thiet
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Dang Khoa Do
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Ferrari G, Esselens L, Hart ML, Janssens S, Kidner C, Mascarello M, Peñalba JV, Pezzini F, von Rintelen T, Sonet G, Vangestel C, Virgilio M, Hollingsworth PM. Developing the Protocol Infrastructure for DNA Sequencing Natural History Collections. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e102317. [PMID: 38327316 PMCID: PMC10848826 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Intentionally preserved biological material in natural history collections represents a vast repository of biodiversity. Advances in laboratory and sequencing technologies have made these specimens increasingly accessible for genomic analyses, offering a window into the genetic past of species and often permitting access to information that can no longer be sampled in the wild. Due to their age, preparation and storage conditions, DNA retrieved from museum and herbarium specimens is often poor in yield, heavily fragmented and biochemically modified. This not only poses methodological challenges in recovering nucleotide sequences, but also makes such investigations susceptible to environmental and laboratory contamination. In this paper, we review the practical challenges associated with making the recovery of DNA sequence data from museum collections more routine. We first review key operational principles and issues to address, to guide the decision-making process and dialogue between researchers and curators about when and how to sample museum specimens for genomic analyses. We then outline the range of steps that can be taken to reduce the likelihood of contamination including laboratory set-ups, workflows and working practices. We finish by presenting a series of case studies, each focusing on protocol practicalities for the application of different mainstream methodologies to museum specimens including: (i) shotgun sequencing of insect mitogenomes, (ii) whole genome sequencing of insects, (iii) genome skimming to recover plant plastid genomes from herbarium specimens, (iv) target capture of multi-locus nuclear sequences from herbarium specimens, (v) RAD-sequencing of bird specimens and (vi) shotgun sequencing of ancient bovid bone samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Ferrari
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Lore Esselens
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, BelgiumRoyal Museum for Central AfricaTervurenBelgium
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, BelgiumRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Michelle L Hart
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Steven Janssens
- Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, BelgiumMeise Botanic GardenMeiseBelgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, Department of Biology, Leuven, BelgiumLeuven Plant Institute, Department of BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Catherine Kidner
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Joshua V Peñalba
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, GermanyMuseum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity ScienceBerlinGermany
| | - Flávia Pezzini
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas von Rintelen
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, GermanyMuseum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity ScienceBerlinGermany
| | - Gontran Sonet
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, BelgiumRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Carl Vangestel
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, BelgiumRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Massimiliano Virgilio
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Department of African Zoology, Tervuren, BelgiumRoyal Museum for Central Africa, Department of African ZoologyTervurenBelgium
| | - Peter M Hollingsworth
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Juramurodov I, Makhmudjanov D, Yusupov Z, Tojibaev K. First comparative analysis of complete chloroplast genomes among six Hedysarum (Fabaceae) species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1211247. [PMID: 37662153 PMCID: PMC10473476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1211247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Hedysarum is one of the largest genera in the Fabaceae family, mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Despite numerous molecular studies on the genus Hedysarum, there is still a lack of research aimed at defining the specific characteristics of the chloroplast genome (cp genome) of the genus. Furthermore, the interrelationships between sections in the genus based on the cp genome have not yet been studied. In this study, comprehensive analyses of the complete cp genomes of six Hedysarum species, corresponding to sections Multicaulia, Hedysarum, and Stracheya were conducted. The complete cp genomes of H. drobovii, H. flavescens, and H. lehmannianum were sequenced for this study. The cp genomes of six Hedysarum species showed high similarity with regard to genome size (except for H. taipeicum), gene sequences, and gene classes, as well as the lacking IR region. The whole cp genomes of the six species were found to contain 110 genes ranging from 121,176 bp to 126,738 bp in length, including 76 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes. In addition, chloroplast SSRs and repetitive sequence regions were reported for each species. The six Hedysarum species shared 7 common SSRs and exhibited 14 unique SSRs. As well, three highly variable genes (clpP, accD, and atpF) with high Pi values were detected among protein-coding genes. Furthermore, we conducted phylogenetic analyses using the complete cp genomes and 76 protein-coding genes of 14 legume species, including the seven Hedysarum species. The results showed that the Hedysarum species form a monophyletic clade closely related to the genera Onobrychis and Alhagi. Furthermore, both of our phylogenetic reconstructions showed that section Stracheya is more closely related to section Hedysarum than to section Multicaulia. This study is the first comprehensive work to investigate the genome characteristics of the genus Hedysarum, which provides useful genetic information for further research on the genus, including evolutionary studies, phylogenetic relationships, population genetics, and species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inom Juramurodov
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan International Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity of Central Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Flora of Uzbekistan Laboratory, Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dilmurod Makhmudjanov
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan International Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity of Central Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Flora of Uzbekistan Laboratory, Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyoviddin Yusupov
- International Joint Lab for Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography, Institute of Botany, Academy Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Komiljon Tojibaev
- Yunnan International Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity of Central Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Flora of Uzbekistan Laboratory, Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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Pezzini FF, Ferrari G, Forrest LL, Hart ML, Nishii K, Kidner CA. Target capture and genome skimming for plant diversity studies. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2023; 11:e11537. [PMID: 37601316 PMCID: PMC10439825 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in long-read high-throughput sequencing and assembly methods have facilitated the generation of annotated chromosome-scale whole-genome sequence data for evolutionary studies; however, generating such data can still be difficult for many plant species. For example, obtaining high-molecular-weight DNA is typically impossible for samples in historical herbarium collections, which often have degraded DNA. The need to fast-freeze newly collected living samples to conserve high-quality DNA can be complicated when plants are only found in remote areas. Therefore, short-read reduced-genome representations, such as target capture and genome skimming, remain important for evolutionary studies. Here, we review the pros and cons of each technique for non-model plant taxa. We provide guidance related to logistics, budget, the genomic resources previously available for the target clade, and the nature of the study. Furthermore, we assess the available bioinformatic analyses, detailing best practices and pitfalls, and suggest pathways to combine newly generated data with legacy data. Finally, we explore the possible downstream analyses allowed by the type of data generated using each technique. We provide a practical guide to help researchers make the best-informed choice regarding reduced genome representation for evolutionary studies of non-model plants in cases where whole-genome sequencing remains impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giada Ferrari
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kanae Nishii
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Kidner
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
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Pahayo DG, Cadorna CAE, Quimado MO, Rey JD. The complete chloroplast genome of Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. (Calophyllaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:607-611. [PMID: 37250208 PMCID: PMC10215020 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2215350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. (1768) is an evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Solomon Islands. It is known for its medicinal uses and has been utilized in traditional folk medicine. However, genomic resources for this species are still unavailable. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the first complete chloroplast genome of C. soulattri using next-generation sequencing data. The chloroplast genome of C. soulattri is 161,381 bp in length with a total GC content of 36.36%. The chloroplast genome contains a large single copy (LSC) region of 88,680 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,453 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 27,624 bp each. Furthermore, the chloroplast genome has 131 genes, which include 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. soulattri is clustered in the same branch with C. inophyllum and is closely related to Mesua ferrea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter G. Pahayo
- Plant Molecular Phylogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Charles Anthon E. Cadorna
- Plant Molecular Phylogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Marilyn O. Quimado
- Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Jessica D. Rey
- Plant Molecular Phylogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Deng Z, Huang K, Xie P, Xie S, Zhang N, Yin H, Ping M, Wang Y. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Sedum bulbiferum (Crassulaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:598-602. [PMID: 37250209 PMCID: PMC10210845 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2160220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedum bulbiferum is a traditional medicinal plant in China, with few reports on its chloroplast genome. In this study, the chloroplast genome of Sedum bulbiferum was characterized, and its phylogenetic position among other closely related species was studied. The results showed that the full length of the chloroplast genome was 150,074 bp, containing a large single-copy (LSC) region and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 81,730 and 16,726 bp, respectively, as well as two inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 25,809 bp like other plants. A total of 128 genes were found, including 83 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Sedum bulbiferum is closely related to Sedum emarginatum, Sedum alfredii, Sedum tricarpum, Sedum plumbizincicola, and Sedum sarmentosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, China
| | - Kerui Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, China
| | - Suisui Xie
- The First High School of Changsha, China
| | - Ningyun Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, China
| | - Hanbin Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, China
| | - Mo Ping
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, China
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Yu XQ, Jiang YZ, Folk RA, Zhao JL, Fu CN, Fang L, Peng H, Yang JB, Yang SX. Species discrimination in Schima (Theaceae): Next-generation super-barcodes meet evolutionary complexity. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:3161-3175. [PMID: 35789203 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plastid genome and nrDNA arrays, proposed recently as "super barcodes", might provide additional discriminatory power and overcome the limitations of traditional barcoding loci, yet super barcodes need to be tested for their effectiveness in more plant groups. Morphological homoplasy among Schima species makes the genus a model for testing the efficacy of super barcodes. In this study, we generated multiple datasets comprising standard DNA barcodes (matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA, nrITS) and super-barcodes (plastid genome, nrDNA arrays) across 58 individuals from 12 out of 13 species of Schima from China. No samples were correctly assigned to species using standard DNA barcodes and nrDNA arrays, while only 27.27% of species with multiple accessions were distinguished using the plastid genome and its partitioned datasets-the lowest estimated rate of super barcode success in the literature so far. For Schima and other taxa with similarly recently divergence and low levels of genetic variation, incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization, or taxonomic oversplitting are all possible causes of the failure. Taken together, our study suggests that by no means are super barcodes immune to the challenges imposed by evolutionary complexity. We therefore call for developing multi-locus nuclear markers for species discrimination in plant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qin Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yin-Zi Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Ryan A Folk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, 39762, MS, United States
| | - Jian-Li Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China, China
| | - Chao-Nan Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Liang Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, 332000, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hua Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650201, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Xiong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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