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Shan X, Otsuka S, Okubo T, Takeuchi T, Fukushige K, Naito M. Assessing site-specificity of the biomechanical properties of hamstring aponeuroses using MyotonPRO: A cadaveric study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 114:106230. [PMID: 38493724 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2024.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring muscles are the most frequently reported sites of muscle strain injuries, especially near the bi-articular muscles' myotendinous junction, where aponeurosis provides a connective tissue network linking muscle fibers to the tendon. This study aimed to investigate the reliability and site-specific differences of hamstring aponeuroses under different conditions (formalin and urea) using MyotonPRO. METHODS Eight hamstring muscle groups were dissected from four human cadavers (two males and two females) aged 83-93 years. Measurements of the mechanical properties of the aponeuroses from the superficial and deep regions of biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (after formalin solution immersion) were done using MyotonPRO (intra-rater reliability was examined within a 24-h interval), following which the hamstring aponeuroses were measured using a similar procedure after urea solution immersion. FINDINGS Test-retest (intra-rater) results revealed that the MyotonPRO measurement of tone, stiffness, relaxation, and creep of cadaveric aponeuroses presented good to excellent reliability (ICC: 0.86 to 0.98). There were no significant differences in tone, stiffness, elasticity, relaxation, and creep among the six sites of hamstring aponeuroses under both formalin and urea conditions. Significant differences between formalin and urea conditions were found in the tone, stiffness, relaxation, and creep of hamstring aponeuroses (P < 0.05). INTERPRETATION These results suggested that the biomechanical properties of hamstring aponeuroses showed homogeneity between the sites using MyotonPRO. Urea solution could potentially neutralize the effect of formalin on the biomechanical properties of cadaveric muscle-aponeurosis-tendon units. The present findings might influence the design of subsequent cadaveric studies on hamstring muscle strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyao Shan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Shun Otsuka
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohito Okubo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Takeuchi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukushige
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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Kellis E, Kekelekis A, Drakonaki EE. Is thoracolumbar fascia shear-wave modulus affected by active and passive knee flexion? J Anat 2024; 244:438-447. [PMID: 37965913 PMCID: PMC10862179 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of passive and active knee flexion efforts on the stiffness of the thoracolumbar (TLF), semitendinosus (STF), and semimembranosus fascia (SMF). Fourteen young healthy males participated in this study. Using ultrasound shear-wave elastography, fascia elastic modulus was measured at rest (passive condition) and during submaximal isometric knee flexion efforts (active condition) with the hip at neutral position and the knee flexed at 0°, 45°, and 90°. Analysis of variance designs indicated that when the knee was passively extended from 90° to 0°, shear modulus of the TLF, SMF, and STF increased significantly (p < 0.05). Similarly, active knee flexion contractions caused a significant increase in TLF, SMF, and STF shear modulus (p < 0.001). Compared to hamstring fascia, the TLF showed greater thickness but a lower shear modulus (p < 0.05) while STF modulus was greater compared that to SMF during active contraction (p < 0.05). These results indicate that exercising the hamstring muscles can remotely influence the stiffness of the fascia which surrounds the lumbar area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at SerresAristotle University of ThessalonikiSerresGreece
| | - Afxentios Kekelekis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at SerresAristotle University of ThessalonikiSerresGreece
| | - Eleni E. Drakonaki
- Department of Anatomy, Medical SchoolUniversity of CreteHeraklionCreteGreece
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Crawford SK, Wille CM, Joachim MR, Lee KS, Heiderscheit BC. Ultrasound shear wave seeds reduced following hamstring strain injury but not after returning to sport. Insights Imaging 2024; 15:7. [PMID: 38191955 PMCID: PMC10774410 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-023-01571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to investigate differences in ultrasound shear wave speed (SWS) between uninjured and injured limbs following hamstring strain injury (HSI) at time of injury (TOI), return to sport (RTS), and 12 weeks after RTS (12wks). METHODS This observational, prospective, cross-sectional design included male and female collegiate athletes who sustained an HSI. SWS imaging was performed at TOI, RTS, and 12wks with magnetic resonance imaging. SWS maps were acquired by a musculoskeletal-trained sonographer at the injury location of the injured limb and location-matched on the contralateral limb. The average SWS from three 5 mm diameter Q-boxes on each limb were used for analysis. A linear mixed effects model was performed to determine differences in SWS between limbs across the study time points. RESULTS SWS was lower in the injured limb compared to the contralateral limb at TOI (uninjured - injured limb difference: 0.23 [0.05, 0.41] m/s, p = 0.006). No between-limb differences in SWS were observed at RTS (0.15 [-0.05, 0.36] m/s, p = 0.23) or 12wks (-0.11 [-0.41, 0.18] m/s, p = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS The SWS in the injured limb of collegiate athletes after HSI was lower compared to the uninjured limb at TOI but not at RTS or 12 weeks after RTS. CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT Hamstring strain injury with structural disruption can be detected by lower injured limb shear wave speed compared to the uninjured limb. Lack of between-limb differences at return to sport may demonstrate changes consistent with healing. Shear wave speed may complement traditional ultrasound or MRI for monitoring muscle injury. KEY POINTS • Ultrasound shear wave speed can non-invasively measure tissue elasticity in muscle injury locations. • Injured limb time of injury shear wave speeds were lower versus uninjured limb but not thereafter. • Null return to sport shear wave speed differences may correspond to structural changes associated with healing. • Shear wave speed may provide quantitative measures for monitoring muscle elasticity during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Crawford
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Christa M Wille
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mikel R Joachim
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kenneth S Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bryan C Heiderscheit
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Pimenta R, Coelho F, Correia JP, Vaz JR. Influence of transducer pressure and examiner experience on muscle active shear modulus measured by shear wave elastography. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:185-192. [PMID: 38035432 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the effects of ultrasound transducer pressure and examiner experience on the biceps femoris long head and semitendinosus muscle active shear modulus in healthy individuals (n = 28). METHODS Active shear modulus was assessed using shear wave elastography at 20% of knee flexor maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Examiners with different experience levels measured the muscles' shear modulus with three pressure levels: mild, moderate, and hard. RESULTS A main effect of transducer pressure was found for both biceps femoris long head (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.314) and semitendinosus muscles (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.280), whereas differences were found between mild-moderate (biceps femoris long head: p = 0.013, d = 0.23; semitendinosus: p = 0.024, d = 0.25), and mild-hard pressures (biceps femoris long head: p = 0.001, d = 0.47; semitendinosus: p = 0.002, d = 0.47). Examiners performed similar shear modulus measurements in the biceps femoris long head (p = 0.299; η2p = 0.041) and semitendinosus (p = 0.177; η2p = 0.066), although the experienced examiner showed a higher measurement repeatability (biceps femoris long head: ICC = 0.86-0.95, semitendinosus: ICC = 0.89-0.96; vs. biceps femoris long head: ICC = 0.78-0.87, semitendinosus: ICC = 0.66-0.87). CONCLUSION Transducer pressure influences the active shear modulus measurement between mild and moderate or hard pressures. Additionally, examiner experience seems to have no influence on muscle active shear modulus measurement when assessed at the same site (using casts). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Future studies assessing active muscle shear modulus should use mild transducer pressure and having experienced examiners in order to improve measurement reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pimenta
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal; Research Center of the Polytechnic Institute of Maia (N2i), Maia Polytechnic Institute (IPMAIA), Castêlo da Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal; Futebol Clube Famalicão - Futebol SAD, Department of Rehabilitation and Performance, Famalicão, Portugal.
| | - F Coelho
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
| | - J P Correia
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
| | - J R Vaz
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal; Egas Moniz - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
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Pimenta R, Lopes T, Correia JP, Veloso AP. Effects of repeated sprinting on hamstring shear modulus pattern and knee flexor neuromuscular parameters. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12624. [PMID: 37537276 PMCID: PMC10400546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute effects of a maximum repeated sprint protocol on (1) hamstring shear modulus and (2) knee flexor neuromuscular parameters such as peak torque (PT) and rate of torque development (RTD). Muscle shear modulus was assessed in 18 healthy males using shear wave elastography at rest and during 30° isometric knee flexion at 20% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction, before and after a 10 × 30 m repeated sprint protocol. There was a 9% decrease in average speed between the fastest and slowest sprint (p < 0.001; d = 2.27). A pre-post decrease was observed in PT (p = 0.004; η2p = 0.399) and in the 0-50 ms (p = 0.042; η2p = 0.222), and 50-100 ms (p = 0.028; η2p = 0.254) RTD periods. For the active shear modulus, the only significant change after the sprint task was in the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) with an increase of 10% (Pre: 26.29 ± 8.89 kPa; Post: 28.93 ± 8.31 kPa; p = 0.015; d = 0.31). The present study provides evidence that repeated sprinting leads to significant decreases in average speed, PT, early RTD (0-50 ms; 50-100 ms), and to an increase in BFlh active shear modulus without changing the shear modulus of the other hamstrings muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pimenta
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada - Dafundo, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Center of the Polytechnic Institute of Maia (N2i), Maia Polytechnic Institute (IPMAIA), Castêlo da Maia, 4475-690, Maia, Portugal.
| | - Tomás Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College London, Strand, London, UK
| | - José Pedro Correia
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada - Dafundo, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Prieto Veloso
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada - Dafundo, Lisboa, Portugal
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Evangelidis PE, Shan X, Otsuka S, Yang C, Yamagishi T, Kawakami Y. Fatigue-induced changes in hamstrings' active muscle stiffness: effect of contraction type and implications for strain injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:833-846. [PMID: 36494585 PMCID: PMC10030419 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hamstring strain injuries may occur due to differential fatigue and compromised mechanical properties among the hamstring muscles. We examined (1) the effect of fatigue on hamstrings active muscle stiffness, and (2) whether contraction type affects active muscle stiffness changes during a submaximal fatiguing task. METHODS Nine healthy males completed 99 submaximal knee flexions in isometric (ISO), concentric (CON), and eccentric (ECC) conditions. We measured the knee flexor maximal voluntary torque (MVT) (pre/post), shear wave velocity (SWV) during contraction and transverse relaxation times (T2) (pre/post) in biceps femoris long head (BFlh), semitendinosus (ST), and semimembranosus (SM) muscles. RESULTS MVT decreased substantially after all conditions (- 18.4 to - 33.6%). The average relative torque sustained during the task was lower in CON than ISO and ECC, but absolute torque was similar. SWV interindividual responses were highly variable across muscles and contraction types. On average, BFlh SWV tended to increase in ISO (0.4 m/s, 4.5%, p = 0.064) but decreased in ECC condition (- 0.8 m/s, - 7.7%, p < 0.01). ST SWV decreased in CON (- 1.1 m/s, - 9.0%, p < 0.01), while it remained unchanged in ISO and ECC. SM SWV decreased in CON (- 0.8 m/s, - 8.1%, p < 0.01), but it was unaffected in ISO and variable in ECC. CONCLUSION Fatigue has a differential effect on the mechanical properties of the constituent hamstring muscles, as measured with shear wave elastography, depending upon contraction type. We found preliminary evidence that BFlh is more fatigued than ST or SM during eccentric contractions, which may explain its susceptibility to strain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos E Evangelidis
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Xiyao Shan
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Otsuka
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chi Yang
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Suskens JJM, Tol JL, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Maas H, van Dieën JH, Reurink G. Activity distribution among the hamstring muscles during high-speed running: A descriptive multichannel surface EMG study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:954-965. [PMID: 36752650 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed activity distribution among the hamstring muscles during high-speed running. The objective was to compare within and between muscle activity, relative contribution and hip and knee joint angles at peak muscle activity during high-speed running. METHODS Through multichannel electromyography, we measured muscle activity in male basketball players during high-speed running on a treadmill at 15 locations: five for biceps femoris long head, four for semitendinosus, and six for semimembranosus. Muscle activity was calculated for each location within each hamstring muscle individually for each percent of a stride cycle. RESULTS Twenty-nine non-injured basketball players were included (mean age: 17 ± 1 years; mass, 85 ± 9 kg; height, 193 ± 9 cm). Heterogeneous activity was found for all individual hamstring muscles across multiple events of the stride cycle. In the late-swing phase, muscle activity and relative contribution of the semimembranosus was significantly higher than of the semitendinosus. There was no significant difference in hip and knee joint angles at instant of peak muscle activity, assessed locally within individual hamstring muscles, as well as in general over the whole hamstring muscle. CONCLUSION Hamstring muscles were most active in the late-swing phase during high-speed running. In this phase, the semimembranosus was most active and the semitendinosus was least active. Within the biceps femoris long head, the most proximal region was significantly more active in the late-swing phase, compared to other muscle regions. For each muscle and location, peak muscle activity occurred at similar hip and knee joint angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef J M Suskens
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pimenta R, Antunes H, Lopes T, Veloso A. Do Repeated Sprints Affect the Biceps Femoris Long Head Architecture in Football Players with and without an Injury History?-A Retrospective Study. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010096. [PMID: 36671788 PMCID: PMC9855802 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture between football players with (twelve) and without (twenty) history of BFlh injury before and after a repeated sprint task. Fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA) and muscle thickness (MT) were assessed at rest and in the active condition before and after the repeated sprint protocol. Athletes with previous BFlh injury showed shorter FL at rest (p = 0.014; η2p = 0.196) and active state (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.413), and greater PA at rest (p = 0.002; η2p = 0.307) and active state (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.368) before and after the task. Intra-individual comparisons showed that injured limbs have shorter FL at rest (p = 0.012; η2p = 0.519) and in the active state (p = 0.039; η2p = 0.332), and greater PA in passive (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.732) and active conditions (p = 0.018; η2p = 0.412), when compared with contralateral limbs. Injured players, at rest and in the active condition, display shorter BFlh FL and greater PA than contralateral and healthy controls after repeated sprints. Moreover, the BFlh of injured players presented a different architectural response to the protocol compared with the healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pimenta
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-19-1885-2877
| | - Hugo Antunes
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Tomás Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - António Veloso
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
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Activity Distribution Among the Hamstring Muscles During the Nordic Hamstring Exercise: A Multichannel Surface Electromyography Study. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:69-79. [PMID: 36791725 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed activity distribution among the hamstring muscles during the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE). The objective was to compare muscle activity between and within muscles during the NHE to add insights in its underlying protective mechanism. Through multichannel electromyography, we measured muscle activity in male basketball players during the NHE. Electromyography was assessed at 15 locations: 5 for biceps femoris long head, 4 for semitendinosus, and 6 for semimembranosus. For each percent of the eccentric phase of the NHE, muscle activity was calculated for each electrode location within each hamstring muscle individually. To quantify whole muscle head activity, means and variances across electrodes within each muscle were calculated. Thirty-five noninjured participants were included (mean age, 18 [2] y; mass, 87 [12] kg; height, 192 [9] cm). Heterogeneous muscle activity was found between 38% and 62% and over the whole eccentric contraction phase within the semitendinosus and the semimembranosus, respectively. Muscle activity of the semitendinosus was significantly higher than that of the biceps femoris long head. During the NHE, the relative contribution of the semitendinosus is the highest among hamstring muscles. Its strong contribution may compensate for the biceps femoris long head, the most commonly injured hamstring muscle head.
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Kositsky A, Saxby DJ, Lesch KJ, Barrett RS, Kröger H, Lahtinen O, Diamond LE, Korhonen RK, Stenroth L. In vivo assessment of the passive stretching response of the bi-compartmental human semitendinosus muscle using shear wave elastography. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 132:438-447. [PMID: 34941438 PMCID: PMC8799393 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00473.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The semitendinosus muscle contains distinct proximal and distal compartments arranged anatomically in-series but separated by a tendinous inscription, with each compartment innervated by separate nerve branches. Although extensively investigated in other mammals, compartment-specific mechanical properties within the human semitendinosus have scarcely been assessed in vivo. Experimental data obtained during muscle-tendon unit stretching (e.g., slack angle) can also be used to validate and/or improve musculoskeletal model estimates of semitendinosus muscle force. The purpose of this study was to investigate the passive stretching response of proximal and distal humans semitendinosus compartments to distal joint extension. Using two-dimensional shear wave elastography, we bilaterally obtained shear moduli of both semitendinosus compartments from 14 prone-positioned individuals at ten knee flexion angles (from 90° to 0° [full extension] at 10° intervals). Passive muscle mechanical characteristics (slack angle, slack shear modulus, and the slope of the increase in shear modulus) were determined for each semitendinosus compartment by fitting a piecewise exponential model to the shear modulus-joint angle curves. We found no differences between compartments or legs for slack angle, slack shear modulus, or the slope of the increase in shear modulus. We also found the experimentally determined slack angle occurred at ~15-80° higher knee flexion angles compared to estimates from two commonly used musculoskeletal models, depending on participant and model used. Overall, these findings demonstrate that passive shear modulus-joint angle curves do not differ between proximal and distal human semitendinosus compartments, and provide experimental data to improve semitendinosus force estimates derived from musculoskeletal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kositsky
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David J Saxby
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kim J Lesch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rod S Barrett
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit (KMRU), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Lahtinen
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Radiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura E Diamond
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lauri Stenroth
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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