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Yang R, Yang Y, Hu Y, Yin L, Qu P, Wang P, Mu X, Zhang S, Xie P, Cheng C, Zhang J. Comparison of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activities in Differentially Pigmented Cerasus humilis Fruits. Molecules 2023; 28:6272. [PMID: 37687101 PMCID: PMC10488777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis) is a wild fruit tree and medicinal plant endemic to China. Its fruits are rich in various bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and carotenoids, which contribute greatly to their high antioxidant capacity. In this study, the contents of bioactive substances (chlorophyll, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, total flavonoids, and total phenols), antioxidant capacities, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS+) scavenging ability, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) in differentially pigmented C. humilis fruits of four varieties were determined and compared. The results revealed that anthocyanin, total flavonoids and total phenols were the three main components responsible for the antioxidant activity of C. humilis fruits. 'Jinou No.1' fruits with dark red peel and red flesh had the highest contents of anthocyanin, total flavonoids, and total phenols, as well as the highest antioxidant capacities; 'Nongda No.5' fruits with yellow-green peel and yellow flesh had the highest contents of carotenoids and chlorophyll, while 'Nongda No.6' fruit had the highest ascorbic acid content. To further reveal the molecular mechanism underlying differences in the accumulation of carotenoids and flavonoids among differentially pigmented C. humilis fruits, the expression patterns of structural genes involved in the biosynthesis of the two compounds were investigated. Correlation analysis results revealed that the content of carotenoids in C. humilis fruits was very significantly positively correlated with the expression of the ChCHYB, ChZEP, ChVDE, ChNSY, ChCCD1, ChCCD4, ChNCED1, and ChNCED5 genes (p < 0.01) and significantly negatively correlated with the expression of ChZDS (p < 0.05). The anthocyanin content was very significantly positively correlated with ChCHS, ChFLS, and ChUFGT expression (p < 0.01). The total flavonoid content was very significantly positively correlated with the expression of ChCHS, ChUFGT, and ChC4H (p < 0.01) and significantly positively correlated with ChFLS expression (p < 0.05). This study can provide a basis for understanding the differences in the accumulation of bioactive substances, and is helpful for clarifying the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of various carotenoids and flavonoids among differentially pigmented C. humilis fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (R.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.Y.); (P.Q.); (P.W.); (X.M.); (S.Z.); (P.X.)
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (R.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.Y.); (P.Q.); (P.W.); (X.M.); (S.Z.); (P.X.)
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Kim DH, Lim SH, Lee JY. Expression of RsPORB Is Associated with Radish Root Color. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112214. [PMID: 37299194 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus) plants exhibit varied root colors due to the accumulation of chlorophylls and anthocyanins compounds that are beneficial for both human health and visual quality. The mechanisms of chlorophyll biosynthesis have been extensively studied in foliar tissues but remain largely unknown in other tissues. In this study, we examined the role of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases (PORs), which are key enzymes in chlorophyll biosynthesis, in radish roots. The transcript level of RsPORB was abundantly expressed in green roots and positively correlated with chlorophyll content in radish roots. Sequences of the RsPORB coding region were identical between white (948) and green (847) radish breeding lines. Additionally, virus-induced gene silencing assay with RsPORB exhibited reduced chlorophyll contents, verifying that RsPORB is a functional enzyme for chlorophyll biosynthesis. Sequence comparison of RsPORB promoters from white and green radishes showed several insertions and deletions (InDels) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Promoter activation assays using radish root protoplasts verified that InDels of the RsPORB promoter contribute to its expression level. These results suggested that RsPORB is one of the key genes underlying chlorophyll biosynthesis and green coloration in non-foliar tissues, such as roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
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Liu T, Liu T, Zhang X, Song J, Qiu Y, Yang W, Jia H, Wang H, Li X. Combined widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis reveals differentially accumulated metabolites and the underlying molecular bases in fleshy taproots of distinct radish genotypes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 195:351-361. [PMID: 36681065 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Radish is an important taproot crop with medicinal and edible uses that is cultivated worldwide. However, the differences in metabolites and the underlying molecular bases among different radish types remain largely unknown. In the present study, a combined analysis of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and RNA-Seq data was conducted to uncover important differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) among radish accessions with green, white and red taproot flesh colours. A total of 657 metabolites were identified and 138 DAMs were commonly present in red vs. green and red vs. white accessions. Red accessions were rich in phenolic compounds, while green and white accessions had more amino acids. Additionally, 41 metabolites and 98 genes encoding 37 enzymes were enriched in the shikimate and phenolic biosynthesis pathways. CHS is the rate-limiting enzyme determining flavonoid differences among accessions. A total of 119 candidate genes might contribute to red accession-specific accumulated metabolites. Specifically, one gene cluster consisting of 16 genes, including one RsMYB1, RsMYBL2, RsTT8, RsDFR, RsANS, Rs4CL3, RsSCPL10, Rs3AT1 and RsSAP2 gene, two RsTT19 and RsWRKY44 genes and three RsUGT genes, might be involved in anthocyanin accumulation in red radish fleshy taproots. More importantly, an InDel marker was developed based on an RsMYB1 promoter mutation, and the accuracy reached 95.9% when it was used to select red-fleshed radishes. This study provides comprehensive insights into the metabolite differences and underlying molecular mechanisms in fleshy taproots among different radish genotypes and will be beneficial for the genetic improvement of radish nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210038, China; State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jiangping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Wenlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Huixia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Haiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Understanding the invasion mechanism of malignant alien weed Mikania micrantha from the perspective of photosynthetic capacity of stems. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang R, Li Y, Gao M, Han M, Liu H. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the bHLH gene family and analysis of their potential relevance to chlorophyll metabolism in Raphanus sativus L. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:548. [PMID: 35915410 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green-fleshed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an economically important root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family, and chlorophyll accumulates in its root tissues. It was reported that the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play vital roles in the process of chlorophyll metabolism. Nevertheless, a comprehensive study on the bHLH gene family has not been performed in Raphanus sativus L. RESULTS In this study, a total of 213 Raphanus sativus L. bHLH (RsbHLH) genes were screened in the radish genome, which were grouped into 22 subfamilies. 204 RsbHLH genes were unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes, and nine RsbHLH genes were located on the scaffolds. Gene structure analysis showed that 25 RsbHLH genes were intron-less. Collineation analysis revealed the syntenic orthologous bHLH gene pairs between radish and Arabidopsis thaliana/Brassica rapa/Brassica oleracea. 162 RsbHLH genes were duplicated and retained from the whole genome duplication event, indicating that the whole genome duplication contributed to the expansion of the RsbHLH gene family. RNA-seq results revealed that RsbHLH genes had a variety of expression patterns at five development stages of green-fleshed radish and white-fleshed radish. In addition, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis confirmed four RsbHLH genes closely related to chlorophyll content. CONCLUSIONS A total of 213 RsbHLH genes were identified, and we systematically analyzed their gene structure, evolutionary and collineation relationships, conserved motifs, gene duplication, cis-regulatory elements and expression patterns. Finally, four bHLH genes closely involved in chlorophyll content were identified, which may be associated with the photosynthesis of the green-fleshed radish. The current study would provide valuable information for further functional exploration of RsbHLH genes, and facilitate clarifying the molecular mechanism underlying photosynthesis process in green-fleshed radish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological and Agricultural College, Weifang University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological and Agricultural College, Weifang University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| | - Minggang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological and Agricultural College, Weifang University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Min Han
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological and Agricultural College, Weifang University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Huilian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological and Agricultural College, Weifang University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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