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Zeineldin M, Cox-Struble H, Camp P, Farrell D, Pritchard R, Thacker TC, Lehman K. National Prevalence of Caprine Prion Protein Genetic Variability at Codons 146, 211, and 222 in Goat Herds in the United States. Vet Sci 2023; 11:13. [PMID: 38250919 PMCID: PMC10818752 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease that impacts sheep and goats, characterized by gradual and progressive changes in neurological function. Recent research shows that the scrapie incubation period is significantly influenced by specific variations in amino acids within the prion protein gene (PRNP). The objective of this study was to estimate the national prevalence of caprine PRNP genetic variability at codons 146, 211, and 222 in goat populations across the United States. A total of 3052 blood, ear tissue, and brain tissue samples were collected from goats from 50 states. The participating states were categorized into four Veterinary Service (VS) district regions. The samples underwent DNA extraction, and the PRNP variants corresponding to codons 146, 211, and 222 were amplified and sequenced. The analysis of PRNP variants, when compared to the PRNP reference sequence, revealed seven alleles in twelve genotypes. The homozygous 146NN, 211RR, and 222QQ alleles, which have been linked to an increased risk of scrapie, were found to be the most prevalent among all the goats. The heterozygous 222QK, 211RQ, 146SD, 146ND, and 146NS alleles and the homozygous 222KK, 146SS, and 146DD alleles, known to be associated with reduced scrapie susceptibility and a prolonged incubation period after experimental challenge, were found in 1.098% (222QK), 2.33% (211RQ), 0.58% (146SD), 3.13% (146ND), 20.68% (146NS), 0.005% (222KK), 3.31% (146SS), and 0.67% (146DD) of goats, respectively. The 222QK allele was found most frequently in goats tested from the east (VS District 1, 1.59%) and southwest (VS District 4, 1.08%) regions, whereas the 211RQ allele was found most often in goats tested from the Midwest (VS District 2, 8.03%) and east (VS District 1, 6.53%) regions. The 146NS allele was found most frequently in goats tested from the northwest (VS District 3, 29.02%) and southwest (VS District 4, 20.69%) regions. Our results showed that the prevalence of less susceptible genotypes at PRNP codon 146 may be sufficient to use genetic susceptibility testing in some herds. This may reduce the number of goats removed as part of a herd clean-up plan and may promote the selective breeding goats for less susceptible alleles in high-risk herds at the national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zeineldin
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (H.C.-S.); (P.C.); (D.F.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Heather Cox-Struble
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (H.C.-S.); (P.C.); (D.F.)
| | - Patrick Camp
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (H.C.-S.); (P.C.); (D.F.)
| | - David Farrell
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (H.C.-S.); (P.C.); (D.F.)
| | - Randy Pritchard
- Strategy and Policy, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Tyler C. Thacker
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (H.C.-S.); (P.C.); (D.F.)
| | - Kimberly Lehman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (H.C.-S.); (P.C.); (D.F.)
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Gurau MR, Negru E, Ionescu T, Udriste AA, Cornea CP, Baraitareanu S. Genetic Polymorphism at 15 Codons of the Prion Protein Gene in 156 Goats from Romania. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081316. [PMID: 35893054 PMCID: PMC9394368 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The variability of prion protein gene (PRNP) codons and the frequency of alleles (K222, D146, and S146) that appear to confer genetic resistance to classical scrapie are still unknown in several goat populations/breeds prevalent in Romania. This work aims to assess the genetic polymorphism at 15 PRNP codons in Romanian goat populations to inform the development of goat breeding programs for scrapie resistance. Methods: Whole blood and hair follicles from Carpathian (50), French Alpine (53), and Banat’s White (53) breed goats were sampled to extract genomic DNA for genetic analyses and Sanger sequencing. In the targeted goat groups, one classical scrapie-positive Banat’s White goat was included. Results: The codons without polymorphisms were G37G, W102W, N146N, R151R, S173S, and I218I. The following non-synonymous polymorphisms of PRNP were recorded: P110P, P110S, P110T, T110T, G127G, G127S, I142I, I142M, T142I, H143H, P143P, R143R, R154R, H154R, P168P, Q168Q, Q211Q, Q211R, Q222Q, H222Q, K222K, S240S, P240P, P240S, and S240P. Conclusions: PRNP polymorphism was recorded in 60% (9/15) of codons. The scrapie-positive Banat’s White goat had G37G, W102W, T110T, G127G, I142I, H143H, N146N, R151R, R154R, P168P, S173S, R211R, I218I, Q222Q, and S240S. The K222 allele had a frequency of 6% (3/50) in Carpathian, 9.43% (5/53) in Banat’s White, and 15.09% (8/53) in French Alpine. Therefore, the polymorphisms detected in this sample of Romanian goat breeds are too rare to design a breeding program at the current time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rodica Gurau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050097 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.G.); (E.N.); (T.I.)
| | - Elena Negru
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050097 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.G.); (E.N.); (T.I.)
| | - Teodor Ionescu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050097 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.G.); (E.N.); (T.I.)
| | - Anca Amalia Udriste
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Research Center for Studies of Food Quality and Agricultural Products, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Călina Petruța Cornea
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Stelian Baraitareanu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050097 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.G.); (E.N.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence:
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