An efficient 3D column-only P300 speller paradigm utilizing few numbers of electrodes and flashings for practical BCI implementation

Recent applications of EEG-based brain-computer-interface in the medical field

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) represent an emerging technology that facilitates direct communication between the brain and external devices. In recent years, numerous review articles have explored various aspects of BCIs, including their fundamental principles, technical advancements, and applications in specific domains. However, these reviews often focus on signal processing, hardware development, or limited applications such as motor rehabilitation or communication. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive review of recent electroencephalogram (EEG)-based BCI applications in the medical field across 8 critical areas, encompassing rehabilitation, daily communication, epilepsy, cerebral resuscitation, sleep, neurodegenerative diseases, anesthesiology, and emotion recognition. Moreover, the current challenges and future trends of BCIs were also discussed, including personal privacy and ethical concerns, network security vulnerabilities, safety issues, and biocompatibility.

Brain-computer interface in critical care and rehabilitation

This comprehensive review explores the broad landscape of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology and its potential use in intensive care units (ICUs), particularly for patients with motor impairments such as quadriplegia or severe brain injury. By employing brain signals from various sensing techniques, BCIs offer enhanced communication and motor rehabilitation strategies for patients. This review underscores the concept and efficacy of noninvasive, electroencephalogram-based BCIs in facilitating both communicative interactions and motor function recovery. Additionally, it highlights the current research gap in intuitive "stop" mechanisms within motor rehabilitation protocols, emphasizing the need for advancements that prioritize patient safety and individualized responsiveness. Furthermore, it advocates for more focused research that considers the unique requirements of ICU environments to address the challenges arising from patient variability, fatigue, and limited applicability of current BCI systems outside of experimental settings.

Non-invasive EEG-based BCI spellers from the beginning to today: a mini-review

The defeat of the central motor neuron leads to the motor disorders. Patients lose the ability to control voluntary muscles, for example, of the upper limbs, which introduces a fundamental dissonance in the possibility of daily use of a computer or smartphone. As a result, the patients lose the ability to communicate with other people. The article presents the most popular paradigms used in the brain-computer-interface speller system and designed for typing by people with severe forms of the movement disorders. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have emerged as a promising technology for individuals with communication impairments. BCI-spellers are systems that enable users to spell words by selecting letters on a computer screen using their brain activity. There are three main types of BCI-spellers: P300, motor imagery (MI), and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). However, each type has its own limitations, which has led to the development of hybrid BCI-spellers that combine the strengths of multiple types. Hybrid BCI-spellers can improve accuracy and reduce the training period required for users to become proficient. Overall, hybrid BCI-spellers have the potential to improve communication for individuals with impairments by combining the strengths of multiple types of BCI-spellers. In conclusion, BCI-spellers are a promising technology for individuals with communication impairments. P300, MI, and SSVEP are the three main types of BCI-spellers, each with their own advantages and limitations. Further research is needed to improve the accuracy and usability of BCI-spellers and to explore their potential applications in other areas such as gaming and virtual reality.

Advances in P300 brain-computer interface spellers: toward paradigm design and performance evaluation

A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a non-muscular communication technology that provides an information exchange channel for our brains and external devices. During the decades, BCI has made noticeable progress and has been applied in many fields. One of the most traditional BCI applications is the BCI speller. This article primarily discusses the progress of research into P300 BCI spellers and reviews four types of P300 spellers: single-modal P300 spellers, P300 spellers based on multiple brain patterns, P300 spellers with multisensory stimuli, and P300 spellers with multiple intelligent techniques. For each type of P300 speller, we further review several representative P300 spellers, including their design principles, paradigms, algorithms, experimental performance, and corresponding advantages. We particularly emphasized the paradigm design ideas, including the overall layout, individual symbol shapes and stimulus forms. Furthermore, several important issues and research guidance for the P300 speller were identified. We hope that this review can assist researchers in learning the new ideas of these novel P300 spellers and enhance their practical application capability.