1
|
Bouniol A, Ceballos H, Bello A, Teeken B, Olaosebikan DO, Owoade D, Afolabi A, Fotso Kuate A, Madu T, Okoye B, Ofoeze M, Nwafor S, Onyemauwa N, Adinsi L, Forsythe L, Dufour D. Varietal impact on women's labour, workload and related drudgery in processing root, tuber and banana crops: focus on cassava in sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4498-4513. [PMID: 37607251 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Roots, tubers and cooking bananas are bulky and highly perishable. In Africa, except for yams, their consumption is mainly after transport, peeling and cooking in the form of boiled pieces or dough, a few days after harvest. To stabilize and better preserve the products and, in the case of cassava, release toxic cyanogenic glucosides, a range of intermediate products have been developed, mainly for cassava, related to fermentation and drying after numerous processing operations. This review highlights, for the first time, the impact of genotypes on labour requirements, productivity and the associated drudgery in processing operations primarily carried out by women processors. Peeling, soaking/grinding/fermentation, dewatering, sieving and toasting steps were evaluated on a wide range of new hybrids and traditional landraces. The review highlights case studies of gari production from cassava. The results show that, depending on the genotypes used, women's required labour can be more than doubled and even the sum of the weights transported along the process can be up to four times higher for the same quantity of end product. Productivity and loads carried between each processing operation are highly influenced by root shape, ease of peeling, dry matter content and/or fiber content. Productivity and the often related experienced drudgery are key factors to be considered for a better acceptance of new genotypes by actors in the value-addition chain, leading to enhanced adoption and ultimately to improved livelihoods for women processors. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bouniol
- Laboratoire de Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Jéricho, Benin
- CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, Cotonou, Benin
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Abolore Bello
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Béla Teeken
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Durodola Owoade
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Agbona Afolabi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Tessy Madu
- International National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin Okoye
- International National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - Miriam Ofoeze
- International National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Nwafor
- International National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka Onyemauwa
- International National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - Laurent Adinsi
- Laboratoire de Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Jéricho, Benin
| | - Lora Forsythe
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Dominique Dufour
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR QualiSud, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olaosebikan O, Bello A, de Sousa K, Ndjouenkeu R, Adesokan M, Alamu E, Agbona A, Van Etten J, Kégah FN, Dufour D, Bouniol A, Teeken B. Drivers of consumer acceptability of cassava gari-eba food products across cultural and environmental settings using the triadic comparison of technologies approach (tricot). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4770-4781. [PMID: 37463325 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nigeria and Cameroon are multi-ethnic countries with diverse preferences for food characteristics. The present study aimed to inform cassava breeders on consumer-prioritized eba quality traits. Consumer testing was carried out using the triadic comparison of technologies (tricot). Diverse consumers in villages, towns and cities evaluated the overall acceptability of eba made from different cassava genotypes. Data from both countries were combined and linked to laboratory analyses of eba and the gari used to make it. RESULTS There is a strong preference for eba with higher cohesiveness and eba from gari with higher brightness and especially in Cameroon, with lower redness and yellowness. Relatively higher eba hardness and springiness values are preferred in the Nigerian locations, whereas lower values are preferred in Cameroon. Trends for solubility and swelling power of the gari differ between the two countries. The study also reveals that the older improved cassava genotype TMS30572 is a benchmark genotype with superior eba characteristics across different regions in Nigeria, whereas the recently released variety Game changer performs very well in Cameroon. In both locations, the recently released genotypes Obansanjo-2 and improved variety TM14F1278P0003 have good stability and overall acceptability for eba characteristics. CONCLUSION The wide acceptance of a single genotype across diverse geographical and cultural conditions in Nigeria, as well as three acceptable new improved varieties in both locations, indicates that consumers' preferences are surprisingly homogeneous for eba. This would enhance breeding efforts to develop varieties with wider acceptability and expand potential target areas for released varieties. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abolore Bello
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Kauê de Sousa
- Digital Inclusion, Bioversity International, Montpellier, France
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
| | - Robert Ndjouenkeu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, ENSAI, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Michael Adesokan
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Alamu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi Agbona
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jacob Van Etten
- Digital Inclusion, Bioversity International, Montpellier, France
| | - Franklin Ngoualem Kégah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, ENSAI, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Dominique Dufour
- CIRAD, UMR QualiSud, Montpellier, France
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Bouniol
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR QualiSud, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Béla Teeken
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Güler E, Kan E, Ünal MS. The Diversity in Grapes of Vitis labrusca Grown in Bolu (Türkiye) Assessed by Multivariate Approaches. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1491. [PMID: 37510395 PMCID: PMC10380014 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The grape is one of the most produced and processed horticultural crops. This study evaluated the grape genetic resource belonging to the Vitis labrusca species. The diversity was assessed according to morphometric, antioxidant, physicochemical, and colorimetric characteristics. The diversity was evaluated using a variation index and multivariate analyses. The bunch weight of the vines exhibited a range from 21.05 g to 162.46 g, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 38.97%. The average bunch weight was 64.74 g. In terms of the berry properties, the highest CV was observed for the berry weight (21.95%). The peel thickness displayed a CV of 36.40%, and an average of 0.23 mm. The CVs for the juice characteristics in the berries of the studied vines were 7.11%, 16.61%, 19.41%, and 28.10% for the pH, TSS, must yield, and TA, respectively. The TPC of the accessions exhibited a notably low variation (CV = 4.63%). The color properties of the accessions displayed an immense variation, except for the L* values. The hierarchical clustering analysis divided the accessions into two main clusters, which both had two subclusters. The multivariate approaches separated individuals into different groups, and they were considered useful tools for utilization in the genetic diversity assessments. Further studies on the cultivation technique and crossbreeding with Vitis vinifera will provide more insights into the population, and this study will be a source for upcoming studies on V. labrusca in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Güler
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye
| | - Emre Kan
- Hazelnut Specialization Coordinatorship, Giresun University, Giresun 28200, Türkiye
- Institute of Graduate Studies, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Settar Ünal
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sirnak University, Sirnak 73000, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amelework AB, Bairu MW, Marx R, Laing M, Venter SL. Genotype × Environment Interaction and Stability Analysis of Selected Cassava Cultivars in South Africa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2490. [PMID: 37447051 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important root crop worldwide. It is adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, exhibiting differential genotypic responses to varying environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the effect of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction (GEI) on fresh root yield (FRY) and dry matter content (DMC); and (2) to identify superior genotypes that exhibit high performance for the traits of interest using the genetic tools of additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype stability index (GSI) analysis. Eleven cassava genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design at six trial sites in South Africa. The combined analysis of variance based on AMMI revealed significant genotype, environment and GEI for the traits. The percentage variation due to GEI was higher than the percentage variation due to genotype for FRY, reflecting differential genotypic responses across the experimental sites. The proportion of variance due to genotype variation was larger for DMC. Genotype stability index (GSI) showed that UKF3 (G6), 98/0002 (G2) and P4/10 (G5) were the highest yielding and most stable genotypes for FRY, and 98/0002 (G1), UKF3 (G6) and UKF9 (G11) were the highest yielding and most stable genotypes for DMC. Cultivars 98/0002 and UKF3 were identified as providing high stability with superior fresh root yield and DMC. These genotypes could be recommended to farmers for food, feed and industrial applications without the need for further breeding. The AMMI-2 model clustered the testing environments into three mega-environments based on the winning genotypes for FRY and DMC. Mabuyeni (KwaZulu-Natal), Shatale (Mpumalanga) and Mandlakazi (Limpopo) would be the best testing sites in future cassava-genotype evaluation and breeding programs. This study provides a baseline for a future study on the GEI of cassava varieties, using a larger set of genotypes, factoring in seasonal variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assefa B Amelework
- Agricultural Research Council, Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Michael W Bairu
- Agricultural Research Council, Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Roelene Marx
- Agricultural Research Council, Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mark Laing
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Sonja L Venter
- Agricultural Research Council, Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Andrade LRB, Sousa MBE, Wolfe M, Jannink JL, de Resende MDV, Azevedo CF, de Oliveira EJ. Increasing cassava root yield: Additive-dominant genetic models for selection of parents and clones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1071156. [PMID: 36589120 PMCID: PMC9800927 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1071156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Genomic selection has been promising in situations where phenotypic assessments are expensive, laborious, and/or inefficient. This work evaluated the efficiency of genomic prediction methods combined with genetic models in clone and parent selection with the goal of increasing fresh root yield, dry root yield, as well as dry matter content in cassava roots. The bias and predictive ability of the combinations of prediction methods Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (G-BLUP), Bayes B, Bayes Cπ, and Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces with additive and additive-dominant genetic models were estimated. Fresh and dry root yield exhibited predominantly dominant heritability, while dry matter content exhibited predominantly additive heritability. The combination of prediction methods and genetic models did not show significant differences in the predictive ability for dry matter content. On the other hand, the prediction methods with additive-dominant genetic models had significantly higher predictive ability than the additive genetic models for fresh and dry root yield, allowing higher genetic gains in clone selection. However, higher predictive ability for genotypic values did not result in differences in breeding value predictions between additive and additive-dominant genetic models. G-BLUP with the classical additive-dominant genetic model had the best predictive ability and bias estimates for fresh and dry root yield. For dry matter content, the highest predictive ability was obtained by G-BLUP with the additive genetic model. Dry matter content exhibited the highest heritability, predictive ability, and bias estimates compared with other traits. The prediction methods showed similar selection gains with approximately 67% of the phenotypic selection gain. By shortening the breeding cycle time by 40%, genomic selection may overcome phenotypic selection by 10%, 13%, and 18% for fresh root yield, dry root yield, and dry matter content, respectively, with a selection proportion of 15%. The most suitable genetic model for each trait allows for genomic selection optimization in cassava with high selection gains, thereby accelerating the release of new varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marnin Wolfe
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environment Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Jannink
- Section on Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture – Agriculture Research Service, Plant, Soil and Nutrition Research, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Marcos Deon Vilela de Resende
- Department of Forestry Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Embrapa Florestas, Colombo, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdelrahman M, Alharbi K, El-Denary ME, Abd El-Megeed T, Naeem ES, Monir S, Al-Shaye NA, Ammar MH, Attia K, Dora SA, Draz ASE. Detection of Superior Rice Genotypes and Yield Stability under Different Nitrogen Levels Using AMMI Model and Stability Statistics. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2775. [PMID: 36297799 PMCID: PMC9611647 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture is a prerequisite for food and environmental security. Chemical fertilization, especially nitrogenous fertilization, is considered the most consumed for field crops. In rice crops, plants consume much less than half of the applied N-fertilizer. In the current investigation, multiple N environments were generated by applying different N doses of urea fertilizer to a permanent transplanted field for two successive summer growing seasons at the rice research and training center, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt. A set of 55 genotypes consisting of 25 Jabonica, 4 Tropical Japonica, 20 Indica, and 6 Indica/Japonica were transplanted under no N (0N), Low N (LN), medium N (MN), and High N (HN) (i.e., 0, 48, 96, and 165 Kg N ha-1, respectively). Highly significant differences were detected among the tested genotypes. AMMI analysis of variance revealed the existence of the genotype via nitrogen interaction (GNI) on yield performance. The GNI principal components (IPCA); IPCA1 and IPCA2 scores were significant and contributed values of 71.1 and 21.7%, respectively. The highest-ranked genotypes were MTU1010, IR22, SK2046, SK2058, IR66, and Yabani LuLu based on their grain yield means (30.7, 29.9, 29.5, 29.3, 28.8, and 28.5 g plant-1). These genotypes were grouped into the same subcluster (SCL) according to the stability analysis ranking matrix. Based on AMMI analysis and biplots, MTU1010 and Yabani LuLu showed yield stability across environments. Meanwhile, the which-won-where biplot showed that IR22 was superior under unfavorable N-levels and MTU1010 was stable across the different environments. These findings are considered to be of great importance to breeders for initiating low-nitrogen-input breeding programs for sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelrahman
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh 33717, Egypt
| | - Khadiga Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Medhat E. El-Denary
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Taher Abd El-Megeed
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh 33717, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed Naeem
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh 33717, Egypt
| | - Samah Monir
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh 33717, Egypt
| | - Najla A. Al-Shaye
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Megahed H. Ammar
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh 33717, Egypt
| | - Kotb Attia
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh 33717, Egypt
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Said A. Dora
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33716, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Salam E. Draz
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh 33717, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bakare MA, Kayondo SI, Aghogho CI, Wolfe MD, Parkes EY, Kulakow P, Egesi C, Jannink JL, Rabbi IY. Parsimonious genotype by environment interaction covariance models for cassava ( Manihot esculenta). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978248. [PMID: 36212387 PMCID: PMC9532941 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of cassava clones across multiple environments is often carried out at the uniform yield trial, a late evaluation stage, before variety release. This is to assess the differential response of the varieties across the testing environments, a phenomenon referred to as genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI). This phenomenon is considered a critical challenge confronted by plant breeders in developing crop varieties. This study used the data from variety trials established as randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replicates across 11 locations in different agro-ecological zones in Nigeria over four cropping seasons (2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020). We evaluated a total of 96 varieties, including five checks, across 48 trials. We exploited the intricate pattern of GEI by fitting variance-covariance structure models on fresh root yield. The goodness-of-fit statistics revealed that the factor analytic model of order 3 (FA3) is the most parsimonious model based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The three-factor loadings from the FA3 model explained, on average across the 27 environments, 53.5% [FA (1)], 14.0% [FA (2)], and 11.5% [FA (3)] of the genetic effect, and altogether accounted for 79.0% of total genetic variability. The association of factor loadings with weather covariates using partial least squares regression (PLSR) revealed that minimum temperature, precipitation and relative humidity are weather conditions influencing the genotypic response across the testing environments in the southern region and maximum temperature, wind speed, and temperature range for those in the northern region of Nigeria. We conclude that the FA3 model identified the common latent factors to dissect and account for complex interaction in multi-environment field trials, and the PLSR is an effective approach for describing GEI variability in the context of multi-environment trials where external environmental covariables are included in modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moshood A. Bakare
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Cynthia I. Aghogho
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Marnin D. Wolfe
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Peter Kulakow
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Chiedozie Egesi
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
- National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - Jean-Luc Jannink
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|