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Hamdallah SI, Zoqlam R, Yang B, Campbell A, Booth R, Booth J, Belton P, Qi S. Using a systematic and quantitative approach to generate new insights into drug loading of PLGA nanoparticles using nanoprecipitation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3188-3198. [PMID: 38868816 PMCID: PMC11166107 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles through nanoprecipitation in solvent/antisolvent mixtures is well reported but lacks clarity in explaining drug loading mechanisms and the prediction of efficiency of drug entrapment. Various methods using physical parameters such as log P and solid-state drug-polymer solubility aim to predict the intensity of drug-polymer interactions but lack precision. In particular, the zero-enthalpy method for drug/polymer solubility may be intrinsically inaccurate, as we demonstrate. Conventional measurement of loading capacity (LC), expressed in weight ratios, can be misleading for comparing different drugs and we stress the importance of using molar units. This research aims to provide new insights and critically evaluate the established methodologies for drug loading of PLGA nanoparticles. The study employs four model drugs with varying solubilities in solvent/antisolvent mixtures, log P values, and solid-state solubility in PLGA: ketoprofen (KPN), indomethacin (IND), sorafenib (SFN), and clofazimine (CFZ). This study highlights that drug loading efficiency is primarily influenced by the drug's solubilities within the solvent system. We emphasise that both kinetic and thermodynamic factors play a role in the behaviour of the system by considering the changes in drug solubility during mixing. The study introduces a pseudo-constant K* to characterise drug-polymer interactions, with CFZ and SFN showing the highest K* values. Interestingly, while IND and KPN have lower K* values, they achieve higher loading capacities due to their greater solubilities, indicating the key role of solubility in determining LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Hamdallah
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Randa Zoqlam
- School of Pharmacy, University College London London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Bin Yang
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Discovery Center (DISC) 1 Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge CB2 0AA UK
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Discovery Center (DISC) 1 Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge CB2 0AA UK
| | - Rebecca Booth
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Jonathan Booth
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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Hassan M, Abdelnabi HA, Mohsin S. Harnessing the Potential of PLGA Nanoparticles for Enhanced Bone Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:273. [PMID: 38399327 PMCID: PMC10892810 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanotechnologies have become increasingly prominent in the field of bone tissue engineering (BTE), offering substantial potential to advance the field forward. These advancements manifest in two primary ways: the localized application of nanoengineered materials to enhance bone regeneration and their use as nanovehicles for delivering bioactive compounds. Despite significant progress in the development of bone substitutes over the past few decades, it is worth noting that the quest to identify the optimal biomaterial for bone regeneration remains a subject of intense debate. Ever since its initial discovery, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) has found widespread use in BTE due to its favorable biocompatibility and customizable biodegradability. This review provides an overview of contemporary advancements in the development of bone regeneration materials using PLGA polymers. The review covers some of the properties of PLGA, with a special focus on modifications of these properties towards bone regeneration. Furthermore, we delve into the techniques for synthesizing PLGA nanoparticles (NPs), the diverse forms in which these NPs can be fabricated, and the bioactive molecules that exhibit therapeutic potential for promoting bone regeneration. Additionally, we addressed some of the current concerns regarding the safety of PLGA NPs and PLGA-based products available on the market. Finally, we briefly discussed some of the current challenges and proposed some strategies to functionally enhance the fabrication of PLGA NPs towards BTE. We envisage that the utilization of PLGA NP holds significant potential as a potent tool in advancing therapies for intractable bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sahar Mohsin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Minnelli C, Stipa P, Mobbili G, Sabbatini S, Romaldi B, Armeni T, Laudadio E. Integration of Lipid-Functionalized Epigallocatechin-3-gallate into PLGA Matrix as a Novel Polyphenol-Based Nanoantioxidant. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:48292-48303. [PMID: 38144094 PMCID: PMC10733980 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The search for polyphenol-based materials with antioxidant activity is a growing research area in the biomedical field. To obtain an efficient and stable nanoantioxidant, a novel biosystem was designed by integrating a lipophilic derivative of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (named EGCG-C18) on the surface of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol) (DSPE-PEG2000) were selected as polymeric and lipidic stabilizers, respectively, and their influence on both physical properties and the antioxidant activity of nanoantioxidant was investigated by a combined in silico and experimental approach. Full-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to describe the different self-assembly processes of all components and the interactions that guided the EGCG-C18 insertion inside the PLGA matrix. Together with infrared spectroscopy results, the formation of an antioxidant lipid shell on the PLGA surface was clear. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy showed that in the presence of DSPE-PEG2000, NPs were smaller than those treated with PVA. In addition, the different stabilizers used strongly influenced the ROS-scavenging ability of nanomaterials and this effect was strictly related to the molecular organization of EGCG-C18. MD showed that the apolar interaction between the alkyl chains of DSPE-PEG2000 and EGCG-C18 oriented the phenolic groups of the polyphenol toward the solvent, providing an ability of NP to scavenge hydroxyl radicals over to free EGCG-C18 and PLGA/PVA NPs. Finally, the ability of nanoantioxidants to protect human dermal fibroblasts from cell death induced by oxidative stress has been tested, revealing the high potential of these novel NPs as polyphenol-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Minnelli
- Department
of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic
University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Stipa
- Department
of Science and Engineering of Matter, Environment and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mobbili
- Department
of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic
University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona Sabbatini
- Department
of Science and Engineering of Matter, Environment and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Brenda Romaldi
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University
of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University
of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Emiliano Laudadio
- Department
of Science and Engineering of Matter, Environment and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
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Vogelaar A, Marcotte S, Cheng J, Oluoch B, Zaro J. Use of Microfluidics to Prepare Lipid-Based Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041053. [PMID: 37111539 PMCID: PMC10144662 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles (LBNPs) are an important tool for the delivery of a diverse set of drug cargoes, including small molecules, oligonucleotides, and proteins and peptides. Despite their development over the past several decades, this technology is still hindered by issues with the manufacturing processes leading to high polydispersity, batch-to-batch and operator-dependent variability, and limits to the production volumes. To overcome these issues, the use of microfluidic techniques in the production of LBNPs has sharply increased over the past two years. Microfluidics overcomes many of the pitfalls seen with conventional production methods, leading to reproducible LBNPs at lower costs and higher yields. In this review, the use of microfluidics in the preparation of various types of LBNPs, including liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of small molecules, oligonucleotides, and peptide/protein drugs is summarized. Various microfluidic parameters, as well as their effects on the physicochemical properties of LBNPs, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Vogelaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Samantha Marcotte
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Benazir Oluoch
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jennica Zaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Tewari AK, Upadhyay SC, Kumar M, Pathak K, Kaushik D, Verma R, Bhatt S, Massoud EES, Rahman MH, Cavalu S. Insights on Development Aspects of Polymeric Nanocarriers: The Translation from Bench to Clinic. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173545. [PMID: 36080620 PMCID: PMC9459741 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists are focusing immense attention on polymeric nanocarriers as a prominent delivery vehicle for several biomedical applications including diagnosis of diseases, delivery of therapeutic agents, peptides, proteins, genes, siRNA, and vaccines due to their exciting physicochemical characteristics which circumvent degradation of unstable drugs, reduce toxic side effects through controlled release, and improve bioavailability. Polymers-based nanocarriers offer numerous benefits for in vivo drug delivery such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, active drug targeting via surface modification, and controlled release due to their pH—and thermosensitive characteristics. Despite their potential for medicinal use, regulatory approval has been achieved for just a few. In this review, we discuss the historical development of polymers starting from their initial design to their evolution as nanocarriers for therapeutic delivery of drugs, peptides, and genes. The review article also expresses the applications of polymeric nanocarriers in the pharmaceutical and medical industry with a special emphasis on oral, ocular, parenteral, and topical application of drugs, peptides, and genes over the last two decades. The review further examines the practical, regulatory, and clinical considerations of the polymeric nanocarriers, their safety issues, and directinos for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Tewari
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Satish Chandra Upadhyay
- Formulation Research and Development, Mankind Research Centre, Manesar, Gurugram 122050, Haryana, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (D.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah 206130, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (D.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Ravinder Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, G.D. Goenka University, Sohna Road, Gurugram 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacy, G.D. Goenka University, Sohna Road, Gurugram 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Ehab El Sayed Massoud
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts in Dahran Aljnoub, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Agriculture Research Centre, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Giza 3725004, Egypt
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (D.K.); (S.C.)
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