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Nourazarian A, Yousefi H, Biray Avci C, Shademan B, Behboudi E. The Interplay Between Viral Infection and Cell Death: A Ping-Pong Effect. Adv Virol 2025; 2025:5750575. [PMID: 39959654 PMCID: PMC11824611 DOI: 10.1155/av/5750575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a well-studied cellular mechanism that plays a critical role in immune responses, developmental processes, and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. However, viruses have developed diverse strategies to bypass or manipulate the host apoptotic machinery to enhance their replication and survival. As a result, the interaction between PCD pathways and viruses has garnered increased interest, leading to many studies being published in recent years. This study aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of PCD pathways and their significance in viral infections. We will discuss various forms of cell death pathways, including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, as well as their corresponding molecular mechanisms. In addition, we will show how viruses manipulate host PCD pathways to prevent or delay cell death or facilitate viral replication. This study emphasizes the importance of investigating the mechanisms by which viruses control the host's PCD machinery to gain insight into the evolutionary dynamics of host-pathogen interactions and to develop new approaches for predicting and managing viral threats. Overall, we aimed to highlight new research areas in PCD and viruses, including introduction of new targets for the development of new antiviral drugs to modulate the cellular apoptotic machinery and novel inhibitors of host cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nourazarian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Hadi Yousefi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, EGE University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Behrouz Shademan
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Emad Behboudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
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Georgana I, Hosmillo M, Jahun AS, Emmott E, Sorgeloos F, Cho KO, Goodfellow IG. Porcine Sapovirus Protease Controls the Innate Immune Response and Targets TBK1. Viruses 2024; 16:247. [PMID: 38400023 PMCID: PMC10892870 DOI: 10.3390/v16020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human sapoviruses (HuSaVs) and noroviruses are considered the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. While extensive research has focused on noroviruses, our understanding of sapoviruses (SaVs) and their interactions with the host's immune response remains limited. HuSaVs have been challenging to propagate in vitro, making the porcine sapovirus (PSaV) Cowden strain a valuable model for studying SaV pathogenesis. In this study we show, for the first time, that PSaV Cowden strain has mechanisms to evade the host's innate immune response. The virus 3C-like protease (NS6) inhibits type I IFN production by targeting TBK1. Catalytically active NS6, both during ectopic expression and during PSaV infection, targets TBK1 which is then led for rapid degradation by the proteasome. Moreover, deletion of TBK1 from porcine cells led to an increase in PSaV titres, emphasizing its role in regulating PSaV infection. Additionally, we successfully established PSaV infection in IPEC-J2 cells, an enterocytic cell line originating from the jejunum of a neonatal piglet. Overall, this study provides novel insights into PSaV evasion strategies, opening the way for future investigations into SaV-host interactions, and enabling the use of a new cell line model for PSaV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Georgana
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (M.H.); (A.S.J.); (E.E.)
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (M.H.); (A.S.J.); (E.E.)
| | - Aminu S. Jahun
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (M.H.); (A.S.J.); (E.E.)
| | - Edward Emmott
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (M.H.); (A.S.J.); (E.E.)
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Frederic Sorgeloos
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (M.H.); (A.S.J.); (E.E.)
- Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, MIPA-VIRO 74-49, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ian G. Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (M.H.); (A.S.J.); (E.E.)
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