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Pan X, Yue Y, Zhao F, Song T, Xu B, Li Z, Qi Z, Yu J, Cao H, Yu M, Shen Q, Xu J, Xiong W, Liu Y. Rhizosphere microbes facilitate the break of chlamydospore dormancy and root colonization of rice false smut fungi. Cell Host Microbe 2025; 33:731-744.e5. [PMID: 40306271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2025.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2025] [Revised: 04/06/2025] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Dormant chlamydospore germination of fungal pathogens directly affects disease occurrence and severity. The rice false smut (RFS) fungus Ustilaginoidea virens produces abundant chlamydospores, but their germination process and roles in plant infection remain unclear. Here, we found that soil-borne chlamydospores are a major source of U. virens inoculum and impact RFS development. Rhizosphere microbiome analysis of high-susceptibility (HS) and low-susceptibility (LS) rice varieties revealed that HS varieties recruited bacteria from the Sphingomonadaceae family, thereby facilitating the breakdown of chlamydospore dormancy through secreted exopolysaccharides. Hyphae formed by germinating chlamydospores grew on the root surfaces, invaded the root cortex, and grew intercellularly, potentially spreading further to aboveground plant parts. Furthermore, field experiments confirmed that treating the root with 30% prothioconazole and 20% zinc thiazole effectively reduced RFS incidence. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of chlamydospore germination in natural environments and inform strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yue
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Fengjuan Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China
| | - Boting Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jinrong Xu
- Purdue University Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wu Xiong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China.
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Deng Y, Wu W, Huang X, Yang X, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Zhou X, Zhou K, Liu Y, Zhang L. Characterization of rhizosphere bacterial communities in oilseed rape cultivars with different susceptibility to Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2025; 15:1496770. [PMID: 39834703 PMCID: PMC11743679 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1496770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Rhizosphere microbiomes are constantly mobilized during plant-pathogen interactions, and this, in turn, affects their interactions. However, few studies have examined the activities of rhizosphere microbiomes in plants with different susceptibilities to soil-borne pathogens, especially those that cause clubroot disease. In this study, we compared the rhizosphere bacterial community in response to infection of Plasmodiophora brassicae among the four different clubroot susceptibility cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Our results revealed obvious differences in the responses of rhizosphere bacterial community to the P. brassicae infection between the four cultivars of oilseed rape. Several bacterial genera that are associated with the nitrogen cycle, including Limnobacter, Thiobacillus, Anaeromyxobacter, Nitrosomonas, Tumebacillus, and Halomonas, showed significantly different changes between susceptible and resistant cultivars in the presence of P. brassicae infection. Moreover, increased connectedness and robustness were exhibited in the rhizosphere bacterial community co-occurrence network in clubroot-susceptible cultivars that were infected with P. brassicae, while only slight changes were observed in clubroot-resistant cultivars. Metagenomic analysis of microbial metabolism also indicated differences in the rhizosphere bacterial community between susceptible and resistant cultivars that were infected with P. brassicae. Functional analysis of the nitrogen cycle showed that genes related to nitrification (nxrB) were upregulated in susceptible cultivars, while genes related to assimilatory nitrate reduction (nasA, narB, and nirA) were upregulated in resistant cultivars that were infected with P. brassicae. These findings indicate that the synthesis and assimilation process of NO3 - content were promoted in susceptible and resistant cultivars, respectively. Our study revealed differences in the characteristics of rhizosphere bacterial communities in response to P. brassicae infection between clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars as well as the potential impact of these differences on the plant-P. brassicae interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaoyin Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongmei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Zijin Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiquan Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
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Spasibionek S, Mikołajczyk K, Matuszczak M, Kaczmarek J, Ramzi N, Jędryczka M. HO-CR and HOLL-CR: new forms of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) with altered fatty acid composition and resistance to selected pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot). J Appl Genet 2024; 65:439-452. [PMID: 38637489 PMCID: PMC11310246 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-024-00867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The priority in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) research and breeding programs worldwide is to combine different features to develop cultivars tailored to specific applications of this crop. In this study, forms with a modified fatty acid composition of seed oil were successfully combined with a source of resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., a harmful protist-causing clubroot. Three HO-type recombinants in F6-F12 generations with oleic acid content of 80.2-82.1% and one HOLL-type F6 inbred mutant recombinant (HOmut × LLmut), with a high oleic acid content (80.9%) and reduced linolenic acid content (2.3%), were crossed with the cultivar Tosca, resistant to several pathotypes of P. brassicae. The work involved genotyping with the use of DNA markers specific for allelic variants of desaturase genes responsible for the synthesis of oleic and linolenic fatty acids, CAPS (FAD2 desaturase, C18:1), and SNaPshot (FAD3 desaturase, C18:3), respectively. Of 350 progenies in the F3 generation, 192 (55%) were selected for further studies. Among them, 80 HO (≥ 72%) lines were identified, 10 of which showed resistance to at least one up to four P. brassicae pathotypes. Thirty lines in the selected progeny contained high oleic acid and less than 5% linolenic acid; eight of them belonged to the HOLL type conferring resistance to at least one pathotype. Two HO lines and two HOLL lines were resistant to four pathotypes. The resulting HO-CR and HOLL-CR inbred lines with altered seed oil fatty acid composition and resistance to P. brassicae represent unique oilseed rape material with the desired combination of valuable traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Spasibionek
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Department of Oilseed Crops, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mikołajczyk
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Department of Oilseed Crops, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Matuszczak
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Department of Oilseed Crops, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaczmarek
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Noor Ramzi
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Wallenhammar AC, Edin E, Jonsson A. Susceptibility of Oilseed Radish ( Raphanus sativus subsp. oleiferus) Cultivars and Various Brassica Crops to Plasmodiophora brassicae. Pathogens 2024; 13:739. [PMID: 39338930 PMCID: PMC11434798 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Oilseed radish (OR; Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus) is grown as a cover crop and develops a unique taproot, absorbing nitrogen left by the previous crop. The aim of this project was to investigate the resistance of OR cultivars (cvs.) to Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease. Twelve market cvs. were compared with cvs. of clubroot-resistant (CR) winter oilseed rape (OSR; Brassica napus) and other selected species of the Brassicaceae family. The study was performed as a replicated bioassay in a growth chamber using a specially composed mixture of field soils holding the natural inoculum of P. brassicae. The results show that the OR cultivars were infected, which implies that OR multiplies the pathogen. The susceptibility of the OR cultivars was not significantly different from that of the CR OSR cultivars Alister and Archimedes, but it was significantly different from that of the OSR cv. Mendel. The disease severity index (DSI) for OR cultivars ranged from 2.3 to 9.3, and disease incidence was 3-17%. The best performance was shown by black radish (Raphanus sativus var. niger) with a DSI of 0.3. For sustainable brassica crop production, we suggest avoiding OR as a cover crop in crop rotations, including OSR or other brassica crops, since there is a risk of increasing inoculum in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Edin
- Rural Economy and Agricultural Society, HS Konsult AB, Brunnby Gård 1, SE-725 97 Västerås, Sweden;
| | - Anders Jonsson
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Box 187, SE-532 32 Skara, Sweden
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Botero-Ramirez A, Kirk B, Strelkov SE. Optimizing Clubroot Management and the Role of Canola Cultivar Mixtures. Pathogens 2024; 13:640. [PMID: 39204241 PMCID: PMC11357626 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The sustainable cultivation of canola is under threat from clubroot disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae). The pathogen's resting spores can survive in the soil for extended periods, complicating disease management. Therefore, effective clubroot control requires a combination of tactics that provide multiple layers of protection. Management strategies have focused on pathogen avoidance and reducing disease levels in infested fields. The sanitation of machinery and field equipment remains the most effective method for preventing the pathogen's introduction into non-infested fields. For disease reduction, crop rotation, liming, chemical control, and host resistance are commonly employed, with the use of clubroot-resistant cultivars being the most effective to date. However, resistance breakdown has been observed within four years of the introduction of new cultivars, jeopardizing the long-term effectiveness of this approach. A promising yet underexplored strategy is the use of cultivar mixtures. This approach leverages mechanisms such as the dilution effect, the barrier effect, induced resistance, disruptive selection, and the compensatory effect to control the disease. Cultivar mixtures have the potential to reduce the impact of clubroot on canola production while preserving pathogen population structure, thereby minimizing the likelihood of resistance breakdown. Given its potential, further research into cultivar mixtures as a management strategy for clubroot disease is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Botero-Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Brennon Kirk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
| | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
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