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Ball L, Frey T, Haag F, Frank S, Hoffmann S, Laska M, Steinhaus M, Neuhaus K, Krautwurst D. Geosmin, a Food- and Water-Deteriorating Sesquiterpenoid and Ambivalent Semiochemical, Activates Evolutionary Conserved Receptor OR11A1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15865-15874. [PMID: 38955350 PMCID: PMC11261619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Geosmin, a ubiquitous volatile sesquiterpenoid of microbiological origin, is causative for deteriorating the quality of many foods, beverages, and drinking water, by eliciting an undesirable "earthy/musty" off-flavor. Moreover, and across species from worm to human, geosmin is a volatile, chemosensory trigger of both avoidance and attraction behaviors, suggesting its role as semiochemical. Volatiles typically are detected by chemosensory receptors of the nose, which have evolved to best detect ecologically relevant food-related odorants and semiochemicals. An insect receptor for geosmin was recently identified in flies. A human geosmin-selective receptor, however, has been elusive. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of a human odorant receptor for geosmin, with its function being conserved in orthologs across six mammalian species. Notably, the receptor from the desert-dwelling kangaroo rat showed a more than 100-fold higher sensitivity compared to its human ortholog and detected geosmin at low nmol/L concentrations in extracts from geosmin-producing actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ball
- TUM
School of Life Sciences, Technical University
of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Tim Frey
- TUM
School of Life Sciences, Technical University
of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- Tecan
Deutschland GmbH, Crailsheim 74564, Germany
| | - Franziska Haag
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Stephanie Frank
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Sandra Hoffmann
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Matthias Laska
- IFM
Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Martin Steinhaus
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Klaus Neuhaus
- Core
Facility Microbiome, ZIEL − Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
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McKeague B, Finlay C, Rooney N. Conservation detection dogs: A critical review of efficacy and methodology. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10866. [PMID: 38371867 PMCID: PMC10869951 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Conservation detection dogs (CDD) use their exceptional olfactory abilities to assist a wide range of conservation projects through the detection of target specimens or species. CDD are generally quicker, can cover wider areas and find more samples than humans and other analytical tools. However, their efficacy varies between studies; methodological and procedural standardisation in the field is lacking. Considering the cost of deploying a CDD team and the limited financial resources within conservation, it is vital that their performance is quantified and reliable. This review aims to summarise what is currently known about the use of scent detection dogs in conservation and elucidate which factors affect efficacy. We describe the efficacy of CDD across species and situational contexts like training and fieldwork. Reported sensitivities (i.e. the proportion of target samples found out of total available) ranged from 23.8% to 100% and precision rates (i.e. proportion of alerts that are true positives) from 27% to 100%. CDD are consistently shown to be better than other techniques, but performance varies substantially across the literature. There is no consistent difference in efficacy between training, testing and fieldwork, hence we need to understand the factors affecting this. We highlight the key variables that can alter CDD performance. External effects include target odour, training methods, sample management, search methodology, environment and the CDD handler. Internal effects include dog breed, personality, diet, age and health. Unfortunately, much of the research fails to provide adequate information on the dogs, handlers, training, experience and samples. This results in an inability to determine precisely why an individual study has high or low efficacy. It is clear that CDDs can be effective and applied to possibly limitless conservation scenarios, but moving forward researchers must provide more consistent and detailed methodologies so that comparisons can be conducted, results are more easily replicated and progress can be made in standardising CDD work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth McKeague
- School of Biological SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | | | - Nicola Rooney
- Bristol Veterinary SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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3
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Crawford MA, Perrone JA, Browne CM, Chang CL, Hopping S, Edwards TL. Transitioning from Training to Testing with Scent Detection Animals: Application to Lung Cancer Detection Dogs. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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SALGIRLI DEMİRBAŞ Y, SAREYYÜPOĞLU B, ÖZTÜRK H, KİSMALİ G, ALPAY M, SEÇİLMİŞ CANBAY H, EMEN F, BAŞ B, ÖZKUL A. The role of bio-detection dogs in prevention and diagnosis of infectious disease: A systematic review. ANKARA ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.834133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Muppidi SS, Katragadda R, Lega J, Alford T, Aidman CB, Moore C. A review of the efficacy of a low-cost cancer screening test using cancer sniffing canines. J Breath Res 2020; 15. [PMID: 33271529 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abd07f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most powerful tools in fighting cancer is early detection, as it has been strongly linked to greater chances of cancer survival. However, traditional cancer screening tests can cost hundreds if not thousands of dollars and are therefore not an affordable option for many marginalized populations. From a public health perspective, it is vital to research the use of inexpensive cancer detection so that low-resourced patients have greater access to affordable cancer screening. Numerous studies dating from the early 2000s to recent years have shown extensive evidence that the exceptional olfactory system of canines allows them to detect certain odors through exhaled breath condensate that are known to be biomarkers of a variety of cancers. In addition to providing a cheaper alternative to conventional cancer screening tests, the use of cancer sniffing dogs has other benefits, including great reliability and accuracy. There are a few major types of cancer for which the "cancer dog test" proved to be remarkably effective, particularly colorectal, ovarian, and lung cancers. The test is non-invasive unlike most previous detection methods, meaning that it is also a safer option for individuals seeking cancer screening. Although the use of cancer sniffing dogs does have certain limitations and scope for error, it would provide a more affordable and accessible option for cancer screening, making it especially beneficial to low-resourced populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikar S Muppidi
- Urban Health Initiative, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, UNITED STATES
| | - Rishi Katragadda
- Urban Health Initiative, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, UNITED STATES
| | - Julia Lega
- Urban Health Initiative, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, UNITED STATES
| | - Taqiyya Alford
- Urban Health Initiative, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, UNITED STATES
| | - Carolyn B Aidman
- Urban Health Initiative, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, UNITED STATES
| | - Charles Moore
- Urban Health Initiative, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, UNITED STATES
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Gore S, Ukhanov K, Herbivo C, Asad N, Bobkov YV, Martens JR, Dore TM. Photoactivatable Odorants for Chemosensory Research. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2516-2528. [PMID: 32865973 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemosensory system of any animal relies on a vast array of detectors tuned to distinct chemical cues. Odorant receptors and the ion channels of the TRP family are all uniquely expressed in olfactory tissues in a species-specific manner. Great effort has been made to characterize the molecular and pharmacological properties of these proteins. Nevertheless, most of the natural ligands are highly hydrophobic molecules that are not amenable to controlled delivery. We sought to develop photoreleasable, biologically inactive odorants that could be delivered to the target receptor or ion channel and effectively activated by a short light pulse. Chemically distinct ligands eugenol, benzaldehyde, 2-phenethylamine, ethanethiol, butane-1-thiol, and 2,2-dimethylethane-1-thiol were modified by covalently attaching the photoremovable protecting group (8-cyano-7-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)methyl (CyHQ). The CyHQ derivatives were shown to release the active odorant upon illumination with 365 and 405 nm light. We characterized their bioactivity by measuring activation of recombinant TRPV1 and TRPA1 ion channels expressed in HEK 293 cells and the electroolfactogram (EOG) response from intact mouse olfactory epithelium (OE). Illumination with 405 nm light was sufficient to robustly activate TRP channels within milliseconds of the light pulse. Photoactivation of channels was superior to activation by conventional bath application of the ligands. Photolysis of the CyHQ-protected odorants efficiently activated an EOG response in a dose-dependent manner with kinetics similar to that evoked by the vaporized odorant amyl acetate (AAc). We conclude that CyHQ-based, photoreleasable odorants can be successfully implemented in chemosensory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram Gore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kirill Ukhanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Cyril Herbivo
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yuriy V. Bobkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida 32080, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Timothy M. Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Churro C, Semedo-Aguiar AP, Silva AD, Pereira-Leal JB, Leite RB. A novel cyanobacterial geosmin producer, revising GeoA distribution and dispersion patterns in Bacteria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8679. [PMID: 32457360 PMCID: PMC7251104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous organisms with a relevant contribution to primary production in all range of habitats. Cyanobacteria are well known for their part in worldwide occurrence of aquatic blooms while producing a myriad of natural compounds, some with toxic potential, but others of high economical impact, as geosmin. We performed an environmental survey of cyanobacterial soil colonies to identify interesting metabolic pathways and adaptation strategies used by these microorganisms and isolated, sequenced and assembled the genome of a cyanobacterium that displayed a distinctive earthy/musty smell, typical of geosmin, confirmed by GC-MS analysis of the culture's volatile extract. Morphological studies pointed to a new Oscillatoriales soil ecotype confirmed by phylogenetic analysis, which we named Microcoleus asticus sp. nov. Our studies of geosmin gene presence in Bacteria, revealed a scattered distribution among Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Delta and Gammaproteobacteria, covering different niches. Careful analysis of the bacterial geosmin gene and gene tree suggests an ancient bacterial origin of the gene, that was probably successively lost in different time frames. The high sequence similarities in the cyanobacterial geosmin gene amidst freshwater and soil strains, reinforce the idea of an evolutionary history of geosmin, that is intimately connected to niche adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Churro
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton, Departamento do Mar e Recursos Marinhos, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology (BBE), CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Ana P Semedo-Aguiar
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande n°6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciência para o Desenvolvimento, Rua da Quinta Grande n°6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
- Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde, Campus da Praia, Caixa Postal 775, Palmarejo Grande, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Alexandra D Silva
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton, Departamento do Mar e Recursos Marinhos, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jose B Pereira-Leal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande n°6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
- Ophiomics-Precision Medicine, Pólo Tecnológico de Lisboa, Rua Cupertino de Miranda, 9, Lote 8, 1600-513, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo B Leite
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande n°6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
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Abstract
Abstract
Owing to their virtually incomparable olfactory apparatus and the mutual loving relationship with man, the use of dogs for assisting humans in many activities has become commonplace. Dogs have been used for long for livestock herding, hunting and pulling. More recently, they have been employed for servicing or assisting people with disabilities, for rescuing, for pet therapy and, last but not least, for detecting a vast array of volatile organic compounds related to drugs, narcotics, explosives and foods. Although cancer detection seems the most distinguished use of “man’s best friends” in science and medicine, increasing emphasis is being placed on their capacity to perceive chemical changes or human expressions associated with harmful, even life-threating, blood glucose variations. The evidence available in the current scientific literature attests that diabetes alerting dogs (DADs) have a heterogeneous efficiency for warning owners of episodes of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, with sensitivities and specificities ranging between 0.29–0.80 and 0.49–0.96, respectively. Although the adoption of DADs seems effective for improving the quality of life of many diabetics patients, some important drawbacks can be highlighted. These typically include adoption and keeping expenditures, lack of certification or accreditation of dog providers, poor harmonization of training procedures, significant inter-breed, intra-breed and intra-dog variabilities, wide-ranging alert behaviors, ability of owners to identify dog’s alerts, as well as lack of quality assessment of a dog’s “diagnostic” performance. Overcoming many of these limitations shall probably make DADs more efficient tools for improving diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry , University Hospital of Verona , Piazzale LA Scuro , 37134 Verona , Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , University Hospital of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Fecal volatile organic compounds for early detection of colorectal cancer: where are we now? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:223-234. [PMID: 30554400 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fecal volatolome, which is composed of fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs), seems to hold potential as non-invasive biomarker for the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its precursor lesions advanced adenomas (AA). The potential of the fecal volatolome has been subject of various studies using either chemical analytical or pattern-recognition techniques. The available literature on the potential of the fecal volatolome as CRC and AA biomarker was reviewed. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and ResearchGate using the following keywords: Colorectal Cancer, Advanced Adenoma, Volatile Organic Compound, Metabolome, Gas Chromatrography-Mass Spectrometry, Selected-Ion Flow-Tube Mass Spectrometry, eNose, and Fecal Biomarkers. RESULTS Eighty-eight titles or abstracts were identified from the search, of which 11 papers describing the potential of the fecal volatolome for CRC detection were selected. In these studies, different techniques were used for the headspace analyses of fecal VOCs, limiting the possibility to compare outcomes. Increased levels of amino acids and short chain fatty acids, and decreased levels of bile acids and polyol alcohols in the gas phase of feces were observed repeatedly. All selected papers reported high diagnostic value for the detection of both CRC and AA based on fecal VOCs. CONCLUSION Based on the included studies, fecal VOC analyses seem promising for future screening of CRC and AA, with potentially improved test performances allowing for earlier detection of AA and CRC and consequently earlier initiation of treatment, possibly reducing morbidity and mortality rates next to lower rates of (unnecessary) colonoscopies.
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Taylor MT, McCready J, Broukhanski G, Kirpalaney S, Lutz H, Powis J. Using Dog Scent Detection as a Point-of-Care Tool to Identify Toxigenic Clostridium difficile in Stool. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy179. [PMID: 30151408 PMCID: PMC6105104 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the operating characteristics of 2 comparably trained dogs as a “point-of-care” diagnostic tool to detect toxin gene-positive Clostridium difficile. Although each dog could detect toxin gene-positive C difficile in stool specimens with sensitivities of 77.6 and 92.6 and specificities of 85.1 and 84.5, respectively, interrater reliability is only modest (Cohen’s kappa 0.52), limiting widespread application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen T Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Janine McCready
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - George Broukhanski
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sakshi Kirpalaney
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Haydon Lutz
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeff Powis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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