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Oddleifson DA, Holmes DN, Alhanti B, Xu X, Heidenreich PA, Wadhera RK, Allen LA, Greene SJ, Fonarow GC, Spatz ES, Desai NR. Bundled Payments for Care Improvement and Quality of Care and Outcomes in Heart Failure. JAMA Cardiol 2024; 9:222-232. [PMID: 38170516 PMCID: PMC10765313 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Importance The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) program was launched in 2013 with a goal to improve care quality while lowering costs to Medicare. Objective To compare changes in the quality and outcomes of care for patients hospitalized with heart failure according to hospital participation in the BPCI program. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used a difference-in-difference approach to evaluate the BPCI program in 18 BPCI hospitals vs 211 same-state non-BPCI hospitals for various process-of-care measures and outcomes using American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure registry and CMS Medicare claims data from November 1, 2008, to August 31, 2018. Data were analyzed from May 2022 to May 2023. Exposures Hospital participation in CMS BPCI Model 2 Heart Failure, which paid hospitals in a fee-for-service process and then shared savings or required reimbursement depending on how the total cost of an episode of care compared with a target price. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary end points included 7 quality-of-care measures. Secondary end points included 9 outcome measures, including in-hospital mortality and hospital-level risk-adjusted 30-day and 90-day all-cause readmission rate and mortality rate. Results During the study period, 8721 patients were hospitalized in the 23 BPCI hospitals and 94 530 patients were hospitalized in the 224 same-state non-BPCI hospitals. Less than a third of patients (30 723 patients, 29.8%) were 75 years or younger; 54 629 (52.9%) were female, and 48 622 (47.1%) were male. Hospital participation in BPCI Model 2 was not associated with significant differential changes in the odds of various process-of-care measures, except for a decreased odds of evidence-based β-blocker at discharge (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41-0.98; P = .04). Participation in the BPCI was not associated with a significant differential change in the odds of receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors at discharge, receiving an aldosterone antagonist at discharge, having a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)-defibrillator or CRT pacemaker placed or prescribed at discharge, having implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) counseling or an ICD placed or prescribed at discharge, heart failure education being provided among eligible patients, or having a follow-up visit within 7 days or less. Participation in the BPCI was associated with a significant decrease in odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51-0.86; P = .002). Participation was not associated with a significant differential change in hospital-level risk-adjusted 30-day or 90-day all-cause readmission rate and 30-day or 90-day all-cause mortality rate. Conclusion and Relevance In this study, hospital participation in the BPCI Model 2 Heart Failure program was not associated with improvement in process-of-care quality measures or 30-day or 90-day risk-adjusted all-cause mortality and readmission rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. August Oddleifson
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Brooke Alhanti
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Paul A. Heidenreich
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Rishi K. Wadhera
- Section of Health Policy and Equity at the Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Larry A. Allen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen J. Greene
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gregg C. Fonarow
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles
- Associate Section Editor, JAMA Cardiology
| | - Erica S. Spatz
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nihar R. Desai
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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The Association between Bundled Payment Participation and Changes in Medical Episode Outcomes among High-Risk Patients. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10122510. [PMID: 36554035 PMCID: PMC9778756 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10122510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bundled payments for medical conditions are associated with stable quality and savings through shorter skilled nursing facility (SNF) length of stay. However, effects among clinically higher-risk patients remain unknown. Objective: To evaluate whether the association between participation in bundled payments for medical conditions and episode outcomes differed for clinically high-risk versus other patients. Design: Retrospective difference-in-differences analysis; Participants: 471,421 Medicare patients hospitalized at bundled payment and propensity-matched non-participating hospitals. Exposures were 5 measures of clinically high-risk groups: advanced age (>85 years old), high case-mix, disabled, frail, and prior institutional post-acute care provider utilization. Main Measures: Primary outcomes were SNF length of stay and 90-day unplanned readmissions. Secondary outcomes included quality, utilization, and spending measures. Key Results: SNF length of stay was differentially lower among frail patients (aDID −0.4 days versus non-frail patients, 95% CI −0.8 to −0.1 days), patients with advanced age (aDID −0.8 days versus younger patients, 95% CI −1.2 to −0.3 days), and those with prior institutional post-acute care provider utilization (aDID −1.1 days versus patients without prior utilization, 95% CI −1.6 to −0.6 days), compared to non-frail, younger, and patients without prior utilization, respectively. BPCI participation was also associated with differentially greater SNF LOS among disabled patients (aDID 0.8 days versus non-disabled patients, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.2 days, p < 0.001). Bundled payment participation was not associated with differential changes in readmissions in any high-risk group but was associated with changes in secondary outcomes for some groups. Conclusions: Changes under medical bundles affected, but did not indiscriminately apply to, high-risk patient groups.
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Joynt Maddox KE, Orav EJ, Zheng J, Epstein AM. Medicare’s Bundled Payments For Care Improvement Advanced Model: Impact On High-Risk Beneficiaries. Health Aff (Millwood) 2022; 41:1661-1669. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. John Orav
- E. John Orav, Harvard University and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Arnold M. Epstein
- Arnold M. Epstein, Harvard University and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
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Liao JM, Ibrahim SA, Huang Q, Connolly J, Cousins DS, Zhu J, Navathe AS. The Proportion of Marginalized Individuals in US Communities and Hospital Participation in Bundled Payments. Popul Health Manag 2022; 25:501-508. [PMID: 35532549 PMCID: PMC9419980 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2021.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospitals have demonstrated the benefits of both voluntary and mandatory bundled payments for joint replacement surgery. However, given generalizability and disparities concerns, it is critical to understand the availability of care through bundled payments to historically marginalized groups, such as racial and ethnic minorities and individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES). This cross-sectional analysis of 3880 US communities evaluated the relationship between the proportion of Black and Hispanic individuals (minority share) or Medicare/Medicaid dual-eligible individuals (low SES share) and community-level participation in Bundled Payments for Care Improvement initiative (BPCI) (being a BPCI community) and Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model (being a CJR community). An increase from the lowest to highest quartile of minority share was not associated with differences in the probability of being a BPCI community (3.5 percentage point [pp] difference, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.2% to 8.3%, P = 0.15), but was associated with a 16.1 pp higher probability of being a CJR community (95% CI 10.3% to 22.0%, P < 0.0001). An increase from the lowest to highest quartile of low SES share was associated with a 6.0 pp lower probability of being a BPCI community (95% CI -10.9% to -1.2%, P = 0.02) and 19.0 pp lower probability of being a CJR community (95% CI -24.9% to -13.0%, P < 0.0001). These findings highlight that the greater the proportion of lower SES individuals in a community, the lower the likelihood that its hospitals participated in either voluntary or mandatory bundled payments. Policymakers should consider community socioeconomic characteristics when designing participation mechanisms for future bundled payment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Said A. Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Connolly
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah S. Cousins
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jingsan Zhu
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amol S. Navathe
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Golla V, Allen Lapointe NM, Silberberg M, Wang V, Lentz TA, Kaye DR, Sorenson C, Saunders R, Kaufman BG. Improving health equity for older people with serious illness through value based payment reform. J Am Geriatr Soc 2022; 70:2180-2185. [PMID: 35474173 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnukamal Golla
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Health Services Research and Development, Durham VA Healthcare System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy M Allen Lapointe
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mina Silberberg
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Virginia Wang
- Health Services Research and Development, Durham VA Healthcare System, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Trevor A Lentz
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deborah R Kaye
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Corinna Sorenson
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Saunders
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brystana G Kaufman
- Health Services Research and Development, Durham VA Healthcare System, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Bundled Payment Episodes Initiated by Physician Group Practices: Medicare Beneficiary Perceptions of Care Quality. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:1052-1059. [PMID: 34319560 PMCID: PMC8971231 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) initiative incentivizes participating providers to reduce total Medicare payments for an episode of care. However, there are concerns that reducing payments could reduce quality of care. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of BPCI with patient-reported functional status and care experiences. DESIGN We surveyed a stratified random sample of Medicare beneficiaries with BPCI episodes attributed to participating physician group practices, and matched comparison beneficiaries, after hospitalization for one of the 18 highest volume clinical episodes. The sample included beneficiaries discharged from the hospital from February 2017 through September 2017. Beneficiaries were surveyed approximately 90 days after their hospital discharge. We estimated risk-adjusted differences between the BPCI and comparison groups, pooled across all 18 clinical episodes and separately for the five largest clinical episodes. PARTICIPANTS Medicare beneficiaries with BPCI episodes (n=16,898, response rate=44.5%) and comparison beneficiaries hospitalized for similar conditions selected using coarsened exact matching (n=14,652, response rate=46.2%). MAIN MEASURES Patient-reported functional status, care experiences, and overall satisfaction with recovery. KEY RESULTS Overall, we did not find differences between the BPCI and comparison respondents across seven measures of change in functional status or overall satisfaction with recovery. Both BPCI and comparison respondents reported generally positive care experiences, but BPCI respondents were less likely to report positive care experience for 3 of 8 measures (discharged at the right time, -1.2 percentage points (pp); appropriate level of care, -1.8 pp; preferences for post-discharge care taken into account, -0.9 pp; p<0.05 for all three measures). CONCLUSIONS The proportion of respondents with favorable care experiences was smaller for BPCI than comparison respondents. However, we did not detect differences in self-reported change in functional status approximately 90 days after hospital discharge, indicating that differences in care experiences did not affect functional recovery.
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The Impact of Payment Reforms on the Quality and Utilisation of Healthcare for Patients With Multimorbidity: A Systematic Review. Int J Integr Care 2022; 22:10. [PMID: 35221826 PMCID: PMC8833260 DOI: 10.5334/ijic.5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate treatment of multimorbidity is recognised as a major determinant of the effectiveness of healthcare and also of its inappropriate expenditures. However, current payment systems target, primarily, the treatment of single diseases, thus hindering integrated delivery of care for patients with multimorbidity (PwM). This review aims to assess the effects of targeted reforms of payment systems which could help attain a higher quality of care and reduce unnecessary healthcare utilisation. In June 2020, a search of Medline and EMBASE revealed 13 relevant articles. The most common payment models were the use of bundled payments (n = 4) and diagnosis-related group payments (n = 4). Except for an increase in hospital admissions (n = 3), no outcome showed unambiguous significant effects across more than one study. The two studies which focused explicitly on PwM showed a significant decrease in 30-day hospital readmissions. This, however, was not maintained after 60 days in one study. No general conclusion could be drawn on the effects of targeted payment reforms for PwM. Our findings suggest that reforms should be combined with more multifaceted healthcare delivery to address the complex patterns of healthcare use effectively. Thorough evaluations of targeted payment reforms are needed urgently to contribute to the body of evidence required.
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Wolfe JD, Epstein AM, Zheng J, Orav EJ, Joynt Maddox KE. Predictors of Success in the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Program. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:513-520. [PMID: 33948796 PMCID: PMC8858349 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospitals participating in Medicare's Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) program were incented to reduce Medicare payments for episodes of care. OBJECTIVE To identify factors that influenced whether or not hospitals were able to save in the BPCI program, how the cost of different services changed to produce those savings, and if "savers" had lower or decreased quality of care. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS BPCI-participating hospitals. MAIN MEASURES We designated hospitals that met the program goal of decreasing costs by at least 2% from baseline in average Medicare payments per 90-day episode as "savers." We used regression models to determine condition-level, patient-level, hospital-level, and market-level characteristics associated with savings. KEY RESULTS In total, 421 hospitals participated in BPCI, resulting in 2974 hospital-condition combinations. Major joint replacement of the lower extremity had the highest proportion of savers (77.6%, average change in payments -$2235) and complex non-cervical spinal fusion had the lowest (22.2%, average change +$8106). Medical conditions had a higher proportion of savers than surgical conditions (11% more likely to save, P=0.001). Conditions that were mostly urgent/emergent had a higher proportion of savers than conditions that were mostly elective (6% more likely to save, P=0.007). Having higher than median costs at baseline was associated with saving (OR: 3.02, P<0.001). Hospitals with more complex patients were less likely to save (OR: 0.77, P=0.003). Savings occurred across both inpatient and post-acute care, and there were no decrements in clinical care associated with being a saver. CONCLUSIONS Certain conditions may be more amenable than others to saving under bundled payments, and hospitals with high costs at baseline may perform well under programs which use hospitals' own baseline costs to set targets. Findings may have implications for the BPCI-Advanced program and for policymakers seeking to use payment models to drive improvements in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Wolfe
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arnold M Epstein
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E John Orav
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen E Joynt Maddox
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Center for Health Economics and Policy, Institute for Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Brown K, El Husseini N, Grimley R, Ranta A, Kass-Hout T, Kaplan S, Kaufman BG. Alternative Payment Models and Associations With Stroke Outcomes, Spending, and Service Utilization: A Systematic Review. Stroke 2021; 53:268-278. [PMID: 34727742 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.033983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stroke contributes an estimated $28 billion to US health care costs annually, and alternative payment models aim to improve outcomes and lower spending over fee-for-service by aligning economic incentives with high value care. This systematic review evaluates historical and current evidence regarding the impacts of alternative payment models on stroke outcomes, spending, and utilization. Included studies evaluated alternative payment models in 4 categories: pay-for-performance (n=3), prospective payments (n=14), shared savings (n=5), and capitated payments (n=14). Pay-for-performance models were not consistently associated with improvements in clinical quality indicators of stroke prevention. Studies of prospective payments suggested that poststroke spending was shifted between care settings without consistent reductions in total spending. Shared savings programs, such as US Medicare accountable care organizations and bundled payments, were generally associated with null or decreased spending and service utilization and with no differences in clinical outcomes following stroke hospitalizations. Capitated payment models were associated with inconsistent effects on poststroke spending and utilization and some worsened clinical outcomes. Shared savings models that incentivize coordination of care across care settings show potential for lowering spending with no evidence for worsened clinical outcomes; however, few studies evaluated clinical or patient-reported outcomes, and the evidence, largely US-based, may not generalize to other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelby Brown
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (K.B., N.E.H., S.K.).,Margolis Center for Health Policy Duke University, Durham, NC (K.B., B.G.K.)
| | - Nada El Husseini
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (K.B., N.E.H., S.K.).,Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC (N.E.H.)
| | - Rohan Grimley
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia (R.G.)
| | - Annemarei Ranta
- University of Otago School of Medicine, Wellington, New Zealand (A.R.)
| | - Tareq Kass-Hout
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (T.K.-H.)
| | - Samantha Kaplan
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (K.B., N.E.H., S.K.)
| | - Brystana G Kaufman
- Margolis Center for Health Policy Duke University, Durham, NC (K.B., B.G.K.).,Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC (B.G.K.).,Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham VA Medical Center, NC (B.G.K.)
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McClellan SR, Trombley MJ, Maughan BC, Kahvecioglu DC, Marshall J, Marrufo GM, Kummet C, Hassol A. Patient-reported Outcomes Among Vulnerable Populations in the Medicare Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Initiative. Med Care 2021; 59:980-988. [PMID: 34644284 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) initiative tested whether episode-based payment models could reduce Medicare payments without harming quality. Among patients with vulnerabilities, BPCI appeared to effectively reduce payments while maintaining the quality of care. However, these findings could overlook potential adverse patient-reported outcomes in this population. RESEARCH DESIGN We surveyed beneficiaries with 4 characteristics (Medicare-Medicaid dual eligibility; dementia; recent institutional care; or racial/ethnic minority) treated at BPCI-participating or comparison hospitals for congestive heart failure, sepsis, pneumonia, or major joint replacement of the lower extremity. We estimated risk-adjusted differences in patient-reported outcomes between BPCI and comparison respondents, stratified by clinical episode and vulnerable characteristic. MEASURES Patient care experiences during episodes of care and patient-reported functional outcomes assessed roughly 90 days after hospitalization. RESULTS We observed no differences in self-reported functional improvement between BPCI and comparison respondents with vulnerable characteristics. Patient-reported care experience was similar between BPCI and comparison respondents in 11 of 15 subgroups of clinical episode and vulnerability. BPCI respondents with congestive heart failure, sepsis, and pneumonia were less likely to indicate positive care experiences than comparison respondents for at least 1 subgroup with vulnerabilities. CONCLUSIONS As implemented by hospitals, BPCI Model 2 was not associated with adverse effects on patient-reported functional status among beneficiaries who may be vulnerable to reductions in care. Hospitals participating in heart failure, sepsis or pneumonia bundled payment episodes should focus on patient care experience while implementing changes in care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brandon C Maughan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | | | | | - Colleen Kummet
- General Dynamics Information Technology, West Des Moines, IA
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Masters SH, Rutledge RI, Morrison M, Beil HA, Haber SG. Effects of Global Budget Payments on Vulnerable Medicare Subpopulations in Maryland. Med Care Res Rev 2021; 79:535-548. [PMID: 34698554 DOI: 10.1177/10775587211052748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is little evidence regarding population equity in alternative payment models (APMs). We aimed to determine whether one such APM, the Maryland All-Payer Model (MDAPM), had differential effects on subpopulations of vulnerable Medicare beneficiaries. We utilized Medicare fee-for-service claims for beneficiaries living in Maryland and 48 comparison hospital market areas between 2011 and 2018. We used doubly robust difference-in-difference-in-differences regression models to estimate the differential effects of MDAPM on Medicare beneficiaries by dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid, disability as original reason for Medicare entitlement, presence of multiple chronic conditions (MCC), race, and rural residency status. Dual, disabled, and beneficiaries with MCC had greater reductions in expenditures and utilization than their counterparts. Hospitals may have prioritized high-cost, high-need patients as they changed their care delivery practices. The percentage of hospital discharges with 14-day follow-up was significantly lower for disadvantaged subpopulations, including duals, disabled, and non-White.
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Joynt Maddox KE, Orav EJ, Zheng J, Epstein AM. Year 1 of the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement-Advanced Model. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:618-627. [PMID: 34379923 PMCID: PMC8388187 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsa2033678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation launched the Medicare Bundled Payments for Care Improvement-Advanced (BPCI-A) program for hospitals in October 2018. Information is needed about the effects of the program on health care utilization and Medicare payments. METHODS We conducted a modified segmented regression analysis using Medicare claims and including patients with discharge dates from January 2017 through September 2019 to assess differences between BPCI-A participants and two control groups: hospitals that never joined the BPCI-A program (nonjoining hospitals) and hospitals that joined the BPCI-A program in January 2020, after the conclusion of the intervention period (late-joining hospitals). The primary outcomes were the differences in changes in quarterly trends in 90-day per-episode Medicare payments and the percentage of patients with readmission within 90 days after discharge. Secondary outcomes were mortality, volume, and case mix. RESULTS A total of 826 BPCI-A participant hospitals were compared with 2016 nonjoining hospitals and 334 late-joining hospitals. Among BPCI-A hospitals, the mean baseline 90-day per-episode Medicare payment was $27,315; the change in the quarterly trends in the intervention period as compared with baseline was -$78 per quarter. Among nonjoining hospitals, the mean baseline 90-day per-episode Medicare payment was $25,994; the change in quarterly trends as compared with baseline was -$26 per quarter (difference between nonjoining hospitals and BPCI-A hospitals, $52 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 34 to 70] per quarter; P<0.001; 0.2% of the baseline payment). Among late-joining hospitals, the mean baseline 90-day per-episode Medicare payment was $26,807; the change in the quarterly trends as compared with baseline was $4 per quarter (difference between late-joining hospitals and BPCI-A hospitals, $82 [95% CI, 41 to 122] per quarter; P<0.001; 0.3% of the baseline payment). There were no meaningful differences in the changes with regard to readmission, mortality, volume, or case mix. CONCLUSIONS The BPCI-A program was associated with small reductions in Medicare payments among participating hospitals as compared with control hospitals. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Joynt Maddox
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and the Center for Health Economics and Policy, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (K.E.J.M.); the Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.J.O., A.M.E.); and the Departments of Biostatistics (E.J.O.) and Health Policy and Management (J.Z., A.M.E.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health - both in Boston
| | - E John Orav
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and the Center for Health Economics and Policy, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (K.E.J.M.); the Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.J.O., A.M.E.); and the Departments of Biostatistics (E.J.O.) and Health Policy and Management (J.Z., A.M.E.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health - both in Boston
| | - Jie Zheng
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and the Center for Health Economics and Policy, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (K.E.J.M.); the Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.J.O., A.M.E.); and the Departments of Biostatistics (E.J.O.) and Health Policy and Management (J.Z., A.M.E.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health - both in Boston
| | - Arnold M Epstein
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and the Center for Health Economics and Policy, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (K.E.J.M.); the Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (E.J.O., A.M.E.); and the Departments of Biostatistics (E.J.O.) and Health Policy and Management (J.Z., A.M.E.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health - both in Boston
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13
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Karimi M, Tsiachristas A, Looman W, Stokes J, Galen MV, Rutten-van Mölken M. Bundled payments for chronic diseases increased health care expenditure in the Netherlands, especially for multimorbid patients. Health Policy 2021; 125:751-759. [PMID: 33947604 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bundled payments aim to stimulate the integration of healthcare services and ultimately reduce healthcare expenditure growth through improved quality of care. The Netherlands introduced bundled payments for chronic diseases in 2010 by reimbursing providers annually for a bundle of primary care services related to COPD, Diabetes, or Vascular Risk Management. We aimed to assess the long-term effects of these bundled payments on healthcare expenditure. We used health insurance claims data from 2008 to 2015 to compare the healthcare expenditure between everyone who was included in bundled payments and a control group. We performed a difference-in-difference analysis in combination with propensity score matching and found that bundled payments consistently increased health care expenditure over seven years. The average half-year increase was €233 (95%CI: 204-262) for DM2, €609 (95%CI: 533-686) for COPD, and €231 (95%CI: 208-254) for VRM, representing 13%, 52%, and 20% of 2008 half-year cost. The increase was higher for those with multimorbidity compared to those without multimorbidity. This suggests that the expectations of the bundled payments are yet to be fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Karimi
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Apostolos Tsiachristas
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Willemijn Looman
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Stokes
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, Primary Care and Health Services Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mirte van Galen
- Vektis C.V., Sparrenheuvel 18, Building B, 3708 JE Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Maureen Rutten-van Mölken
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam.
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14
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Burke RE, Canamucio A, Medvedeva E, Hume EL, Navathe AS. Association of Discharge to Home vs Institutional Postacute Care With Outcomes After Lower Extremity Joint Replacement. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2022382. [PMID: 33095251 PMCID: PMC7584947 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Changes in financial incentives have led to more patients being discharged home than to institutional forms of postacute care, such as skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), after elective lower extremity total joint replacement (LEJR). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of this change with hospital readmissions, surgical complications, and mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used cross-temporal propensity-matching to identify 104 828 adult patients who were discharged home following LEJR between 2016 and 2018 (after changes in financial incentives) and 84 121 adult patients discharged to institutional forms of postacute care (eg, SNFs) between 2011 and 2013 (before changes in financial incentives). A difference-in-differences design was used to compare differences in outcomes between these groups to a propensity-matched group of patients discharged to institutional postacute care in both periods. Data were collected from Pennsylvania all-payer claims database, which includes all surgical procedures and hospitalizations across payers and hospitals in Pennsylvania. Data were analyzed between August 2019 and February 2020. EXPOSURES Type of postacute care (home, including home with home health vs institutional postacute care, including SNF, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, and long-term acute care hospitals). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Main outcomes were 30- and 90-day hospital readmissions, LEJR complication rates, and mortality rates. RESULTS Of 189 949 patients, 113 981 (60.0%) were women, and 83 444 (43.9%) were aged 40 to 64 years. The rate of discharge home increased from 63.6% (54 097 of 85 121) in 2011 to 2013 to 78.4% (82 199 of 104 828) in 2016 to 2018. In the adjusted difference-in-differences comparison, matched patients discharged home in 2016 to 2018 had significantly lower 30-day (difference, -2.9%; 95% CI, -4.2% to -1.6%) and 90-day (difference, -3.9%; 95% CI, -5.8% to -2.0%) readmission rates compared with similar patients sent to institutional postacute care in 2011 to 2013. Surgical complication and mortality rates were unchanged. Results were similar across payers and across hospital bundled payment participation status. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, increases in discharges home following LEJR surgery did not seem to be associated with increased harm during a period in which changes in financial incentives likely spurred observed changes in postacute care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Burke
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Anne Canamucio
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elina Medvedeva
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric L. Hume
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Penn Musculoskeletal Center, Philadelphia
| | - Amol S. Navathe
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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15
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McNeely C, Orav EJ, Zheng J, Joynt Maddox KE. Impact of Medicare's Bundled Payments Initiative on Patient Selection, Payments, and Outcomes for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2020; 13:e006171. [PMID: 32867514 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.119.006171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation launched the Bundled Payments for Care Initiative (BPCI) in 2013. Its effect on payments and outcomes for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We used Medicare inpatient files to identify index admissions for PCI and CABG from 2013 through 2016 at BPCI hospitals and matched control hospitals and difference in differences models to compare the 2 groups. Our primary outcome was the change in standardized Medicare-allowed payments per 90-day episode. Secondary outcomes included changes in patient selection, discharge to postacute care, length of stay, emergency department use, readmissions, and mortality. Forty-two hospitals joined BPCI for PCI and 46 for CABG. There were no differential changes in patient selection between BPCI and control hospitals. Baseline Medicare payments per episode for PCI were $20 164 at BPCI hospitals and $19 955 at control hospitals. For PCI, payments increased at both BPCI and control hospitals during the intervention period, such that there was no significant difference in differences (BPCI hospitals +$673, P=0.048; control hospitals +$551, P=0.022; difference in differences $122, P=0.768). For CABG, payments at both BPCI and control hospitals decreased during the intervention period (BPCI baseline, $36 925, change -$2918, P<0.001; control baseline, $36 877, change -$2618, P<0.001; difference in differences, $300; P=0.730). For both PCI and CABG, BPCI participation was not associated with changes in mortality, readmissions, or length of stay. Among BPCI hospitals, emergency department use differentially increased for patients undergoing PCI and decreased for patients undergoing CABG. CONCLUSIONS Participation in episode-based payment for PCI and CABG was not associated with changes in patient selection, payments, length of stay, or clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian McNeely
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO (C.M., K.E.J.M.)
| | - E John Orav
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (E.J.O.).,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (E.J.O.)
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (J.Z.)
| | - Karen E Joynt Maddox
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO (C.M., K.E.J.M.).,Center for Health Economics and Policy, Institute for Public Health at Washington University, Saint Louis, MO (K.E.J.M.)
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16
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Einav L, Finkelstein A, Ji Y, Mahoney N. Randomized trial shows healthcare payment reform has equal-sized spillover effects on patients not targeted by reform. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18939-18947. [PMID: 32719129 PMCID: PMC7431052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004759117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the way health insurers pay healthcare providers may not only directly affect the insurer's patients but may also affect patients covered by other insurers. We provide evidence of such spillovers in the context of a nationwide Medicare bundled payment reform that was implemented in some areas of the country but not in others, via random assignment. We estimate that the payment reform-which targeted traditional Medicare patients-had effects of similar magnitude on the healthcare experience of nontargeted, privately insured Medicare Advantage patients. We discuss the implications of these findings for estimates of the impact of healthcare payment reforms and more generally for the design of healthcare policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liran Einav
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Amy Finkelstein
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138;
- Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Yunan Ji
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Neale Mahoney
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138
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17
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Joynt Maddox KE, Orav EJ, Zheng J, Epstein AM. How Do Frail Medicare Beneficiaries Fare Under Bundled Payments? J Am Geriatr Soc 2019; 67:2245-2253. [PMID: 31490547 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Bundled payments are an alternative payment model in which a hospital takes accountability for the costs of a 90-day episode of care. Such models are meant to improve care through better coordination across care settings, but could have adverse consequences for frail adults if they lead to inappropriate cuts in necessary post-acute care. DESIGN Retrospective claims-based analysis of hospitals' first year of participation in Medicare's Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) program. SETTING US hospitals. PARTICIPANTS A total of 641 146 Medicare beneficiaries admitted to 688 BPCI programs and 1276 matched control hospitals for myocardial infarction, heart failure, pneumonia, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or major joint replacement of the lower extremity in 2012 to 2016. INTERVENTION Participation in BPCI. MEASUREMENTS Proportion of patients in each quartile of a validated claims-based frailty index, total and setting-specific standardized Medicare payments per episode, days at home, 90-day readmissions, and 90-day mortality. RESULTS Higher levels of frailty were associated with higher Medicare payments and worse clinical outcomes (for the medical composite, costs per episode were $11 921, $17 348, $22 828, and $29 157 across frailty quartiles; days at home were 70.1, 60.4, 54.3, and 51.5; 90-day readmission rates were 16.0%, 27.0%, 38.2%, and 50.9%; and 90-day mortality rates were 15.4%, 22.5%, 25.1%, 21.3%); patterns were similar for joint replacement. Under the BPCI program, there was no differential change in the proportion of highly frail patients at BPCI vs control hospitals. There were also no differential deleterious changes in payments or clinical outcomes for frail relative to nonfrail patients at BPCI vs non-BPCI hospitals. CONCLUSION While frail patients had higher costs and worse outcomes in general, there was no evidence of changes in access or worsening clinical outcomes in BPCI hospitals for frail patients relative to the nonfrail in hospitals' first year of participation in the program. These findings may be reassuring for policy makers and clinical leaders. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2245-2253, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Joynt Maddox
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Endel John Orav
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arnold M Epstein
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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