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Middleton PG, Simmonds NJ. Cystic fibrosis modulator therapy can reverse cystic bronchiectasis. Respirol Case Rep 2023; 11:e01172. [PMID: 37323158 PMCID: PMC10261305 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is often considered progressive and irreversible, so cases of regression or reversal are an important step in understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Cystic fibrosis, (CF) caused by pathogenic variants in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene has been a success story in personalized medicine. The recent development of CFTR modulator therapies has revolutionized care. Dramatic improvements in lung function, sputum production, daytime functioning, and quality of life are seen within weeks. However, the effect of long-term exposure to elexacaftor + tezacaftor + ivacaftor (ETI) on the structural abnormalities is at present unknown. This case series outlines three adults with CF who have demonstrated progressive improvement in the cylindrical, varicose and importantly cystic changes of bronchiectasis with prolonged ETI treatment. This raises the exciting question of reversibility of bronchiectasis as well as the mechanisms involved in the maintenance and progression of bronchiectasis as it relates to CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Middleton
- CF Service, Department Respiratory & Sleep MedicineWestmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Westmead Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Nicholas J. Simmonds
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis CentreRoyal Brompton HospitalLondonUK
- Respiratory MedicineImperial College London, Royal Brompton HospitalLondonUK
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2
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Foo CT, Karia S, Herre J. Reversible bronchiectasis. Thorax 2021; 77:733-734. [PMID: 34853160 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Tai Foo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sumit Karia
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jurgen Herre
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Ledda RE, Balbi M, Milone F, Ciuni A, Silva M, Sverzellati N, Milanese G. Imaging in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and current limitations. BJR Open 2021; 3:20210026. [PMID: 34381953 PMCID: PMC8328081 DOI: 10.1259/bjro.20210026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis represents a heterogenous spectrum of disorders characterised by an abnormal and permanent dilatation of the bronchial tree associated with respiratory symptoms. To date, diagnosis relies on computed tomography (CT) evidence of dilated airways. Nevertheless, definite radiological criteria and standardised CT protocols are still to be defined. Although largely used, current radiological scoring systems have shown substantial drawbacks, mostly failing to correlate morphological abnormalities with clinical and prognostic data. In limited cases, bronchiectasis morphology and distribution, along with associated CT features, enable radiologists to confidently suggest an underlying cause. Quantitative imaging analyses have shown a potential to overcome the limitations of the current radiological criteria, but their application is still limited to a research setting. In the present review, we discuss the role of imaging and its current limitations in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. The potential of automatic quantitative approaches and artificial intelligence in such a context will be also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Eufrasia Ledda
- Scienze Radiologiche, Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Balbi
- Scienze Radiologiche, Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Milone
- Scienze Radiologiche, Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciuni
- Scienze Radiologiche, Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mario Silva
- Scienze Radiologiche, Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Sverzellati
- Scienze Radiologiche, Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gianluca Milanese
- Scienze Radiologiche, Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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4
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Amati F, Simonetta E, Pilocane T, Gramegna A, Goeminne P, Oriano M, Pascual-Guardia S, Mantero M, Voza A, Santambrogio M, Blasi F, Aliberti S. Diagnosis and Initial Investigation of Bronchiectasis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:513-524. [PMID: 34261176 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bronchiectasis refers to both the name of a disease and a single radiological appearance that may, or may not, be associated with disease. As chronic respiratory disease, bronchiectasis is characterized by a variable range of signs and symptoms that may overlap with other chronic respiratory conditions. The proper identification of bronchiectasis as a disease in both primary and secondary care is of paramount importance. However, a standardized definition of radiologically and clinically significant bronchiectasis is still missing. Disease heterogeneity is a hallmark of bronchiectasis and applies not only to radiological features and clinical manifestations but also to other aspects of the disease, including the etiological and microbiological diagnosis as well as the evaluation of pulmonary function. Although the guidelines suggest a "minimum bundle" of tests, the diagnostic approach to bronchiectasis is challenging and may be driven by the "treatable traits" approach based on endotypes and biological characteristics. A broad spectrum of diagnostic tests could be used to investigate the etiology of bronchiectasis as well as other pulmonary, extrapulmonary, and environmental traits. Individualizing bronchiectasis workup according to the site of care (e.g., primary, secondary, and tertiary care) could help optimize patients' management and reduce healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Amati
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Simonetta
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pilocane
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gramegna
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pieter Goeminne
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Martina Oriano
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergi Pascual-Guardia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital del Mar (PSMAR)-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER, Área de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Marco Mantero
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Voza
- Emergency Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Santambrogio
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Zhang J, Wang S, Shao C. Reversible bronchial dilatation in adults. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:966-970. [PMID: 33811371 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is characterized by the destruction of bronchial wall and persistent irreversible bronchiectasis due to respiratory infection and bronchial obstruction. Reversible bronchiectasis is rarely reported in adults. The study aims to evaluate dynamic changes in chest computed tomography (CT) findings and relevant factors affecting improvement or reversal of bronchiectasis. A total of 239 patients with bronchiectasis admitted to our hospital from January 2009 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. 23 patients (group A) with bronchiectasis reversion or improvement confirmed by chest CT were matched with patients in group B according to gender and age (difference <5 years). 23 patients (group B) with bronchiectasis progression or no obvious improvement confirmed by chest CT were selected from the remaining patients. The clinical features and imaging findings of the two groups were compared. The duration of disease in group A was less than that in group B, and the stable period was longer (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in other clinical features between the two groups. In contrast to the traditional concept of "Bronchiectasis", our results suggested that some adult bronchiectasis can be improved and completely radiologically reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijiao Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changzhou Shao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China
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Gülhan SŞE, Acar LN, Sayılır Güven E, Bıçakçıoğlu P, Aydın E, Karasu S, Taştepe Aİ, İncekara F, Kaya S, Fındık G. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: Our 23 years of experience. Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derg 2020; 28:629-37. [PMID: 33403136 DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2020.19389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the success of surgery and a complete resection for bronchiectasis treatment and to present our 23 years of surgical experience.
Methods
Between January 1991 and December 2013, a total of 1,357 patients (667 males, 690 females; mean age 30.5±14.3 years; range, 3 to 73 years) with the diagnosis of bronchiectasis who underwent pulmonary resection in our clinic were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, etiologies, symptoms, localizations, surgical procedures, and long-term follow-up results were evaluated.
Results
There were 1,394 surgeries, as 37 (2.7%) patients had bilateral disease. The surgical procedures included lobectomy (n=702, 50.3%), pneumonectomy (n=183, 13.1%), segmental resections (n=114, 8.2%), bilobectomy (n=83, 6.0%), and lobectomy + segmentectomy (n=312, 22.4%). During the postoperative period, 1,269 (93.5%) patients were followed at a mean duration of 51.6 (range, 1 to 120) months. After surgery, 774 (61%) patients were asymptomatic, 456 (35.9%) showed an improvement, and 39 (3.1%) had no response or deterioration.
Conclusion
The surgical treatment plays an important role in the clinical and symptomatic improvement of patients with bronchiectasis. Surgery reduces the morbidity and mortality rates with careful preoperative preparation and appropriately selected cases.
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Kucuk C, Turkkani MH, Arda K. A case report of reversible bronchiectasis in an adult: Pseudobronchiectasis. Respir Med Case Rep 2019; 26:315-316. [PMID: 30931250 PMCID: PMC6409408 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a sequel to permanent chronic airway inflammation and defined as ‘irreversible bronchial dilatation’. It is increasingly being recognized with the wider availability of high-resolution computed tomography. Children with noncystic fibrosis can be seen with improvement in bronchiectasis even resolution, as opposed to adults. We report a case of reversible bronchial dilatation in an adult as evidenced by high-resolution computed tomography, which demonstrates that, although quite rare in adults, spontaneous resolution may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Kucuk
- Ankara 29 Mayıs Hospital Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Turkey
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Kemal Arda
- SBU Gülhane Education and Research Hospital Radiology Department, Turkey
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Abstract
RATIONALE Bronchiectasis results when inflammatory and infectious damage to the bronchial and bronchiolar walls leads to a vicious cycle of airway injury. On the basis of the classic characteristic, that is, permanent bronchial dilatation, bronchiectasis is generally considered irreversible in the adult population. PATIENT CONCERNS A 21-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a 9-day history of productive cough and fever. DIAGNOSIS Bronchiectasis after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with azithromycin for 7 days. OUTCOMES The bronchial dilatation resolved as evidenced by sequential chest high-resolution computed tomography 7 days and 1 month later, respectively. LESSONS Although complete disappearance is quite rare in adult, this case demonstrated that bronchial dilatation might resolve completely in such a fascinating short period of time if receiving adequate and timely regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Hai-yan Li
- Medical Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen Futian), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Kaplan A, Gruffydd-Jones K, van Gemert F, Kirenga BJ, Medford ARL. A woman with breathlessness: a practical approach to diagnosis and management. Prim Care Respir J 2013; 22:468-76. [PMID: 24270362 PMCID: PMC6442845 DOI: 10.4104/pcrj.2013.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Worsening breathless in a patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common diagnostic and management challenge in primary care. A systematic approach to history-taking and examination combined with targeted investigation of pulmonary, cardiovascular, thromboembolic and systemic causes is essential if co-morbidities are to be identified and managed. Distinguishing between heart failure and COPD is a particular challenge as symptoms and signs overlap. In low and middle income countries additional priorities are the detection of infections such as tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Clinicians need to be alert to the possibility of atypical presentations (such as pain-free variants of angina) and less common conditions (including chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension) in order not to overlook important potentially treatable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kaplan
- Family Physician Airways Group of Canada, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Frederik van Gemert
- Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce J Kirenga
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew RL Medford
- Consultant & Honorary Senior Lecturer in Thoracic Medicine & Interventional Pulmonology, North Bristol Lung Centre & University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Badawy MS, El Qarn AF, Mohamadeen HA. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency in non cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 2013; 62:311-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Ar Kar Aung
- University of Western AustraliaNedlands, Western Australia, AustraliaandSir Charles Gairdner HospitalNedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philip J. Thompson
- University of Western AustraliaNedlands, Western Australia, AustraliaandSir Charles Gairdner HospitalNedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bing Mei Teh
- University of Western AustraliaNedlands, Western Australia, AustraliaandEar Science Institute AustraliaSubiaco, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiectasis continues to be one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, with a probably underestimated higher prevalence than in developed countries. OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical profile of adult patients with bronchiectasis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, radiologic, and physiologic findings of 304 patients with bronchiectasis confirmed by high-resolution computed tomography. RESULTS Mean age of participants (45.7% males, 54.3% females) was 56 ± 25 years and 65.8% of them were lifetime non-smokers. Most common identified causes of bronchiectasis were childhood disease (22.7%), tuberculosis (15.5%), and pneumonia (11.5%). The predominant symptoms were productive cough (83.6%), dyspnea (72%), and hemoptysis (21.1%). The most common findings on chest examination were crackles (71.1%) and rhonchi (28.3%). Types of bronchiectasis were cylindrical in 47%, varicose in 9.9%, cystic in 45.1%, and multiple types in 24.3%. Involvement was multilobar in 75.3% and bilateral in 62.5%. Of 274 patients, 20.8% displayed normal pulmonary function test results, whereas 47.4%, 8% and 23.7% showed obstructive, restrictive, and mixed pattern, respectively. Patients with cystic disease had a higher frequency of hemoptysis (42%) and a greater degree of functional impairment, compared to other types. CONCLUSION In patients with bronchiectasis from southern Turkey, generally presenting with recurrent productive cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and persistent bibasilar rales, the etiology remains mainly idiopathic. Post-infectious bronchial destruction is one of the major identified underlying pathological processes. The clinical picture and the deterioration of the pulmonary function test might be more severe in patients with cystic type bronchiectasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ali Habesoglu
- Department of Chest Disease, Baskent University Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
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Abstract
Bronchiectasis, which was once thought to be an orphan disease, is now being recognized with increasing frequency around the world. Patients with bronchiectasis have chronic cough and sputum production, and bacterial infections develop in them that result in the loss of lung function. Bronchiectasis occurs in patients across the spectrum of age and gender, but the highest prevalence is in older women. The diagnosis of bronchiectasis is made by high-resolution CT scans. Bronchiectasis, which can be focal or diffuse, may occur without antecedent disease but is often a complication of previous lung infection or injury or is due to underlying systemic illnesses. Patients with bronchiectasis may have predisposing congenital disease, immune disorders, or inflammatory disease. The treatment of bronchiectasis is multimodality, and includes therapy with antibiotics, antiinflammatory agents, and airway clearance. Resectional surgery and lung transplantation are rarely required. The prognosis for patients with bronchiectasis is variable given the heterogeneous nature of the disease. A tailored, patient-focused approach is needed to optimally evaluate and treat individuals with bronchiectasis.
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