A Successful Outcome of Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Obese Patients with Respiratory Failure in the Course of COVID-19: A Report of Two Cases

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients with respiratory failure in the course of COVID-19 indicates its limited efficacy and high mortality rates. It seems that one of the conditions for the success of veno-venous ECMO (VV ECMO) in obese patients with COVID-19 is the correct qualification and rapid implementation of this method. We present two cases of obese patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection with the successful use of ECMO. Two 41-year-old obese patients (Case 1: BMI 31.5 kg/m2 and Case 2: 44.5 kg/m2), with pneumonia and severe respiratory failure in the course of COVID-19, underwent ECMO therapy. The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) guidelines were used to qualify the patients. Due to the persistence of PaO2/FiO2 rate <80 for 6 h, a decision was made to implement VV ECMO. Both patients were discharged from the intensive care unit (Case 1: on day 35; Case 2: on day 22). Rapid implementation of VV ECMO in middle-aged, obese patients with ARDS in the course of COVID-19 showed a positive outcome.

The impact of obesity on outcomes in patients receiving extracorporeal life support

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) has been increasingly utilized to manage cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction. The impact of obesity on outcomes of ECLS is poorly defined. The purpose of the study was to compare in-hospital mortality, resource use, complications, and readmissions in obese versus non-obese patients receiving ECLS. We performed a retrospective cohort study of all adult ECLS patients with and without an obesity diagnosis using the 2010-2016 Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD). Mortality, length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, complications, and readmissions were evaluated using multivariable logistic and linear regression. Of 23 876, patients who received ECLS, 1924 (8.1%) were obese. Obese patients received ECLS more frequently for respiratory failure (29.5% vs. 23.7%, P = .001). After adjustment for patient and hospital factors, obesity was not associated with increased odds of mortality (AOR = 1.06, P = .44) and was associated with decreased LOS (13.7 vs. 21.2 days, P < .001), hospital charges ($171 866 vs. $211 445, P < .001), and 30-day readmission (AOR = 0.71, P = .03). Obesity was also associated with reduced odds of hemorrhage (AOR = 0.43, P < .001), neurologic complications (AOR = 0.55, P = .004), and acute kidney injury (AOR=0.83, P = .04). After stratification by ECLS indication, obesity remained predictive of shorter LOS (AOR range: 0.53-0.78, all P < .05 ) and did not impact mortality (all P > .05). Respiratory support remains the most common indication for ECLS among obese patients. Among all patients, as well as by individual ECLS indication, obesity was not associated with increased odds of mortality. These findings suggest that obesity should not be considered a high-risk contraindication to ECLS.

The use of VV-ECMO in patients with drug dependencies

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of illicit drug and alcohol dependencies on mortality, length of stay, and complications in patients who have been supported with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) following respiratory failure not responsive to conventional methods of ventilation. 584 VV-ECMO referrals received at Wythenshawe Hospital were reviewed for evidence of drug dependency. 13 patients were identified as being drug-dependent and having undergone treatment with VV-ECMO. A matched cohort of 13 non-drug-dependent patients was identified using date of birth, pre-ECMO Murray Score, and primary diagnosis. The outcomes were compared. 19 more complications were found amongst the drug-dependent patients compared with the non-drug-dependent cohort (39 vs 20). A mean difference of 1.46 complications per patient was calculated (p = 0.005). Mortality after 180 days was reported in 4 of the drug-dependent patients, compared with one in the matched cohort. Length of stay on ECMO was increased on average by 1.93 days amongst the drug-dependent patients (p = 0.557); however, the sample size was not great enough to achieve statistical significance. Patients with drug dependencies undergoing VV-ECMO have more complications when compared with a cohort of patients with no proven or suspected drug dependencies. Differences in morbidity and mortality were not statistically significant.