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Wattrang E, Lundén A, Ibrahim O, Dalgaard TS. Phenotypic characterization of Eimeria tenella-specific chicken T-cells responding to in vitro parasite antigen re-stimulation. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36748566 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of genus Eimeria, is a disease with large impact on poultry production worldwide. It is well known that Eimeria immunity is dependent on Th1-type responses.Gap Statement. In vitro assessment of Eimeria-specific T-cell activity would therefore be a valuable research tool but has so far proven difficult to establish.Aim. The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro induced blast transformation and CD25 expression in defined chicken T-cell populations as a measure of Eimeria immunity.Methodology. Three E. tenella infection experiments were performed and PBMC and/or spleen cells were collected between 6 and 16 days after infection of chickens. Cells were stimulated in vitro with E. tenella antigens and T-cell activation was assessed by immunofluorescence labelling and flow cytometry.Results. The results consistently showed statistically significant E. tenella specific activation of TCRα/β+T cells within a 'window' from 8 to 14 days after infection for both spleen cells and PBMC. Responding T-cells were identified as CD4+CD8-, CD4+CD8αα+ and CD4-CD8αβ+ where the CD4+CD8αα+ cells generally showed the highest responses. All three of these TCRα/βT-cell subsets showed significant E. tenella induced blast transformation and/or CD25 expression albeit not always in concert on the same days after infection indicating complex kinetics of T-cell responses. In general, responses were higher for spleen cells compared to PBMC for all responding T-cell populations.Conclusions. This methodology shows promise to study Eimeria-specific T-cells, e.g. to evaluate vaccine responses. Results indicated that a Th1-type response was induced and suggested a role for CD4+CD8αα+ cells in Eimeria immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wattrang
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Lundén
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Osama Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Immune responses to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 by FASCIA and multiplex technology for diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection; IP-10 is a promising marker. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43438. [PMID: 23144772 PMCID: PMC3493549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a need for reliable markers to diagnose active and latent tuberculosis (TB). The interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) are compared to the tuberculin skin test (TST) more specific, but cannot discriminate between recent or remote TB infection. Here the Flow-cytometric Assay for Specific Cell-mediated Immune-response in Activated whole blood (FASCIA), which quantifies expanded T-lymphoblasts by flow-cytometric analysis after long-term antigen stimulation of whole blood, is combined with cytokine/chemokine analysis in the supernatant by multiplex technology for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Methods and Findings Consecutive patients with suspected TB (n = 85), with microbiologically verified active pulmonary TB (n = 33), extra pulmonary TB (n = 21), clinical TB (n = 11), presumed latent TB infection (LTBI) (n = 23), patients negative for TB (n = 8) and 21 healthy controls were studied. Blood samples were analyzed with FASCIA and multiplex technology to determine and correlate proliferative responses and the value of 14 cytokines for diagnosis of Mtb infection: IFN- γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IP-10, IL-12, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, MIP-1β, GM-CSF, IFN-α2 and IL-10. Cytokine levels for IFN-γ, IP-10, MIP-1β, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and GM-CSF were significantly higher after stimulation with the Mtb specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in patients with active TB compared to healthy controls (p<0.05) and correlated with proliferative responses. IP-10 was positive in all patients with verified TB, if using a combination of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 and was the only marker significantly more sensitive in detecting active TB then IFN-γ (p = 0.012). Cytokine responses in patients with active TB were more frequent and detected at higher levels than in patients with LTBI. Conclusions IP-10 seems to be an important marker for diagnosis of active and latent TB. Patients with active TB and LTBI responded with similar cytokine profiles against TB antigens but proliferative and cytokine responses were generally higher in patients with active TB.
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Ahmed RK, Rohava Z, Balaji KN, Hoffner SE, Gaines H, Magalhaes I, Zumla A, Skrahina A, Maeurer MJ. Pattern recognition and cellular immune responses to novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis-antigens in individuals from Belarus. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:41. [PMID: 22336002 PMCID: PMC3305616 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is an enduring health problem worldwide and the emerging threat of multidrug resistant (MDR) TB and extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB is of particular concern. A better understanding of biomarkers associated with TB will aid to guide the development of better targets for TB diagnosis and for the development of improved TB vaccines. Methods Recombinant proteins (n = 7) and peptide pools (n = 14) from M. tuberculosis (M.tb) antigens associated with M.tb pathogenicity, modification of cell lipids or cellular metabolism, were used to compare T cell immune responses defined by IFN-γ production using a whole blood assay (WBA) from i) patients with TB, ii) individuals recovered from TB and iii) individuals exposed to TB without evidence of clinical TB infection from Minsk, Belarus. Results We identified differences in M.tb target peptide recognition between the test groups, i.e. a frequent recognition of antigens associated with lipid metabolism, e.g. cyclopropane fatty acyl phospholipid synthase. The pattern of peptide recognition was broader in blood from healthy individuals and those recovered from TB as compared to individuals suffering from pulmonary TB. Detection of biologically relevant M.tb targets was confirmed by staining for intracellular cytokines (IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ) in T cells from non-human primates (NHPs) after BCG vaccination. Conclusions PBMCs from healthy individuals and those recovered from TB recognized a broader spectrum of M.tb antigens as compared to patients with TB. The nature of the pattern recognition of a broad panel of M.tb antigens will devise better strategies to identify improved diagnostics gauging previous exposure to M.tb; it may also guide the development of improved TB-vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raija K Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 16, SE 17182 Solna, Sweden
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Humoral and cellular immune responses to measles and tetanus: the importance of elapsed time since last exposure and the nature of the antigen. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:574-82. [PMID: 20405177 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the cellular and humoral immune response pre- and post-vaccine rechallenge in healthy adults with previous exposure to measles (virus or vaccine) and different time intervals since last tetanus vaccine. METHODS Humoral immunity was tested by ELISA, and cellular immunity was tested by intracellular interferon gamma detection after in vitro stimulation with antigens. RESULTS While cellular immunity was comparable among vaccinated individuals and those who had measles, higher antibody levels were found in those who had the disease in the past. Both antibodies and CD4(+) T cell tetanus immune responses depended on elapsed time since last immunization. Following a vaccine booster, an increase in cellular immunity and antibodies was observed to both tetanus and measles. Measles humoral response was much more intense among individuals previously exposed to a wild virus. CONCLUSIONS In an era when natural boosters are less frequent, an immune surveillance might be necessary to investigate waning immunity as occurs for tetanus.
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Immunogenicity of a whole-cell pertussis vaccine with low lipopolysaccharide content in infants. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:544-50. [PMID: 19261771 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00339-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a clear correlation between the levels of antibody to pertussis antigens and protection against disease lends credence to the possibility that cell-mediated immunity provides primary protection against disease. This phase I comparative trial had the aim of comparing the in vitro cellular immune response and anti-pertussis toxin (anti-PT) immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers induced by a cellular pertussis vaccine with low lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content (wP(low) vaccine) with those induced by the conventional whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine. A total of 234 infants were vaccinated at 2, 4, and 6 months with the conventional wP vaccine or the wP(low) vaccine. Proliferation of CD3(+) T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry after 6 days of peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture with stimulation with heat-killed Bordetella pertussis or phytohemagglutinin (PHA). CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and T-cell receptor gammadelta-positive (gammadelta(+)) cells were identified in the gate of blast lymphocytes. Gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10 levels in supernatants and serum anti-PT IgG levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The net percentage of CD3(+) blasts in cultures with B. pertussis in the group vaccinated with wP was higher than that in the group vaccinated with the wP(low) vaccine (medians of 6.2% for the wP vaccine and 3.9% for the wP(low) vaccine; P = 0.029). The frequencies of proliferating CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadelta(+) cells, cytokine concentrations in supernatants, and the geometric mean titers of anti-PT IgG were similar for the two vaccination groups. There was a significant difference between the T-cell subpopulations for B. pertussis and PHA cultures, with a higher percentage of gammadelta(+) cells in the B. pertussis cultures (P < 0.001). The overall data did suggest that wP vaccination resulted in modestly better specific CD3(+) cell proliferation, and gammadelta(+) cell expansions were similar with the two vaccines.
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Magalhaes I, Sizemore DR, Ahmed RK, Mueller S, Wehlin L, Scanga C, Weichold F, Schirru G, Pau MG, Goudsmit J, Kühlmann-Berenzon S, Spångberg M, Andersson J, Gaines H, Thorstensson R, Skeiky YAW, Sadoff J, Maeurer M. rBCG induces strong antigen-specific T cell responses in rhesus macaques in a prime-boost setting with an adenovirus 35 tuberculosis vaccine vector. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3790. [PMID: 19023426 PMCID: PMC2582491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BCG vaccination, combined with adenoviral-delivered boosts, represents a reasonable strategy to augment, broaden and prolong immune protection against tuberculosis (TB). We tested BCG (SSI1331) (in 6 animals, delivered intradermally) and a recombinant (rBCG) AFRO-1 expressing perfringolysin (in 6 animals) followed by two boosts (delivered intramuscullary) with non-replicating adenovirus 35 (rAd35) expressing a fusion protein composed of Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4, for the capacity to induce antigen-specific cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Control animals received diluent (3 animals). Methods and Findings Cellular immune responses were analyzed longitudinally (12 blood draws for each animal) using intracellular cytokine staining (TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IFN-gamma), T cell proliferation was measured in CD4+, CD8alpha/beta+, and CD8alpha/alpha+ T cell subsets and IFN-gamma production was tested in 7 day PBMC cultures (whole blood cell assay, WBA) using Ag85A, Ag85B, TB10.4 recombinant proteins, PPD or BCG as stimuli. Animals primed with AFRO-1 showed i) increased Ag85B-specific IFN-gamma production in the WBA assay (median >400 pg/ml for 6 animals) one week after the first boost with adenoviral-delivered TB-antigens as compared to animals primed with BCG (<200 pg/ml), ii) stronger T cell proliferation in the CD8alpha/alpha+ T cell subset (proliferative index 17%) as compared to BCG-primed animals (proliferative index 5% in CD8alpha/alpha+ T cells). Polyfunctional T cells, defined by IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-2 production were detected in 2/6 animals primed with AFRO-1 directed against Ag85A/b and TB10.4; 4/6 animals primed with BCG showed a Ag85A/b responses, yet only a single animal exhibited Ag85A/b and TB10.4 reactivity. Conclusion AFRO-1 induces qualitatively and quantitatively different cellular immune responses as compared with BCG in rhesus macaques. Increased IFN-gamma-responses and antigen-specific T cell proliferation in the CD8alpha/alpha+ T cell subset represents a valuable marker for vaccine-take in BCG-based TB vaccine trials
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Magalhaes
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Donata R. Sizemore
- Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raija K. Ahmed
- The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Mueller
- Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lena Wehlin
- The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Charles Scanga
- Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frank Weichold
- Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Mats Spångberg
- The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jan Andersson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Gaines
- The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Yasir A. W. Skeiky
- Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerry Sadoff
- Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Kinetics of the immune response associated with tularemia: comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a tube agglutination test, and a novel whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation test. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1238-43. [PMID: 18562568 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00434-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed and evaluated a novel and simplified whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation assay that focuses on the measurement of gamma interferon after 24 h of stimulation with whole-cell tularemia antigen and a tularemia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on highly purified lipopolysaccharide antigen. Comparison of the kinetics of the two assays and those of the traditional tube agglutination test shows that the cellular immune response can be detected earlier by the lymphocyte stimulation assay. This test already shows a high proportion of positive results during the first week after the onset of the disease, may be applicable in everyday laboratory practice, and has the potential of changing routine diagnostics for tularemia. The new ELISA has a high sensitivity and becomes positive to a high degree during the second week of disease.
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