1
|
Sonday Z, Baatjies R, Mwanga HH, Jeebhay MF. Prevalence of work-related skin symptoms and associated factors among tertiary hospital workers exposed to cleaning agents in Southern Africa. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:178-189. [PMID: 37401107 PMCID: PMC10530256 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Working with cleaning products is associated with occupational contact dermatitis in health workers (HWs), but information on predictors for these outcomes is limited. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the prevalence of work-related skin symptoms (WRSS) and associated factors in HWs exposed to cleaning agents in two Southern African tertiary hospitals. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 697 HWs used an interviewer-administered questionnaire and assessed for atopy using Phadiatop. RESULTS HWs' median age was 42 years, 77.0% were female and 42.5% were atopic. The prevalence of WRSS in the last 12 months was 14.8%, 12.3% had probable contact dermatitis (PCD) and 3.2% had probable contact urticaria (PCU). Technicians (ORadj 3.91) and tasks involving cleaning and disinfection of skin wounds (ORadj 1.98) were associated with WRSS in the past year. Factors associated with PCD included sterilizing instruments, disinfecting skin before procedures and use of wound adhesives. Factors associated with PCU included specimen preparation using formalin, medical instrument sterilization tasks, and skin/wound cleaning and disinfection. Appropriate glove use when performing patients' skin/wound care was protective against WRSS. CONCLUSIONS Tasks involving cleaning and disinfecting patients' skin and wounds were associated with WRSS in HWs, especially when performed without gloves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahida Sonday
- Occupational Medicine Division, School of Public HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Roslynn Baatjies
- Occupational Medicine Division, School of Public HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied SciencesCape Peninsula University of TechnologyCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Hussein H Mwanga
- Occupational Medicine Division, School of Public HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social SciencesMuhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Mohamed F Jeebhay
- Occupational Medicine Division, School of Public HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
This article discusses contact urticaria syndrome definition, history, epidemiology, occupational relevance, mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, agents responsible, and how to prevent and treat the patients affected. Contact urticaria syndrome is often misdiagnosed because it is not well known or recognized by physicians. Commonly the patient recognizes the cause of the clinical symptom, but the cause can be exceptional or new. Triggers include proteins, chemical compounds, agricultural chemicals, metals, plants, foods, and other substances. The objective of this article is to help dermatologists, toxicologists, and immunologists by providing diagnostic tools to avoid the culprit agent and treat the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Gimenez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Maritim 25-29, Barcelona 08021, Spain.
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 90 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 9413, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Contact Urticaria to Nickel: A Series of 11 Patients Who Were Prick Test Positive and Patch Test Negative to Nickel Sulfate 2.5% and 5.0. Dermatitis 2018; 27:282-7. [PMID: 27649351 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nickel is the most common allergen found by patch testing; however, not all cases of nickel allergy are type 4 (delayed) allergies. Contact urticaria (CU) to nickel (immediate reaction) has been reported; however, few seem to evaluate it as per a recent published survey of American Contact Dermatitis Society members. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to present a series of patients who had clinical histories suggestive of nickel allergy and yet were patch test negative but prick test positive to nickel, thus demonstrating CU. METHODS We reviewed the charts of 11 patients who were patch test negative but prick test positive. RESULTS All 11 patients demonstrated evidence of CU by prick testing (or closed chamber test in 1). None were patch test positive to nickel 2.5% or 5.0%. Four patients' histories mentioned reactions to various jewelry/earrings within minutes, whereas 2 histories mentioned reacting within a few hours. These histories are consistent with CU. Others (except 1 patient) recalled reacting to jewelry/earrings but did not recall a time frame. CONCLUSIONS Our series suggests that CU to nickel may be far more common than anticipated and should be evaluated with prick testing when patients' history suggests nickel allergy and yet they are patch test negative.
Collapse
|
4
|
Helaskoski E, Suojalehto H, Kuuliala O, Aalto-Korte K. Occupational contact urticaria and protein contact dermatitis: causes and concomitant airway diseases. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:390-396. [PMID: 28795430 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact urticaria (CU) and protein contact dermatitis (PCD) are mainly induced by an immediate, IgE-mediated immunological mechanism. Immediate sensitization is also linked to asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVES To report causes of work-induced CU and PCD, and to evaluate the occurrence of concomitant airway diseases. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the patient files of cases diagnosed with CU or PCD at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health during 1995-2011. We obtained data on occupation, exposures, clinical and immunological test results, and diagnosed occupational skin and respiratory diseases. RESULTS Altogether, 291 cases of occupational CU or PCD were diagnosed during the study period. The most common causes were flour, cow dander, natural rubber latex and acid anhydrides. Concomitant occupational asthma caused by the same agent as the skin disease was detected in 60 patients (21%), and occupational rhinitis was detected in 111 patients (38%). CONCLUSIONS Almost half of the patients (46%) with occupational CU and PCD had concomitant occupational airway disease. Patients with CU/PCD should always be asked about respiratory symptoms, and preventive measures at the workplace should include protection of both the skin and the airways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Helaskoski
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00251, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hille Suojalehto
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00251, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Kuuliala
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00251, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00251, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Sánchez J, Amaya E, Acevedo A, Celis A, Caraballo D, Cardona R. Prevalence of Inducible Urticaria in Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Associated Risk Factors. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2016; 5:464-470. [PMID: 27838325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the prevalence of inducible urticaria (IU) in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and the factors affecting this prevalence is scarce in the literature. OBJECTIVES To estimate the frequency of IU in patients with CSU and to explore possible factors associated with CSU. METHODS Patients older than 12 years diagnosed with CSU and a control group with no history of urticaria were recruited from 2 different cities. All patients were questioned about triggers associated with exacerbation of urticaria, and challenge tests were performed for symptomatic dermographism, pressure, cold, water, and exercise. Atopy to mites and self-reactivity to autologous serum were evaluated using skin tests. RESULTS The study population comprised 245 patients with CSU and 127 controls. Of the patients with CSU, 186 (75.9%) reported a physical trigger, although only 89 (36.3%) had a positive challenge test result. The challenge tests showed that symptomatic dermographism was the most common type of IU, affecting 24.8% of the CSU group, followed by cold, which affected 13.4%. In the control group, 3.9% of patients were positive for symptomatic dermographism. People living in Medellín city had a higher frequency of symptomatic dermographism 28.5% (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1-4.4; P = .03) and cold urticaria 16.5% (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.125-9.8; P = .02) than did people living in Bogotá (dermographism 14.4% and cold 5.2%). Atopy and self-reactivity were more frequent in patients with CSU than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Physical triggers must be verified by challenge tests to avoid unnecessary lifestyle restrictions. Environmental factors such as geographical characteristics could play a key role in the development of some types of IU, whereas atopy and self-reactivity are major risk factors for CSU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sánchez
- Group of Experimental and Clinical Allergy, IPS Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Group of Immunogenetics and Experimental Allergy, Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Foundation for the Development of Medical and Biological Sciences (FUNDEMEB), Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - Emerson Amaya
- Group of Experimental and Clinical Allergy, IPS Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Acevedo
- Group of Experimental and Clinical Allergy, IPS Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Celis
- Group of Experimental and Clinical Allergy, IPS Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Domingo Caraballo
- Group of Experimental and Clinical Allergy, IPS Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Cardona
- Group of Experimental and Clinical Allergy, IPS Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Bensefa-Colas L, Telle-Lamberton M, Faye S, Bourrain JL, Crépy MN, Lasfargues G, Choudat D, Momas I. Occupational contact urticaria: lessons from the French National Network for Occupational Disease Vigilance and Prevention (RNV3P). Br J Dermatol 2015. [PMID: 26212252 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational contact urticaria (OCU) is an occupational contact dermatitis that can cause serious health consequences and disability at work. OBJECTIVES To describe OCU and its temporal trends by the main causal agents and activity sectors in a nationwide scheme in France. METHODS Using data from the French National Network for Occupational Disease Vigilance and Prevention (RNV3P), we described OCU reported during the period 2001-10 and analysed the temporal trends of OCU and OCU attributed to the most frequent agents over the study period. Trends analyses were supported by reporting odds ratios using a logistic regression model with reference to 2001, or with time as a continuous variable. RESULTS During the study period, 251 cases of OCU were reported in RNV3P, half of which were due to natural rubber latex, in particular in the health and social work activity sector (HSW). The number of these cases declined significantly over the study period (19% per year), and particularly after 2006. Conversely, the other causes of OCU did not decrease. CONCLUSIONS Using surveillance data from a French national network, this study has found that there was a significant decline in OCU due to natural rubber latex, particularly in the HSW, when powdered latex gloves were banned from French hospitals. Our results show the effectiveness of this preventive measure, and suggest that this practice should be extended to other sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Bensefa-Colas
- Occupational Diseases Department, University Hospital of Centre of Paris-Cochin, AP-HP, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 4064, Paris, France
| | | | - S Faye
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J-L Bourrain
- Exploration des Allergies, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M-N Crépy
- Occupational Diseases Department, University Hospital of Centre of Paris-Cochin, AP-HP, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - G Lasfargues
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Paris-Est University, Créteil, France
| | - D Choudat
- Occupational Diseases Department, University Hospital of Centre of Paris-Cochin, AP-HP, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | | | - I Momas
- Laboratoire Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 4064, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Review of Contact Urticaria Syndrome—Evaluation to Treatment. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-015-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Caballero ML, Quirce S. Identification and practical management of latex allergy in occupational settings. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:977-92. [PMID: 26099284 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1059754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Allergy to natural rubber latex (NRL) from Hevea brasiliensis is a relevant occupational health hazard. The use of gloves and products manufactured with latex and environmental allergen exposure in the work environment are risks factors for the development of occupational allergy among different job categories. Healthcare workers have been the most commonly affected, but other professions with exposure to latex products such as hairdressers, cleaners, food handlers and those making natural rubber latex (NRL) products are also at risk of developing occupational allergy. Clinical manifestations of IgE-mediated latex allergy can range from troublesome skin disorders to life-threatening systemic reactions. It is very important to identify the occupational allergic diseases in their early stages in order to implement avoidance strategies. For this purpose, the interventions for prevention should emphasize the importance of latex allergy awareness and surveillance among exposed workforces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Caballero
- Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Classen A, Fuchs T. Occupational allergy to β-lactam antibiotics. ALLERGO JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2015; 24:54-57. [PMID: 26120547 PMCID: PMC4479519 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Classen
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology University Hospital, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Fuchs
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology University Hospital, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Claßen A, Fuchs T. Beruflich verursachte Allergie auf β-Laktam-Antibiotika. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-015-0785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Dotson GS, Maier A, Siegel PD, Anderson SE, Green BJ, Stefaniak AB, Codispoti CD, Kimber I. Setting Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Allergens--Understanding the Challenges. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12 Suppl 1:S82-98. [PMID: 26583909 PMCID: PMC4685595 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1072277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical allergens represent a significant health burden in the workplace. Exposures to such chemicals can cause the onset of a diverse group of adverse health effects triggered by immune-mediated responses. Common responses associated with workplace exposures to low molecular weight (LMW) chemical allergens range from allergic contact dermatitis to life-threatening cases of asthma. Establishing occupational exposure limits (OELs) for chemical allergens presents numerous difficulties for occupational hygiene professionals. Few OELs have been developed for LMW allergens because of the unique biological mechanisms that govern the immune-mediated responses. The purpose of this article is to explore the primary challenges confronting the establishment of OELs for LMW allergens. Specific topics include: (1) understanding the biology of LMW chemical allergies as it applies to setting OELs; (2) selecting the appropriate immune-mediated response (i.e., sensitization versus elicitation); (3) characterizing the dose (concentration)-response relationship of immune-mediated responses; (4) determining the impact of temporal exposure patterns (i.e., cumulative versus acute exposures); and (5) understanding the role of individual susceptibility and exposure route. Additional information is presented on the importance of using alternative exposure recommendations and risk management practices, including medical surveillance, to aid in protecting workers from exposures to LMW allergens when OELs cannot be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. S. Dotson
- Education and Information Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Address correspondence to G.S. Dotson, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Education and Information Division, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, MS C-32, CincinnatiOhio45226. E-mail:
| | - A. Maier
- Education and Information Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - P. D. Siegel
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - S. E. Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - B. J. Green
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - A. B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - C. D. Codispoti
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - I. Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Bernstein JA, Lang DM, Khan DA, Craig T, Dreyfus D, Hsieh F, Sheikh J, Weldon D, Zuraw B, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Randolph CR, Schuller DE, Spector SL, Tilles SA, Wallace D. The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1270-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Shoenfeld Y, Gershwin ME. Whither autoimmunity: the lessons of anti-CCP and B cell depletion. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 34:1-3. [PMID: 18270849 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The most difficult component to understand in autoimmune disease has been the issue of causation. In contrast, there have been enormous gains in improved diagnostics as well as improved therapy. Indeed, the use of biologics have changed the profile of numerous autoimmune diseases. In this issue, we discuss two such aspects. Firstly, we place in perspective the use of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Second, we discuss the increasing use of B cell depletion in the treatment of autoimmunity. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology is a unique venue for these themes because it covers the spectrum of allergy through autoimmunity. Indeed, we also present a special paper on the relationships of the hepatitis B virus and autoimmunity. Although the Th1 to Th2 dichotomy is well known to both murine and human immunologists, it is really in the study of specific inflammatory responses that they are correctly placed in the perspective of the continuum of immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Department of Medicine B and Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alikhan A, Chan HP, Maibach HI. Produce-induced contact urticaria and dermatitis: Solanaceae and Alliaceae. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 60:174-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Allergic patch test reactions associated with cosmetics: retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2001-2004. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 60:23-38. [PMID: 18992965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to cosmetics is common. OBJECTIVES We sought to characterize patients with positive patch test reactions associated with a cosmetic source, to identify common allergens; and to explore gender and occupational associations. METHODS We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis. RESULTS Of 6621 female and 3440 male patients, 1582 female (23.8%) and 611 of male (17.8%) patients had at least one allergic patch test reaction associated with a cosmetic source. Of "allergic" patients (>1 allergic reaction, n = 6815), females were 1.21 times more likely to have an allergic reaction associated with a cosmetic source than were male patients (p < .0001, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.31). Within the "cosmetic allergic" group (n = 2243), head and neck involvement was significantly higher in female than in male patients (49.3% vs 23.7%, p < .0001). One hundred twenty-five patients had occupationally related allergic reactions associated with a cosmetic. LIMITATIONS This study is limited by its cross-sectional, retrospective design. CONCLUSION Of all patients studied, 21.8% had an allergic reaction associated with a cosmetic. Site of dermatitis, cosmetic categories, and specific allergens differed somewhat by gender.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sherer Y, Matthias T, Shoenfeld Y. Cutting Edge Issues in Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 34:275-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
22
|
Takashima A, Liu FT. Dermal Immunopathology: from Genetics to Effector Mechanisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2007; 33:1-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-0035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
The skin is one of the main points of contact with the environment. Usually, interactions between skin and environmental factors are harmonious. But sometimes, the skin barrier is modified (dry or greasy skin) or skin inflammation can occur (irritated, reactive, allergic or atopic skin).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Misery
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Brest, France.
| |
Collapse
|