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Wächter S, Wunderlich A, Greene BH, Roth S, Elxnat M, Fellinger SA, Verburg FA, Luster M, Bartsch DK, Di Fazio P. Selumetinib Activity in Thyroid Cancer Cells: Modulation of Sodium Iodide Symporter and Associated miRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:2077. [PMID: 30018229 PMCID: PMC6073679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)⁻inhibitor selumetinib led to increased radioiodine uptake and retention in a subgroup of patients suffering from radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RR-DTC). We aimed to analyse the effect of selumetinib on the expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS; SLC5A5) and associated miRNAs in thyroid cancer cells. METHODS Cytotoxicity was assessed by viability assay in TPC1, BCPAP, C643 and 8505C thyroid cancer cell lines. NIS, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-146b-5p, and hsa-miR-146b-3p expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. NIS protein was detected by Western blot. Radioiodine uptake was performed with a Gamma counter. RESULTS Selumetinib caused a significant reduction of cell viability in all thyroid cancer cell lines. NIS transcript was restored by selumetinib in all cell lines. Its protein level was found up-regulated in TPC1 and BCPAP cells and down-regulated in C643 and 8505C cells after treatment with selumetinib. Treatment with selumetinib caused a down-regulation of hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-146b-5p and hsa-miR-146b-3p in TPC1 and BCPAP cells. In 8505C cells, a stable or down-regulated hsa-miR-146b-5p was detected after 1h and 48h of treatment. C643 cells showed stable or up-regulated hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-146b-5p and hsa-miR-146b-3p. Selumetinib treatment caused an increase of radioiodine uptake, which was significant in TPC1 cells. CONCLUSIONS The study shows for the first time that selumetinib restores NIS by the inhibition of its related targeting miRNAs. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanism activated by hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-146b-3p and hsa-let7f-5p to stabilise NIS. Restoration of NIS could represent a milestone for the treatment of advanced RR-DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Wächter
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Wunderlich
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Brandon H Greene
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Bunsenstrasse 3, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Silvia Roth
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Moritz Elxnat
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian A Fellinger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Frederik A Verburg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Luster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Detlef K Bartsch
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Xia E, Wang Y, Bhandari A, Niu J, Yang F, Yao Z, Wang O. CITED1 gene promotes proliferation, migration and invasion in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:105-112. [PMID: 29928391 PMCID: PMC6006398 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine organs. In order to further understand the tumorigenesis and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the present study performed whole transcriptome sequence analysis. It was found that Cbp/p300-interacting transactivators with glutamic acid [E] and aspartic acid [D]-rich C-terminal domain 1 (CITED1) was a novel potential PTC-associated gene in thyroid cancer. The expression level and clinicopathological features of CITED1 were then assessed in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The expression of CITED1 was knocked down and the biological function of CITED1 in PTC cell lines was examined. The results showed that upregulated CITED1 was associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.006) and clinical stage (P=0.003). In order to differentiate PTC tissues and normal tissues, an area under the curve was constructed of a receiver operating characteristic of 91.3% for the TCGA cohort and 85.3% for a validated cohort. The downregulated expression of CITED1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion in the PTC cell lines. The present study demonstrated that CITED1 is important in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of PTC and may be a potential therapeutic target in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjie Xia
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Adheesh Bhandari
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jizhao Niu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Ouchen Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in thyroid cancer allows for simultaneous high-throughput sequencing analysis of variable genetic alterations and provides a comprehensive understanding of tumor biology. In thyroid cancer, NGS offers diagnostic improvements for fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of thyroid with indeterminate features. It also contributes to patient management, providing risk stratification of patients based on the risk of malignancy. Furthermore, NGS has been adopted in cancer research. It is used in molecular tumor classification, and molecular prediction of recurrence and metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. This review covers previous NGS analyses in variable types of thyroid cancer, where samples including FNA cytology, fresh frozen tissue, and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were used. This review also focuses on the clinical and research implications of using NGS to study and treat thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
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Pagni F, L’Imperio V, Bono F, Garancini M, Roversi G, De Sio G, Galli M, Smith AJ, Chinello C, Magni F. Proteome analysis in thyroid pathology. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:375-90. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1062369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Damante G, Scaloni A, Tell G. Thyroid tumors: novel insights from proteomic studies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 6:363-76. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dionigi G, Kraimps JL, Schmid KW, Hermann M, Sheu-Grabellus SY, De Wailly P, Beaulieu A, Tanda ML, Sessa F. Minimally invasive follicular thyroid cancer (MIFTC)—a consensus report of the European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES). Langenbecks Arch Surg 2013; 399:165-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-013-1140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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BRAF mutational analysis in papillary carcinomas with mixed follicular and papillary growth patterns. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:1590-3. [PMID: 19738460 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181b7c7ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current literature suggests that up to 60% of papillary carcinomas have mutations in the BRAF gene. However, follicular variant of papillary carcinoma has a much lower frequency of mutation. Tumors with mixed patterns of growth, including distinctive area of follicular and papillary growth, have not been well studied for the presence of the BRAF gene mutation. DESIGN Cases of papillary carcinoma were identified with well-defined conventional papillary growth pattern, alongside other areas with follicular growth pattern. The tumor stage was obtained, along with demographic information. The different growth pattern areas were separately microdissected and DNA was extracted from the resulting tissue fragments. Polymerase chain reaction was performed for an amplicon in BRAF exon 15 that includes the mutation site. Cycle sequencing was performed using the BigDye Terminator kit and analysis was performed on an ABI automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems). The forward and reverse sequences were analyzed for point mutations. RESULTS DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction amplification was successful in all cases. Seventy percent of the tumors were positive for the BRAF mutation. In comparing the follicular and the papillary growth patterned areas, the BRAF mutation was concordant in all cases. Four cases had an additional separate focus of microscopic papillary carcinomas. These were negative for the BRAF mutation. CONCLUSIONS Papillary carcinomas of the thyroid with papillary growth and areas of follicular growth have a high frequency of BRAF mutations. The BRAF mutational profile is identical in the follicular areas and in the conventional papillary growth areas. These molecular data support the common diagnostic decision that a tumor with any amount of conventional papillary growth should be designated as a conventional papillary carcinoma, regardless of the presence of follicular growth pattern areas.
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Pinto AE, Leite V, Soares J. Clinical implications of molecular markers in follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:679-94. [PMID: 19817553 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use/applications of molecular biology techniques have provided new insights on the genetic changes that underlie carcinogenesis and tumor progression in thyroid cancer. Molecular analysis may improve the histopathologic evaluation of follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma, not only elucidating some unresolved problems related to the diagnosis and disease prognosis, but also by improving patient management. Besides increasing our comprehension of cancer biology, either genetic alterations or gene expression profiles implicated in thyroid carcinogenesis shed new light on innovative diagnostic procedures as well as on targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- António E Pinto
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, EPE, Rua Professor Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Kakudo K, Bai Y, Katayama S, Hirokawa M, Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kuma K. Classification of follicular cell tumors of the thyroid gland: analysis involving Japanese patients from one institute. Pathol Int 2009; 59:359-67. [PMID: 19490465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2009.02378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prognostic analyses of thyroid carcinomas of follicular cell origin were carried out on patients treated at Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan. A new histopathological classification based on the prognostic evidence is proposed in this study, and it is applicable to the patients treated curatively. Major histological types of papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma were combined into one single entity of follicular cell adenocarcinoma because (i) they have the same cell origin (follicular cell); (ii) clear-cut separation of papillary and follicular carcinoma is not always possible, and 10 year cause-specific survival was essentially similar when the patients were treated curatively; and (iii) poorly differentiated carcinoma usually has a background of either papillary or follicular carcinoma. This adenocarcinoma together with undifferentiated carcinoma was stratified into four prognostic groups using pure morphological criteria of the degree of cellular differentiation and histological grade. They are termed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. The 10 year disease-free survival rates were 86.3-93.1%, 65.4-78.7%, and 43.0-53.8%, and 0%, respectively. The 10 year cause-specific survival rates were 97.2-100%, 91.5-97.4%, and 71.2-80.0%, and 0%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennichi Kakudo
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Abstract
Thyroid and parathyroid diseases are fairly common and can be either hereditary or sporadic in nature. Tumors and tumor-like processes account for the majority of surgical pathology specimens in both of these endocrine organs. Molecular alterations are well known to occur in both the hereditary and the sporadic settings, and include alterations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. The genetic pathways of tumors of parathyroid and thyroid are beginning to be well understood and are proving to be useful diagnostic, prognostic, and potential therapeutic targets. The molecular alterations in parathyroid and thyroid tumors and tumor-like processes are reviewed, with a focus on the potentially clinically useful diagnostic markers.
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Abstract
Molecular testing in anatomic pathology is going to become more and more important during the next decade as we develop assays that can aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and predicting response to therapy. The anatomic pathologist needs to be familiar with the different assays available but also needs to be able to discern which are going to become standard of care and which will not. Three different types of tumors are reviewed: thyroid cancer, oligodendroglioma, and lung carcinoma. Molecular assays that are currently in use or on the near horizon, including translocation analyses for RET-PTC and PPARgamma-PAX8, point mutation analysis for BRAF and epidermal growth factor receptor, and genetic loss for 1p and 19q, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hunt
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, L25, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Kapur U, Wojcik EM. Follicular neoplasm of the thyroid--vanishing cytologic diagnosis? Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35:525-8. [PMID: 17636488 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The significance of making a diagnosis of follicular neoplasm on fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy remains a controversial issue, considering that the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma is based on histological criteria and the significantly decreasing incidence of follicular carcinoma in the general population. On FNA the main differential diagnoses of follicular neoplasm includes follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPC), follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma and benign solitary nodule occurring in a goiter. Several studies have looked at immunohistochemical and molecular markers to distinguish benign from malignant lesions but none of them have proved to be infallible. Although, FVPC is a distinct entity from the follicular neoplasm group, it is not always possible to separate it from the other follicular lesions because of overlapping cytologic features and often-sporadic presence of nuclear features, follicular variant of papillary carcinoma remains the main pitfall in a diagnosis of follicular neoplasm. Since a significant number of cases that are malignant on follow-up are usually FVPC, consequently, follicular neoplasm is an essential diagnostic consideration on FNA. In addition, follicular carcinoma, despite a decreasing incidence continues to be a real entity. Therefore, it is essential that follicular neoplasm continue to be part of our diagnostic repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Kapur
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Pathology Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). While thyroid nodules are common, carcinoma is comparatively rare. Although histological assessment is used in most studies as the benchmark, the differential diagnosis on cytology or histology is not always reproducible. The literature shows wide variations in criteria for inadequate thyroid FNAC and study inclusion or exclusion criteria. In-clinic assessment of specimen adequacy and in-clinic reporting of thyroid FNAC has become popular although the costs and resource implications of in-clinic thyroid FNAC assessment and reporting are substantial. Many centres continue to use conventional techniques although liquid-based cytology and ultrasound-guided FNAC are gaining in popularity. Standardized categorical systems for FNAC reporting can make results easier to understand for clinicians and give clear indications for therapeutic action. Multidisciplinary case review is also essential, especially when there is diagnostic uncertainty. While currently of limited use, molecular pathology testing holds out some promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Poller
- Department of Pathology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.
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Abstract
Carcinomas of the thyroid comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with distinctive clinical and pathological characteristics. Over the past 15 years, the application of molecular technologies to the study of these neoplasms has elucidated critical genetic pathways associated with the development of specific thyroid tumor types. In papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), genetic events involve RET and TRK (rearrangements) and BRAF and RAS (mutations), although RAS mutations are uncommon except in the follicular variant of PTC. These genetic alterations, which rarely overlap in the same tumor, result in signaling abnormalities in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In contrast, genetic alterations in follicular carcinomas include PAX8-PPARgamma translocations and RAS mutations while mutations of CTNNB1 and p53 have been implicated in the development and progression of poorly differentiated and undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid carcinomas. Germline mutations of RET are responsible for the development of heritable forms of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) while somatic mutations of this oncogene are found in a significant proportion of sporadic MTCs. The results of these studies not only have provided additional approaches to thyroid tumor classification, but also have stimulated the development of novel approaches to tumor diagnosis and additional parameters for prognostic assessment and potential biologic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A DeLellis
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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