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Tenaya WM, Suartha N, Suarsana N, Damriyasa M, Apsasi IAP, Sari TK, Agustini LP, Miswati Y, Agustina KK. Epidemiological and viral studies of rabies in Bali, Indonesia. Vet World 2023; 16:2446-2450. [PMID: 38328353 PMCID: PMC10844785 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2446-2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Rabies has been endemic in Bali since 2009, and cases has recently increased. Unfortunately, there is a lack of available vaccines, which hinders the eradication program. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and virological aspects of rabies infection in Bali. Materials and Methods A total of 24 brain samples were collected from rabid dogs in all districts of Bali. The samples were tested using the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the presence of rabies virus in the samples. Samples with the highest virus content were propagated in vivo and then inoculated into BALB/c mice. The brains of dead mice were used to prepare an inoculate cultured in murine neuroblastoma cells. Supernatant-positive viruses representing each district were then reinoculated into eight groups of five BALB/c mice. A brain sample from each dead mouse was tested using DFA and PCR and detected under a fluorescence microscope. Results All rabies virus-positive samples collected from rabid dogs in all districts of Bali were positive. Rabies virus was detected by DFA test and PCR and was consistently confirmed in the in vivo and in vitro studies. BALB/c mice inoculated with the highest viral dilution (105 cells/mL) of culture supernatant showed typical signs of rabies, indicating that the virus could be properly investigated. Conclusion This study demonstrated a wide epidemiological distribution of rabies in Bali. The obtained virus can be adapted for in vitro and in vivo studies and can be used to develop a homologous vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayan Masa Tenaya
- Department of Disease Prevention, Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali of Indonesia, Jl. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - Nyoman Suartha
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali of Indonesia, Jl. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - Nyoman Suarsana
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali of Indonesia, Jl. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - Made Damriyasa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali of Indonesia, Jl. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - Ida Ayu Pasti Apsasi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali of Indonesia, Jl. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - Tri Komala Sari
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali of Indonesia, Jl. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - Luh Putu Agustini
- Laboratory of Virology, Veterinary Disease Investigation Center, Denpasar Bali, Jl. Raya Sesetan No. 266, Denpasar, Bali, 80223, Indonesia
| | - Yuli Miswati
- Laboratory of Virology, Veterinary Disease Investigation Center, Bukittinggi Jl. Bukittinggi-Payakumbuh, Tabek Panjang, Sumatra Barat, Sumatra, 26192, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Disease Prevention, Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali of Indonesia, Jl. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
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Cahyanti N, Syukur S, Purwati E, Fitria Y, Rahmadani I, Subekti DT. Molecular analysis and geographic distribution of the recent Indonesian rabies virus. Vet World 2023; 16:2479-2487. [PMID: 38328351 PMCID: PMC10844793 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2479-2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Some Indonesian islands, including Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java, and East Nusa Tenggara, have endemic rabies. Rabies outbreaks in Bali began from 2008 to 2011 and continue to occur sporadically. This study aimed to study the molecular analysis and geographical distribution of Indonesian rabies virus (RABV) from 2016 to 2021 and compare to previous periods. Materials and Methods Virus isolates from 2016 to 2021 were extracted from dog brains and sequenced at the nucleoprotein gene locus. They were compared with data sequences available in the GenBank database. Indonesian RABV from the previous three periods (before 1989, 1997-2003, and 2008-2010) was extracted from the GenBank database. The genetic diversity in this study was based on the N gene of Indonesian RABV. Results Asian RABV, which is genetically close to the Indonesian virus, is a virus from China (ASIA-3 cluster) and from the Southeast Asia region, namely, virus isolates from Sarawak and Malaysia and some Cambodian isolates. Rabies virus, which was isolated from the Bali islands, was the new cluster first detected and published in Bali, Indonesia, in 2008, while RABV from West Sumatra Province, which was isolated from 2016 to 2021, was also considered a new cluster that is genetically distant from other clusters in Indonesia. Conclusion The RABV in Indonesia is divided into five clusters. The isolates from West Sumatra Province from 2016 to 2021 were a new cluster genetically distant from other Indonesian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirma Cahyanti
- Biotechnology Program Postgraduate School, Andalas University, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
| | - Sumaryati Syukur
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Division of Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Andalas University, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
| | - Endang Purwati
- Biotechnology Program Postgraduate School, Andalas University, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
| | - Yul Fitria
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Rabies - Animal Disease Investigation Center of Bukittinggi, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | - Ibenu Rahmadani
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Rabies - Animal Disease Investigation Center of Bukittinggi, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | - Didik T. Subekti
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, West Java Province, Indonesia
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor, West Java Province, Indonesia
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