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Santamarina-García G, Amores G, Gandarias N, Hernández I, Virto M. Cross-sectional, commercial testing, and chromatographic study of the occurrence of antibiotic residues throughout an artisanal raw milk cheese production chain. Food Chem 2024; 442:138445. [PMID: 38244440 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated antibiotic utilization in artisanal dairies and residue occurrence throughout the raw milk cheese production chain using commercial testing (Charm KIS and Eclipse Farm3G) and UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS and LC-QqQ-MS/MS. The cross-sectional survey results revealed gaps in the producers' knowledge of antibiotic use. Commercial testing detected antibiotic levels close to the LOD in 12.5 % of the samples, mainly in raw milk and whey, with 10.0 % testing positive, specifically in fresh and ripened cheeses, indicating that antibiotics are concentrated during cheese-making. Chromatographically, several antibiotics were identified in the faeces of healthy animals, with chlortetracycline (15.7 ± 34.5 µg/kg) and sulfamethazine (7.69 ± 16.5 µg/kg) predominating. However, only tylosin was identified in raw milk (3.28 ± 7.44 µg/kg) and whey (2.91 ± 6.55 µg/kg), and none were found in fresh or ripened cheeses. The discrepancy between commercial and analytical approaches is attributed to compounds or metabolites not covered chromatographically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Santamarina-García
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Prevention, Promotion and Health Care Area, Lactiker-Nutrition and Health Line, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Joint Research Laboratory on Environmental Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Amores
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Prevention, Promotion and Health Care Area, Lactiker-Nutrition and Health Line, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Joint Research Laboratory on Environmental Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Nagore Gandarias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Igor Hernández
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Prevention, Promotion and Health Care Area, Lactiker-Nutrition and Health Line, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Joint Research Laboratory on Environmental Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Mailo Virto
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Prevention, Promotion and Health Care Area, Lactiker-Nutrition and Health Line, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Joint Research Laboratory on Environmental Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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Odey TOJ, Tanimowo WO, Afolabi KO, Jahid IK, Reuben RC. Antimicrobial use and resistance in food animal production: food safety and associated concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:1-23. [PMID: 38055165 PMCID: PMC10830768 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in food animal (FA) production is a common practice all over the world, with even greater usage and dependence in the developing world, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, this practice which serves obvious economic benefits to producers has raised public health concerns over the last decades, thus driving the selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and adversely impacting food safety and environmental health. This review presents the current and comprehensive antimicrobial usage practices in food animal production across SSA. We further highlighted the overall regional drivers as well as the public health, environmental, and economic impact of antimicrobial use in the production of food animals. Antimicrobial use is likely to increase with even exacerbated outcomes unless cost-effective, safe, and sustainable alternatives to antibiotics, especially probiotics, prebiotics, bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, vaccines, etc. are urgently advocated for and used in food animal production in SSA. These, in addition to the implementation of strong legislation on antimicrobial use, and improved hygiene will help mitigate the public health concerns associated with antimicrobial use in food animals and improve the well-being and safety of food animals and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Obiebe Jason Odey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Williams Omotola Tanimowo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kayode Olayinka Afolabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
- Pathogenic Yeasts Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Iqbal Kabir Jahid
- Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Rine Christopher Reuben
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria.
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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Fuller W, Kapona O, Aboderin AO, Adeyemo AT, Olatunbosun OI, Gahimbare L, Ahmed YA. Education and Awareness on Antimicrobial Resistance in the WHO African Region: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1613. [PMID: 37998815 PMCID: PMC10669252 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This review documents the status of AMR education and awareness in the WHO African region, as well as specific initiatives by its member states in implementing education and awareness interventions, as a strategic objective of the Global Action Plan on AMR, i.e., improve knowledge and understanding on AMR through effective communication, education, and training. A systematic search was conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, and African Journals Online Library according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, for articles published in English. Retrieval and screening of articles was performed using a structured search protocol following a pre-set inclusion/exclusion criterion. Eighty-five published articles reporting 92 different studies from 19 Member States met inclusion criteria and were included in the final qualitative synthesis. Nigeria (21) and Ethiopia (16) had most of the studies, while the rest were distributed across the remaining 17 Member States. The majority of the articles were on knowledge, attitude, and practices with regard to AMR and antimicrobial use and most of them documented a general lack and suboptimal knowledge, poor attitude and practices, and widespread self-medication. This review shows low levels of knowledge of AMR coupled with extensive misuse of antimicrobial medicines by different target audiences. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced and context-specific educational and positive behavioural change interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Fuller
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo; (L.G.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Otridah Kapona
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Aaron Oladipo Aboderin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (A.T.A.); (O.I.O.)
| | - Adeyemi Temitayo Adeyemo
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (A.T.A.); (O.I.O.)
| | - Oluwadamilare Isaiah Olatunbosun
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (A.T.A.); (O.I.O.)
| | - Laetitia Gahimbare
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo; (L.G.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Yahaya Ali Ahmed
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo; (L.G.); (Y.A.A.)
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