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Yu J, Ruhi-Williams P, de Virgilio C, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Ovsepyan HE, Wexner SD, Kirby KA, Tajik F, Lo A, Fattah A, Amersi FF, Calhoun KE, Cunningham LA, Denoya PI, Govekar HR, Grossi SM, Namm JP, Poola VP, Richmond RE, Rohde CH, Roy M, Russell TA, Sequeira N, Siletz AE, Tanner TN, Valerian BT, Senthil M. Mentorship of Junior Surgical Faculty Across Academic Programs in Surgery. JAMA Surg 2024:2823104. [PMID: 39230925 PMCID: PMC11375519 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2024.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Importance Because mentorship is critical for professional development and career advancement, it is essential to examine the status of mentorship and identify challenges that junior surgical faculty (assistant and associate professors) face obtaining effective mentorship. Objective To evaluate the mentorship experience for junior surgical faculty and highlight areas for improvement. Design, Setting, and Participants This qualitative study was an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study including an anonymous survey on mentorship followed by semistructured interviews to expand on survey findings. Junior surgical faculty from 18 US academic surgery programs were included in the anonymous survey and interviews. Survey responses between "formal" (assigned by the department) vs "informal" (sought out by the faculty) mentors and male vs female junior faculty were compared using χ2 tests. Interview responses were analyzed for themes until thematic saturation was achieved. Survey responses were collected from November 2022 to August 2023, and interviews conducted from July to December 2023. Exposure Mentorship from formal and/or informal mentors. Main Outcomes and Measures Survey gauged the availability and satisfaction with formal and informal mentorship; interviews assessed broad themes regarding mentorship. Results Of 825 survey recipients, 333 (40.4%) responded; 155 (51.7%) were male and 134 (44.6%) female. Nearly all respondents (319 [95.8%]) agreed or strongly agreed that mentorship is important to their surgical career, especially for professional networking (309 respondents [92.8%]), career advancement (301 [90.4%]), and research (294 [88.3%]). However, only 58 respondents (18.3%) had a formal mentor. More female than male faculty had informal mentors (123 [91.8%] vs 123 [79.4%]; P = .003). Overall satisfaction was higher with informal mentorship than formal mentorship (221 [85.0%] vs 40 [69.0%]; P = .01). Most male and female faculty reported no preferences in gender or race and ethnicity for their mentors. When asked if they had good mentor options if they wanted to change mentors, 141 (47.8%) responded no. From the interviews (n = 20), 6 themes were identified, including absence of mentorship infrastructure, preferred mentor characteristics, and optimizing mentorship. Conclusions and Relevance Academic junior surgical faculty agree mentorship is vital to their careers. However, this study found that few had formal mentors and almost half need more satisfactory options if they want to change mentors. Academic surgical programs should adopt a framework for facilitating mentorship and optimize mentor-mentee relationships through alignment of mentor-mentee goals and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yu
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange
| | | | | | - Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
| | - Helen E Ovsepyan
- Department of Preventative and Social Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Katharine A Kirby
- Center of Statistical Consulting, Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine
| | - Fatemeh Tajik
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange
| | - Angelina Lo
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange
| | - Aya Fattah
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange
| | - Farin F Amersi
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Lisa A Cunningham
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Paula I Denoya
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Henry R Govekar
- Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sara M Grossi
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Jukes P Namm
- Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - V Prasad Poola
- Departmeny of Surgery, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Springfield
| | - Robyn E Richmond
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
| | - Christine H Rohde
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mayank Roy
- Department of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston
| | - Tara A Russell
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Nicola Sequeira
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis
| | - Anaar E Siletz
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Tiffany N Tanner
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | | | - Maheswari Senthil
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange
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Sharma ND, Young KC, Feld LD, Rabinowitz LG. Patched but Still Leaky: An Update on the Pipeline for Women in Gastroenterology. Dig Dis Sci 2024:10.1007/s10620-024-08587-3. [PMID: 39126451 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women remain underrepresented in gastroenterology (GI). Studies have identified that a lack of formal mentorship for women contributes to this underrepresentation. While many GI divisions have adopted models for supporting GI fellows and faculty, there is a gap in our knowledge regarding mentorship options for internal medicine (IM) residents interested in GI. AIMS To evaluate representation of women at each level of their career (resident, fellow, and attending) and examine trends in representation of women in GI compared to other IM subspecialties. METHODS We analyzed AAMC Physician Specialty Data Reports to compare gender representation and growth of women representation across all IM subspecialties and residencies from 2007 to 2021. RESULTS In 2021, 44.3% of IM residents, 37.8% of GI fellows, and 19.7% of actively practicing attending gastroenterologists were women. Since 2007, GI comprised significantly lower proportions of women attendings except for cardiology, and lower representation in fellows, except for cardiology and nephrology, than other IM subspecialties (p < 0.001). There was a consistently higher proportion of women GI fellows than attendings over the past 14 years (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS GI has among the lowest representation of women at each career level compared to other IM subspecialties. Given the previously reported preference of gender congruent mentoring, the underrepresentation of senior academic gastroenterologists who are women may be a contributing factor to lower proportions of women trainees choosing to pursue GI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivita D Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Karen C Young
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Lauren D Feld
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Loren G Rabinowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Mishra S, Jena A, Rabinowitz LG, Kamani L, Paudel MS, Premkumar M, Dutta U, Tandan M, Kochhar R, Sharma V. Perceptions regarding the impact of gender on training and career advancement among gastroenterologists in India and other South Asian countries. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024:10.1007/s12664-024-01523-3. [PMID: 38466552 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited studies on the impact of gender on training and career advancement in gastroenterology. AIM The aim was to study this impact and understand the perceptions of work-life balance and beliefs regarding gender dynamics among gastroenterologists in India and other South Asian countries. METHODS A web-based survey was conducted among trainees and attending physicians in South Asia from November 15, 2021, to March 30, 2022. The survey instrument had four components: demographic features, training, career advancement and work-life balance. RESULTS As many as 622 gastroenterologists completed the survey, of which 467 responses were from India (mean age: 41.1 years; females: 11.5%). A higher proportion of female respondents from India believed that gender bias in recruiting and training had negatively impacted their careers (40.7% females vs. 1.5% males). Radiation hazard for fertility (11.1% females vs. 1.9% males, p < 0.001) and as a health concern (14.8% females vs. 5.1% males, p = 0.005) were significant career deterrents for females. A higher proportion of female participants from India faced a career interruption (59.3% females vs. 30.3% males, p ≤ 0.001). Common reasons were pregnancy (37%) and childcare provision (25.9%). More females believed that women were more productive than men (40.8% females vs. 16.9% males, p < 0.001) and that a salary gap existed (44.7% females vs. 29.1% males, p < 0.001). The incidence of self-perceived burnout was 63% among females and 51.6% among males (p = 0.115). CONCLUSION Gender-related factors impact the training and career of female gastroenterologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anuraag Jena
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Loren Galler Rabinowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lubna Kamani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mukesh Sharma Paudel
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Madhumita Premkumar
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Usha Dutta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Manu Tandan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, 500 082, India
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Paras Hospitals, Panchkula, 134 109, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
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Devi J, Chan TT, Lui R, Ali RAR. Fixing the leaky pipeline: gender imbalance in gastroenterology in Asia-Pacific region. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:2047-2049. [PMID: 37743674 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalpa Devi
- Asian Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Pakistan
- Barnes Jewish Hospital Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ting Ting Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rashid Lui
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raja Affendi Raja Ali
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Gut research group, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia
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Calo NC, Mundra P, Kundra A, Kenshil S, Mosko JD, Forbes N. Radiation Safety and Standards for Women in Endoscopy: Summary of Concepts, Current Guidance, and Future Directions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21:2716-2722. [PMID: 36967097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia C Calo
- Division of Gastroenterology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul Mundra
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arjun Kundra
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sana Kenshil
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Mosko
- Division of Gastroenterology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nauzer Forbes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Walsh CM. Enhancing Ergonomics in Pediatric Endoscopy Training and Practice. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2023; 33:235-251. [PMID: 36948744 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric endoscopists are at risk of work-related injuries from overuse and repetitive motions during endoscopy. Recently, there has been increasing appreciation for the importance of ergonomics education and training to help build long-term habits that prevent injury. This article reviews the epidemiology of endoscopy-related injuries in pediatric practice, describes methods for controlling exposures in the workplace, discusses key ergonomic principles that can be used to mitigate injury risk, and outlines tips for integrating education on endoscopy ergonomics during training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine M Walsh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the SickKids Research and Learning Institutes, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics and The Wilson Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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GIE Editorial Board Top 10: advances in GI endoscopy in 2021. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 96:1062-1070. [PMID: 35948180 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 9-member Editorial Board of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy performed a systematic literature search of original articles published during 2021 in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and 10 other high-impact medical and gastroenterology journals on endoscopy-related topics. Votes from each editorial board member were tallied to identify a consensus list of the 10 most significant topic areas in GI endoscopy over the calendar year of study, with a focus on 3 criteria: significance, novelty, and global impact on clinical practice. The 10 areas identified collectively represent advances in the following endoscopic topics: colonoscopy optimization, bariatric endoscopy, endoscopic needle sampling and drainage, peroral endoscopic myotomy, endoscopic defect closure, meeting systemic challenges in endoscopic training and practice, endohepatology, FNA versus fine-needle biopsy sampling, endoscopic mucosal and submucosal procedures, and cold snare polypectomy. Each board member contributed a summary of important articles relevant to 1 to 2 of the consensus topic areas, leading to a collective summary that is presented in this document of the "top 10" endoscopic advances of 2021.
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Rabinowitz LG. Gender-Specific Attitudes of Internal Medicine Residents Toward Careers in Gastroenterology. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:4969-4970. [PMID: 35596821 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loren G Rabinowitz
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Rabb 4, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Advani R, Arjonilla M, Guerson A, Taub E, Monzur F. Gender-Specific Attitudes of Internal Medicine Residents Toward Gastroenterology. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:5044-5052. [PMID: 35596822 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Female representation among gastroenterology (GI) fellows has remained around 30%, yet women comprise over 50% of internal medicine (IM) residents. We aim to identify the gender-specific barriers of IM residents toward pursuing GI. METHODS We surveyed IM residents in the Northeast by emailing 168 IM programs a survey link to be distributed to their residents. A 4-point Likert barrier scale and bivariate analysis were performed with "yes" and "no," where "yes" was analyzed as "somewhat of a barrier" and above. Females received a third table assessing female-specific barriers. Significance was set at < 0.05. RESULTS Of 215 survey responses, 56.3% (n = 121) were female. Response rate could not be determined due to resident identity protection and inconsistent responses of survey dissemination from programs. Females had significantly greater concerns about fertility, maternity leave, radiation exposure, work-life balance, stress, and burnout compared to males (p < 0.05). For females, 48.7% felt a lack of gender diversity in GI, 54.6% felt a lack of female GI mentors, and 43.7% felt there is a lack of respect as a female in GI. No gender differences existed in motivation to pursue GI, exposure to GI, and access to GI mentors, or GI-related research. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that female IM trainees had greater concerns surrounding fertility, radiation exposure, and maternity leave compared to male IM trainees. Lack of gender diversity and lack of female GI mentors were noted barriers for female IM trainees. Addressing these barriers may help increase female representation in GI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Advani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook, 101 Nicolls Road, HSC T17-060, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8173, USA.
| | - Marta Arjonilla
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Arcelia Guerson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook, 101 Nicolls Road, HSC T17-060, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8173, USA
| | - Erin Taub
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stony Brook University Hospital, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Farah Monzur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook, 101 Nicolls Road, HSC T17-060, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8173, USA
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Sethi S, Kumar A, Clough J, Ravindran S, Harris R, Harvey P, Raju S, Brookes MJ, Rutter CS, Steed H. Women in gastroenterology: the UK trainee experience. Frontline Gastroenterol 2022; 13:484-489. [PMID: 36250176 PMCID: PMC9555141 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2022-102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Compared with other medical specialties, there are lower numbers of female trainees and lower rates of flexible working in gastroenterology. This study aims to examine the experience of male and female trainees to understand specialty demographics and the experience of training. Methods Gastroenterology training data were obtained from the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) trainee surveys from 2014, 2018 and 2020, and from the Royal College of Physicians Medical Workforce unit between 2011 and 2019. Data on endoscopy measures from 2011 to 2021 were obtained from the Joint Advisory Group (JAG) on gastrointestinal endoscopy, including the JAG Endoscopy training system and the National Endoscopy Database. Data were segregated and compared by gender. Results The percentage of female gastroenterology trainees remains at around 40%, largely unchanged over the previous decade. From the BSG trainee survey, 29.5% of women have flexible working patterns compared with 2.6% of men (p<0.001), which is lower than other medical specialties. Less than half of female trainees felt confident about their job prospects once they qualify. A greater proportion of male than female trainees achieved provisional colonoscopy certification during training (55% vs 45%, p=0.005) and female trainees took longer to certify than male trainees (63 months vs 56 months, p=0.004). The total length of training time from primary medical qualification to consultancy was the same for men and women. Conclusion Changes must be addressed from a national and institutional level to address equitable access to national training programmes and equality of outcome for male and female trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Sethi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Aditi Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | | | - Rebecca Harris
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Philip Harvey
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Suneil Raju
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew James Brookes
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK,School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Charlotte S Rutter
- Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Steed
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK,School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
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Response to Davis, et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:2303. [PMID: 34279009 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Matharoo MK, Sethi A, Charabaty A. Towards meaningful change: the future of gastroenterology belongs to women, diversity, equity, and inclusion. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:518-520. [PMID: 34119032 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(21)00175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrita Sethi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aline Charabaty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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