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Reinberg C, Vingerhoets S, Pavlova O, Guenova E, Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Comte D. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis triggered by Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis with chronic hepatitis C virus co-infection: a case report and literature review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385086. [PMID: 39076993 PMCID: PMC11284083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is a rare but life-threatening condition, occasionally linked to diverse immunologic manifestations, including mixed cryoglobulinemia. This can lead to cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, which has the potential for widespread organ damage. Although some cases have highlighted the relationship between infective endocarditis and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, no comprehensive epidemiological evaluation or optimal treatment strategies have been advanced for such a combination. We present a case of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis associated with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and conduct a literature review to compare management and outcomes in similar cases. Our patient presented with classical Meltzer's triad and mild renal involvement. Cryoimmunofixation confirmed type III cryoglobulinemia, and serum cytokines showed elevated IL-6 levels. The differential diagnosis included infective endocarditis and chronic active hepatitis C virus infection. Rapid symptom resolution after antibiotic treatment identified infective endocarditis as the likely cause of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Our case and review of the literature highlight that early identification of the cause of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is crucial for selecting appropriate treatment and preventing recurrence or morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Reinberg
- Service of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Vingerhoets
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olesya Pavlova
- Service of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Service of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Denis Comte
- Service of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Zhang M, Han Z, Lin Y, Jin Z, Zhou S, Wang S, Tang Y, Li J, Li X, Chen H. Understanding the relationship between HCV infection and progression of kidney disease. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1418301. [PMID: 39006752 PMCID: PMC11239345 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1418301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause a range of kidney diseases. HCV is the primary cause of mixed cryoglobulinaemia, which leads to cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis and cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis (GN). Patients with acute cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis often exhibit acute kidney disease due to HCV infection, which typically progresses to acute kidney injury (AKI). HCV also increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the likelihood of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Currently, direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) can be used to treat kidney disease at different stages. This review focuses on key findings regarding HCV and kidney disease, discusses the impact of DAAs, and highlights the need for further research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Zhang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyu Han
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Naniing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yumeng Lin
- Naniing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuwei Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Hepatobiliary Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueping Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to North Sichuan Medical College, Chengdu, China
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3
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Allam WR, Hegazy MT, Hussein MA, Zoheir N, Quartuccio L, El-Khamisy SF, Ragab G. A comparative study of different antiviral treatment protocols in HCV related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11840. [PMID: 38782988 PMCID: PMC11116471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of HCV and its sequelae are used to be predominantly based on Interferon (IFN). However, this was associated with significant adverse events as a result of its immunostimulant capabilities. Since their introduction, the directly acting antiviral drugs (DAAs), have become the standard of care to treat of HCV and its complications including mixed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (MCV). In spite of achieving sustained viral response (SVR), there appeared many reports describing unwelcome complications such as hepatocellular and hematological malignancies as well as relapses. Prolonged inflammation induced by a multitude of factors, can lead to DNA damage and affects BAFF and APRIL, which serve as markers of B-cell proliferation. We compared, head-to-head, three antiviral protocols for HCV-MCV treatment As regards the treatment response and relapse, levels of BAFF and APRIL among pegylated interferon α-based and free regimens (Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin; SOF-RIBA, Sofosbuvir + Daclatasvir; SOF-DACLA). Regarding clinical response HCV-MCV and SVR; no significant differences could be identified among the 3 different treatment protocols, and this was also independent form using IFN. We found no significant differences between IFN-based and free regimens DNA damage, markers of DNA repair, or levels of BAFF and APRIL. However, individualized drug-to-drug comparisons showed many differences. Those who were treated with IFN-based protocol showed decreased levels of DNA damage, while the other two IFN-free groups showed increased DNA damage, being the worst in SOF-DACLA group. There were increased levels of BAFF through follow-up periods in the 3 protocols being the best in SOF-DACLA group (decreased at 24 weeks). In SOF-RIBA, CGs relapsed significantly during the follow-up period. None of our patients who were treated with IFN-based protocol had significant clinico-laboratory relapse. Those who received IFN-free DAAs showed a statistically significant relapse of constitutional manifestations. Our findings suggest that IFN-based protocols are effective in treating HCV-MCV similar to IFN-free protocols. They showed lower levels of DNA damage and repair. We believe that our findings may offer an explanation for the process of lymphoproliferation, occurrence of malignancies, and relapses by shedding light on such possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Tharwat Hegazy
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- School of Medicine, Newgiza University (NGU), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hussein
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naguib Zoheir
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Luca Quartuccio
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Area (DAME), University Hospital "Santa Maria Della Misericordia", University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- Center for Genomics, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
- The Healthy Lifespan and the Institute of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Gaafar Ragab
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- School of Medicine, Newgiza University (NGU), Giza, Egypt.
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Ammendola S, Romeo S, Cattazzo F, Mantovani A, Ieluzzi D, Paon V, Montagnana M, Pecori S, Tomezzoli A, Dalbeni A, Sacerdoti D. Cholestatic HCV Cryoglobulinemia: A New Clinical and Pathological Entity before and after Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapies-A Case-Control Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:784. [PMID: 38255857 PMCID: PMC10815098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Twenty-nine patients with HCV infection (HCV+) and mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC+) were retrospectively selected and matched for age and sex with 31 HCV+ MC- patients. Biomarkers of cholestasis (direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase), HCV-RNA and genotype, and plasma cryoprecipitates were measured before and after virus eradication; liver histology and plasma cells (aggregation and distribution), observed blinded by two pathologists, were analyzed. Sixty participants (mean age: 56.5; range: 35-77, males: 50%) with HCV infection were enrolled. Cholestasis (≥2 pathologically increased cholestasis biomarkers) was significantly higher in the MC group (p = 0.02) and correlated with cryoglobulinemia (OR 6.52; p = 0.02). At liver histological assessment, plasma cells were significantly increased in the MC+ group (p = 0.004) and tended to form aggregates more than the control group (p = 0.05). At multivariate analysis with MC, age, HCV-RNA, HBV diabetes, and cirrhosis, cholestasis was only significantly correlated to MC (OR 8.30; p < 0.05). In 25% patients, MC persisted after virus eradication with new antiviral treatment. Our study identified for the first time an association between MC, cholestasis, and an increased number of intrahepatic plasma cells in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients before virus eradication. Future studies are required to understand how MC contributes to liver damage and how its persistence affects the patients' follow-up after antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ammendola
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Sara Romeo
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (D.I.); (V.P.); (A.D.)
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Filippo Cattazzo
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (D.I.); (V.P.); (A.D.)
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Anna Mantovani
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (D.I.); (V.P.); (A.D.)
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Donatella Ieluzzi
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (D.I.); (V.P.); (A.D.)
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Veronica Paon
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (D.I.); (V.P.); (A.D.)
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Martina Montagnana
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Sara Pecori
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Anna Tomezzoli
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrea Dalbeni
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.R.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (D.I.); (V.P.); (A.D.)
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - David Sacerdoti
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
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5
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Rajendran N, Rameli PM, Awad H. Risk factors for relapse in non-infectious cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, including type I cryoglobulinemia: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215345. [PMID: 37483620 PMCID: PMC10361750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Data on non-infectious cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (NICV) is scarce, especially concerning the management of relapses, which are troublesome. We aimed to investigate risk factors for relapse in NICV. Methods A systematic literature search of CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Web of Science databases was implemented until April 2023. Eligible studies included randomized control trials, observational studies, and case series with ≥4 patients. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the eligible studies. Results A total of 3,724 articles were retrieved from a database search, with 27 studies meeting the inclusion criteria for review. Most studies (n = 23) detailed relapses, with the time to relapse varying between 1 and 80 months. The relapse rate was reported at 28% in Type I NICV and ranged from 22% to 60% in mixed NICV. Risk factors for relapse in NICV were identified based on the cryoglobulin subtype and correlated with clinical and immunological responses to varying treatment regimens. Type I NICV with an associated lymphoproliferative disorder exhibited a response-relapse pattern. Cutaneous and articular involvement and incomplete clinical and immunological responses to treatment, particularly corticosteroid monotherapy and occasionally rituximab, influence the risk of relapse in Type II and Type III NICV. Conclusion Our findings underscore the significance of attaining both clinical and immunological responses and identifying risk factors for relapse in NICV. Appropriate risk stratification for NICV patients is essential for the successful implementation of effective treatment strategies. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023408140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Rajendran
- Department of Immunology, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) Hospital Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Puteri Maisarah Rameli
- Department of Acute Medical Assessment Unit (AMAU)/ General Internal Medicine (GIM), St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hanaa Awad
- Department of Immunology, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) Hospital Group, Dublin, Ireland
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Ghembaza A, Boleto G, Bommelaer M, Karras A, Javaugue V, Bridoux F, Alyanakian MA, Molinier Frenkel V, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Musset L, Barete S, Roosweil D, Choquet S, Le Joncour A, Mirouse A, Lipsker D, Faguer S, Vieira M, Cacoub P, Biard L, Saadoun D. Prognosis and long-term outcomes in type I cryoglobulinemia: A multicenter study of 168 patients. Am J Hematol 2023. [PMID: 37139676 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Type I cryoglobulinemia (CG) accounts for 10%-15% of all cryoglobulinemias and are exclusively seen in clonal proliferative hematologic conditions. In this multicenter nationwide cohort study, we analyzed the prognosis and long-term outcomes of 168 patients with type I CG (93 (55.4%) IgM and 75 [44.6%] IgG). Five- and 10-year event-free survivals (EFS) were 26.5% (95% CI 18.2%-38.4%) and 20.8% (95% CI 13.1%-33.1%), respectively. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with poorer EFS were renal involvement (HR: 2.42, 95% CI 1.41-4.17, p = .001) and IgG type I CG (HR: 1.96, 95% CI 1.13-3.33, p = 0.016), regardless of underlying hematological disorders. IgG type I CG patients had higher cumulative incidence of relapse (94.6% [95% CI 57.8%-99.4%] vs. 56.6% [95% CI 36.6%-72.4%], p = .0002) and death at 10 years (35.8% [19.8%-64.6%] vs. 71.3% [54.0%-94.2%], p = .01) as compared to IgM CG, respectively. Overall, complete response of type I CG at 6 months was 38.7%, with no significant difference between Igs isotypes. In conclusion, renal involvement and IgG CG were identified as independent poor prognostic factors of type I CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Ghembaza
- Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et de l'Amylose inflammatoire, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Paris, France
- CNRS, FRE3632, Paris, France
| | - Gonçalo Boleto
- Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et de l'Amylose inflammatoire, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Paris, France
- CNRS, FRE3632, Paris, France
- Instituto Português de Reumatologia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marin Bommelaer
- Service de Biostatistique et Information Médicale, AP-HP Hôpital Saint-Louis - INSERM, UMR1153, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Karras
- Département de néphrologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Javaugue
- Service de néphrologie et Centre National de référence amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- CNRS UMR 7276, INSERM UMR 1262, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Frank Bridoux
- Service de néphrologie et Centre National de référence amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- CNRS UMR 7276, INSERM UMR 1262, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Alexandra Alyanakian
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP et Institut Necker-Enfants malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Lucile Musset
- Laboratoire d'immunochimie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Barete
- Unité fonctionnelle de dermatologie, service de médecine interne, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Damien Roosweil
- Service d'hématologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Choquet
- Service d'hématologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Le Joncour
- Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et de l'Amylose inflammatoire, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Paris, France
- CNRS, FRE3632, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Mirouse
- Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et de l'Amylose inflammatoire, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Paris, France
- CNRS, FRE3632, Paris, France
| | - Dan Lipsker
- Clinique dermatologique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stanislas Faguer
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'Organes, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Hôpital Rangueil, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1297, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Matheus Vieira
- Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et de l'Amylose inflammatoire, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Paris, France
- CNRS, FRE3632, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Cacoub
- Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et de l'Amylose inflammatoire, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Paris, France
- CNRS, FRE3632, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Biard
- Service de Biostatistique et Information Médicale, AP-HP Hôpital Saint-Louis - INSERM, UMR1153, Paris, France
| | - David Saadoun
- Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et de l'Amylose inflammatoire, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Paris, France
- CNRS, FRE3632, Paris, France
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7
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Lynch EN, Russo FP. Outcomes and Follow-Up after Hepatitis C Eradication with Direct-Acting Antivirals. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2195. [PMID: 36983196 PMCID: PMC10056757 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of hepatitis C (HCV) has been revolutionized with the introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Patients can be treated at more advanced stages of liver disease, with a growing number of cirrhotic patients achieving sustained virological response (SVR). Long-term outcomes for cured patients and the optimal follow-up care of patients after SVR are yet to be defined, because most studies on cirrhotic patients cured with DAAs have a short follow-up period. There are many open questions related to patient management after viral eradication with DAAs, such as which could be the most reliable non-invasive tool to predict liver-related complications, or to what extent viral eradication reduces the risk of liver disease progression in the long term. Growing evidence supports the personalization of follow-up care based on individual risk. The aim of this narrative review is to analyze the impact of viral eradication with DAAs on clinically significant portal hypertension, hepatocellular carcinoma, and extrahepatic manifestations, as well as to summarize indications for optimal follow-up care of HCV patients treated with DAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Nicola Lynch
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
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8
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Del Padre M, Marrapodi R, Minafò YA, Piano Mortari E, Radicchio G, Bocci C, Gragnani L, Camponeschi A, Colantuono S, Stefanini L, Basili S, Carsetti R, Fiorilli M, Casato M, Visentini M. Dual stimulation by autoantigen and CpG fosters the proliferation of exhausted rheumatoid factor-specific CD21 low B cells in hepatitis C virus-cured mixed cryoglobulinemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1094871. [PMID: 36845129 PMCID: PMC9945227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1094871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) by driving clonal expansion of B cells expressing B cell receptors (BCRs), often encoded by the VH1-69 variable gene, endowed with both rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-HCV specificity. These cells display an atypical CD21low phenotype and functional exhaustion evidenced by unresponsiveness to BCR and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) stimuli. Although antiviral therapy is effective on MC vasculitis, pathogenic B cell clones persist long thereafter and can cause virus-independent disease relapses. Methods Clonal B cells from patients with HCV-associated type 2 MC or healthy donors were stimulated with CpG or heath-aggregated IgG (as surrogate immune complexes) alone or in combination; proliferation and differentiation were then evaluated by flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of AKT and of the p65 NF-kB subunit were measured by flow cytometry. TLR9 was quantified by qPCR and by intracellular flow cytometry, and MyD88 isoforms were analyzed using RT-PCR. Discussion We found that dual triggering with autoantigen and CpG restored the capacity of exhausted VH1-69pos B cells to proliferate. The signaling mechanism for this BCR/TLR9 crosstalk remains elusive, since TLR9 mRNA and protein as well as MyD88 mRNA were normally expressed and CpG-induced phosphorylation of p65 NF-kB was intact in MC clonal B cells, whereas BCR-induced p65 NF-kB phosphorylation was impaired and PI3K/Akt signaling was intact. Our findings indicate that autoantigen and CpG of microbial or cellular origin may unite to foster persistence of pathogenic RF B cells in HCV-cured MC patients. BCR/TLR9 crosstalk might represent a more general mechanism enhancing systemic autoimmunity by the rescue of exhausted autoreactive CD21low B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Del Padre
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ramona Marrapodi
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ylenia A. Minafò
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- B cell unit, Immunology Research Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Radicchio
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bocci
- B cell unit, Immunology Research Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Gragnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefania Colantuono
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Stefanini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Basili
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B cell unit, Immunology Research Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Fiorilli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Milvia Casato
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Visentini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Zignego AL, Gragnani L, Kondili LA. Reply. Hepatology 2022; 76:E11-E12. [PMID: 35218236 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Linda Zignego
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Gragnani
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Loreta A Kondili
- Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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