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Golomb BA, Han JH, Fung A, Berg BK, Miller BJ, Hamilton G. Bioenergetic impairment in Gulf War illness assessed via 31P-MRS. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7418. [PMID: 38548808 PMCID: PMC10979028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Time for post-exercise phosphocreatine-recovery (PCr-R), deemed a robust index of mitochondrial function in vivo, was previously reported to be elevated (signifying impaired ATP production) in veterans with Gulf War illness (GWI). Here we sought to replicate the finding and assess the impact of contravening previous eligibility requirements. The replication sample comprised white males. Cases reported ≥ moderate muscle-weakness to match the organ assessed to an organ affected; controls lacked recent headache or multiple symptoms. The expansion sample added cases without muscle-weakness, controls with recent headache, females, nonwhites. PCr-R, following pedal-depression-exercise, was compared in veterans with GWI versus controls (sample N = 38). In the replication sample, PCr-R results closely matched the prior report: PCr-R veterans with GWI mean(SD) = 47.7(16.5); control mean(SD) = 30.3(9.2), p = 0.017. (Prior-study PCr-R veterans with GWI mean(SD) = 46.1(17.9), control mean(SD) = 29.0(8.7), p = 0.023. Combined replication + prior samples: p = 0.001.) No case-control difference was observed in the expansion sample. In cases, PCr-R related to muscle-weakness: PCr-R = 29.9(7.1), 38.2(8.9), 47.8(15.2) for muscle-weakness rated none/low, intermediate, and high respectively (p for trend = 0.02), validating desirability of matching tissue assessed to tissue affected. In controls, headache/multiple symptoms, sex, and ethnicity each mattered (affecting PCr-R significantly). This study affirms mitochondrial/bioenergetic impairment in veterans with GWI. The importance of careful case/control selection is underscored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Alexandra Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA.
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Alexander Fung
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
- Clement Park Dental Care, Littleton, CO, 80123, USA
| | - Brinton Keith Berg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Bruce J Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Gavin Hamilton
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Dong X, Deng L, Su Y, Han X, Yao S, Wu W, Cao J, Tian L, Bai Y, Wang G, Ren W. Curcumin alleviates traumatic brain injury induced by gas explosion through modulating gut microbiota and suppressing the LPS/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1094-1113. [PMID: 38032526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Gas explosions (GE) are a prevalent and widespread cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in coal miners. However, the impact and mechanism of curcumin on GE-induced TBI in rats remain unclear. In this study, we simulated GE-induced TBI in rats and administered curcumin orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg every other day for 7 days to modulate the gut microbiota in TBI rats. We employed 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS metabolomic analysis to investigate changes in the intestinal flora and its metabolic profile. Additionally, we utilized ELISA, protein assays, and immunohistochemistry to assess neuroinflammatory signaling molecules for validation. In a rat TBI model, GE resulted in weight loss, pathological abnormalities, and cortical hemorrhage. Treatment with curcumin significantly mitigated histological abnormalities and microscopic mitochondrial structural changes in brain tissue. Furthermore, curcumin treatment markedly ameliorated GE-induced brain dysfunction by reducing the levels of several neuroinflammatory signaling molecules, including neuron-specific enolase, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and cryptothermic protein 3. Notably, curcumin reshaped the gut microbiome by enhancing evenness, richness, and composition. Prevotella_9, Alloprevotella, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Proteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria were identified as prominent members of the gut microbiota, increasing the linear discriminant analysis scores and specifically enhancing the abundance of bacteria involved in the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway, such as Lachnospiraceae and Roseburia. Additionally, there were substantial alterations in serum metabolites associated with metabolic NF-κB signaling pathways in the model group. Curcumin administration reduced serum lipopolysaccharide levels and downregulated downstream Toll-like receptor (TLR)4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, curcumin alleviated GE-induced TBI in rats by modulating the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Based on these protective effects, curcumin may exert its influence on the gut microbiota and the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways to ameliorate GE-induced TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Dong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Lvfei Deng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yaguang Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Han
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Linqiang Tian
- Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yichun Bai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Guizhi Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Street Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China.
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Zanirati G, Shetty PA, Shetty AK. Neural stem cells persist to generate new neurons in the hippocampus of adult and aged human brain - Fiction or accurate? Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102133. [PMID: 38000512 PMCID: PMC10843673 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, comprising the generation, differentiation and integration of new neurons in the mature brain, has emerged as a dynamic area of research over decades. The discovery of adult neurogenesis was a paradigm shift to comprehend mechanisms underlying brain plasticity, cognitive function, and neurological disorders. This review deliberates significant findings from articles published over four decades on adult neurogenesis, highlighting key milestones, methodological advances, and controversies that have shaped our comprehension of the phenomenon of adult neurogenesis. Early skepticism gave way to a rich body of evidence via various reliable approaches. Studies on neurogenic niches, microenvironmental factors, molecular regulators, and functional implications have uncovered the involvement of adult neurogenesis in learning, memory, mood, and even neurological and neurodegenerative conditions. Despite significant progress, several questions still need to be answered, including the exact contributions of new neurons to brain function, their integration into existing circuits, and the impact of enhancing adult neurogenesis in the human hippocampus. While the existence of robust neurogenesis in the adult and aged human hippocampus is yet to be confirmed, this review highlights evidence from a significant number of studies supporting the persistence of hippocampal neurogenesis during adulthood and aging in humans, including in some neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, additional large-scale studies using single cell-RNA-seq, single nucleus-RNA-seq, and spatial transcriptomics are critical to validate the presence and contribution of hippocampal neurogenesis in the pathophysiology of various neurological and neurodegenerative conditions at different stages of the disease. There is also a need to develop standardized protocols for analyzing postmortem hippocampal tissues for cellular and molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Padmashri A Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
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Xie Z, Zhang M, Luo Y, Jin D, Guo X, Yang W, Zheng J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Deng C, Zheng W, Tan EK, Jin K, Zhu S, Wang Q. Healthy Human Fecal Microbiota Transplantation into Mice Attenuates MPTP-Induced Neurotoxicity via AMPK/SOD2 Pathway. Aging Dis 2023; 14:2193-2214. [PMID: 37199590 PMCID: PMC10676800 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that gut dysbacteriosis may play a crucial role in neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the specific mechanisms that link gut microbiota to PD remain unexplored. Given the critical roles of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of PD, we aimed to evaluate the interactions among the gut microbiota, BBB, and mitochondrial resistance to oxidation and inflammation in PD. We investigated the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the physiopathology of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice. The aim was to explore the role of fecal microbiota from PD patients and healthy human controls in neuroinflammation, BBB components, and mitochondrial antioxidative capacity via the AMPK/SOD2 pathway. Compared to control mice, MPTP-treated mice exhibited elevated levels of Desulfovibrio, whereas mice given FMT from PD patients exhibited enriched levels of Akkermansia and mice given FMT from healthy humans showed no significant alterations in gut microbiota. Strikingly, FMT from PD patients to MPTP-treated mice significantly aggravated motor impairments, dopaminergic neurodegeneration, nigrostriatal glial activation and colonic inflammation, and inhibited the AMPK/SOD2 signaling pathway. However, FMT from healthy human controls greatly improved the aforementioned MPTP-caused effects. Surprisingly, the MPTP-treated mice displayed a significant loss in nigrostriatal pericytes, which was restored by FMT from healthy human controls. Our findings demonstrate that FMT from healthy human controls can correct gut dysbacteriosis and ameliorate neurodegeneration in the MPTP-induced PD mouse model by suppressing microgliosis and astrogliosis, ameliorating mitochondrial impairments via the AMPK/SOD2 pathway, and restoring the loss of nigrostriatal pericytes and BBB integrity. These findings raise the possibility that the alteration in the human gut microbiota may be a risk factor for PD and provide evidence for potential application of FMT in PD preclinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchao Xie
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Mahui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuqi Luo
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dana Jin
- College of Biological Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Xingfang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wanlin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jialing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chao Deng
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development & Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Macau, China.
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Shuzhen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Du X, Amin N, Xu L, Botchway BOA, Zhang B, Fang M. Pharmacological intervention of curcumin via the NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1249644. [PMID: 37915409 PMCID: PMC10616488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1249644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic-induced neuronal injury arises due to low oxygen/nutrient levels and an inflammatory response that exacerbates neuronal loss. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is an important regulator of inflammation after ischemic stroke, with its inhibition being involved in nerve regeneration. Curcumin, a main active ingredient in Chinese herbs, plays a positive role in neuronal repair and neuroprotection by regulating the NLRP3 signaling pathway. Nevertheless, the signaling mechanisms relating to how curcumin regulates NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammation and neural restoration following ischemic stroke are unknown. In this report, we summarize the main biological functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome along with the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of curcumin via impairment of the NLRP3 pathway in ischemic brain injury. We also discuss the role of medicinal interventions that target the NLRP3 and potential pathways, as well as possible directions for curcumin therapy to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and hinder inflammation in ischemic stroke. This report conclusively demonstrates that curcumin has neuroprotective properties that inhibit inflammation and prevent nerve cell loss, thereby delaying the progression of ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Du
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nashwa Amin
- Institute of System Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Linhao Xu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Benson O. A. Botchway
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Centre for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Pharmacy Department, Bupa Cromwell Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Centre for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Wang Y, Jun Yun H, Ding Y, Du H, Geng X. Montelukast sodium protects against focal cerebral ischemic injury by regulating inflammatory reaction via promoting microglia polarization. Brain Res 2023; 1817:148498. [PMID: 37499731 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays an important role in brain injury and repair. Regulation of post-stroke inflammation may be a reasonable strategy to treat ischemic stroke. The present study demonstrates that montelukast sodium protected brain tissue by regulating the post-stroke inflammatory reaction. METHODS Adult male mice underwent distal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (d-MCAO) surgery, followed by intraperitoneal injection of montelukast sodium or equivalent saline, from day 0-7 after the operation. On the 7th day, Rotarod and adhesive-removal test were performed. M AP2 staining, and Iba1, CD206, and CD16/32 co staining were performed. BV2 microglial cell lines were co-cultured with different concentrations of montelukast sodium with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the mRNA expression of M1 and M2 phenotypic microglia markers and the release of cytokines representing from different phenotypes of microglia cells. RESULTS Montelukast sodium prolonged the time that d-MCAO mice remained on the rotating bar, shortened the time to remove the sticker on the opposite claw, and reduced the infarct volume, promoting the transformation of microglial cells/macrophages around the infarct to the M2 phenotype. Montelukast sodium increased the mRNA expression of Arg-1, CD206, TGF-β, and IL-10 in BV2 microglial cell lines stimulated by LPS, while decreased the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, and CD16/32. CONCLUSION Montelukast sodium can protect against focal cerebral ischemic injury by regulating inflammatory reaction via promoting microglia polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ho Jun Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Huishan Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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7
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Mishra E, Thakur MK. Mdivi-1 Rescues Memory Decline in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Male Mice by Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dynamics and Hippocampal Plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5426-5449. [PMID: 37314656 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Memory loss, often known as amnesia, is common in the elderly population and refers to forgetting facts and experiences. It is associated with increased mitochondrial fragmentation, though the contribution of mitochondrial dynamics in amnesia is poorly understood. Therefore, the present study is aimed at elucidating the role of Mdivi-1 in mitochondrial dynamics, hippocampal plasticity, and memory during scopolamine (SC)-induced amnesia. The findings imply that Mdivi-1 significantly increased the expression of Arc and BDNF proteins in the hippocampus of SC-induced amnesic mice, validating improved recognition and spatial memory. Moreover, an improved mitochondrial ultrastructure was attributed to a decline in the percentage of fragmented and spherical-shaped mitochondria after Mdivi-1 treatment in SC-induced mice. The significant downregulation of p-Drp1 (S616) protein and upregulation of Mfn2, LC3BI, and LC3BII proteins in Mdivi-1-treated SC-induced mice indicated a decline in fragmented mitochondrial number and healthy mitochondrial dynamics. Mdivi-1 treatment alleviated ROS production and Caspase-3 activity and elevated mitochondrial membrane potential, Vdac1 expression, ATP production, and myelination, resulting in reduced neurodegeneration in SC mice. Furthermore, the decline of pro-apoptotic protein cytochrome-c and increase of anti-apoptotic proteins Procaspase-9 and Bcl-2 in Mdivi-1-treated SC-induced mice suggested improved neuronal health. Mdivi-1 also increased the dendritic arborization and spine density, which was further corroborated by increased expression of synaptophysin and PSD95. In conclusion, the current study suggests that Mdivi-1 treatment improves mitochondrial ultrastructure and function through the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. These changes further improve neuronal cell density, myelination, dendritic arborization, and spine density, decrease neurodegeneration, and improve recognition and spatial memory. Schematic presentation depicts that Mdivi-1 rescues memory decline in scopolamine-induced amnesic male mice by ameliorating mitochondrial dynamics and hippocampal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Thakur
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
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Golomb BA, Sanchez Baez R, Schilling JM, Dhanani M, Fannon MJ, Berg BK, Miller BJ, Taub PR, Patel HH. Mitochondrial impairment but not peripheral inflammation predicts greater Gulf War illness severity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10739. [PMID: 37438460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gulf War illness (GWI) is an important exemplar of environmentally-triggered chronic multisymptom illness, and a potential model for accelerated aging. Inflammation is the main hypothesized mechanism for GWI, with mitochondrial impairment also proposed. No study has directly assessed mitochondrial respiratory chain function (MRCF) on muscle biopsy in veterans with GWI (VGWI). We recruited 42 participants, half VGWI, with biopsy material successfully secured in 36. Impaired MRCF indexed by complex I and II oxidative phosphorylation with glucose as a fuel source (CI&CIIOXPHOS) related significantly or borderline significantly in the predicted direction to 17 of 20 symptoms in the combined sample. Lower CI&CIIOXPHOS significantly predicted GWI severity in the combined sample and in VGWI separately, with or without adjustment for hsCRP. Higher-hsCRP (peripheral inflammation) related strongly to lower-MRCF (particularly fatty acid oxidation (FAO) indices) in VGWI, but not in controls. Despite this, whereas greater MRCF-impairment predicted greater GWI symptoms and severity, greater inflammation did not. Surprisingly, adjusted for MRCF, higher hsCRP significantly predicted lesser symptom severity in VGWI selectively. Findings comport with a hypothesis in which the increased inflammation observed in GWI is driven by FAO-defect-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. In conclusion, impaired mitochondrial function-but not peripheral inflammation-predicts greater GWI symptoms and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA.
| | - Roel Sanchez Baez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
- San Ysidro Health Center, San Diego, CA, 92114, USA
| | - Jan M Schilling
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Mehul Dhanani
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Avidity Biosciences, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - McKenzie J Fannon
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Brinton K Berg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Bruce J Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Pam R Taub
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
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9
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Kodali M, Madhu LN, Reger RL, Milutinovic B, Upadhya R, Attaluri S, Shuai B, Shankar G, Shetty AK. A single intranasal dose of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles after traumatic brain injury eases neurogenesis decline, synapse loss, and BDNF-ERK-CREB signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1185883. [PMID: 37284464 PMCID: PMC10239975 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1185883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimal intranasal (IN) dose of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hMSC-EVs), 90 min post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), has been reported to prevent the evolution of acute neuroinflammation into chronic neuroinflammation resulting in the alleviation of long-term cognitive and mood impairments. Since hippocampal neurogenesis decline and synapse loss contribute to TBI-induced long-term cognitive and mood dysfunction, this study investigated whether hMSC-EV treatment after TBI can prevent hippocampal neurogenesis decline and synapse loss in the chronic phase of TBI. C57BL6 mice undergoing unilateral controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) received a single IN administration of different doses of EVs or the vehicle at 90 min post-TBI. Quantifying neurogenesis in the subgranular zone-granule cell layer (SGZ-GCL) through 5'-bromodeoxyuridine and neuron-specific nuclear antigen double labeling at ~2 months post-TBI revealed decreased neurogenesis in TBI mice receiving vehicle. However, in TBI mice receiving EVs (12.8 and 25.6 × 109 EVs), the extent of neurogenesis was matched to naive control levels. A similar trend of decreased neurogenesis was seen when doublecortin-positive newly generated neurons were quantified in the SGZ-GCL at ~3 months post-TBI. The above doses of EVs treatment after TBI also reduced the loss of pre-and post-synaptic marker proteins in the hippocampus and the somatosensory cortex. Moreover, at 48 h post-treatment, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and phosphorylated cyclic AMP response-element binding protein (p-CREB) levels were downregulated in TBI mice receiving the vehicle but were closer to naïve control levels in TBI mice receiving above doses of hMSC-EVs. Notably, improved BDNF concentration observed in TBI mice receiving hMSC-EVs in the acute phase was sustained in the chronic phase of TBI. Thus, a single IN dose of hMSC-EVs at 90 min post-TBI can ease TBI-induced declines in the BDNF-ERK-CREB signaling, hippocampal neurogenesis, and synapses.
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10
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Kodali M, Jankay T, Shetty AK, Reddy DS. Pathophysiological basis and promise of experimental therapies for Gulf War Illness, a chronic neuropsychiatric syndrome in veterans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:673-697. [PMID: 36790443 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the pathophysiology and potential treatments for Gulf War Illness (GWI), which is a chronic neuropsychiatric illness linked to a combination of chemical exposures experienced by service personnel during the first Gulf War in 1991. However, there is currently no effective treatment for veterans with GWI. The article focuses on the current status and efficacy of existing therapeutic interventions in preclinical models of GWI, as well as potential perspectives of promising therapies. GWI stems from changes in brain and peripheral systems in veterans, leading to neurocognitive deficits, as well as physiological and psychological effects resulting from multifaceted changes such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage. Aging not only renders veterans more susceptible to GWI symptoms, but also attenuates their immune capabilities and response to therapies. A variety of experimental models are being used to investigate the pathophysiology and develop therapies that have the ability to alleviate devastating symptoms. Over two dozen therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal injury, and neurogenesis are being tested, including agents such as curcumin, curcumin nanoparticles, monosodium luminol, melatonin, resveratrol, fluoxetine, rolipram, oleoylethanolamide, ketamine, levetiracetam, nicotinamide riboside, minocycline, pyridazine derivatives, and neurosteroids. Preclinical outcomes show that some agents have promise, including curcumin, resveratrol, and ketamine, which are being tested in clinical trials in GWI veterans. Neuroprotectants and other compounds such as monosodium luminol, melatonin, levetiracetam, oleoylethanolamide, and nicotinamide riboside appear promising for future clinical trials. Neurosteroids have been shown to have neuroprotective and disease-modifying properties, which makes them a promising medicine for GWI. Therefore, accelerated clinical studies are urgently needed to evaluate and launch an effective therapy for veterans displaying GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tanvi Jankay
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Texas A&M Health Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA. .,Texas A&M Health Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
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Attaluri S, Upadhya R, Kodali M, Madhu LN, Upadhya D, Shuai B, Shetty AK. Brain-Specific Increase in Leukotriene Signaling Accompanies Chronic Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in a Model of Gulf War Illness. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853000. [PMID: 35572589 PMCID: PMC9099214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent cognitive impairment is a primary central nervous system-related symptom in veterans afflicted with chronic Gulf War Illness (GWI). Previous studies in a rat model have revealed that cognitive dysfunction in chronic GWI is associated with neuroinflammation, typified by astrocyte hypertrophy, activated microglia, and enhanced proinflammatory cytokine levels. Studies in a mouse model of GWI have also shown upregulation of several phospholipids that serve as reservoirs of arachidonic acid, a precursor of leukotrienes (LTs). However, it is unknown whether altered LT signaling is a component of chronic neuroinflammatory conditions in GWI. Therefore, this study investigated changes in LT signaling in the brain of rats displaying significant cognitive impairments six months after exposure to GWI-related chemicals and moderate stress. The concentration of cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs), LTB4, and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), the synthesizing enzyme of LTs, were evaluated. CysLT and LTB4 concentrations were elevated in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex, along with enhanced 5-LOX expression in neurons and microglia. Such changes were also associated with increased proinflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Enhanced CysLT and LTB4 levels in the brain could also be gleaned from their concentrations in brain-derived extracellular vesicles in the circulating blood. The circulating blood in GWI rats displayed elevated proinflammatory cytokines with no alterations in CysLT and LTB4 concentrations. The results provide new evidence that a brain-specific increase in LT signaling is another adverse alteration that potentially contributes to the maintenance of chronic neuroinflammation in GWI. Therefore, drugs capable of modulating LT signaling may reduce neuroinflammation and improve cognitive function in GWI. Additional findings demonstrate that altered LT levels in the brain could be tracked efficiently by analyzing brain-derived EVs in the circulating blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
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