Panagiotopoulos AP, Sagona AP, Tsakri D, Ferous S, Anastassopoulou C, Tsakris A. Virological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Clinically Relevant Phages.
Antibiotics (Basel) 2025;
14:487. [PMID:
40426553 PMCID:
PMC12108485 DOI:
10.3390/antibiotics14050487]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2025] [Revised: 05/04/2025] [Accepted: 05/09/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
As antimicrobial resistance continues to undermine the efficacy of antibiotics, the global medical community is increasingly turning to alternative treatment modalities. Among these, phage therapy has re-emerged as a promising strategy for managing multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Herein, we present and briefly discuss eight essential attributes of clinically relevant phages for therapy, which may be categorized broadly into virological and pharmacological characteristics. Virological attributes include a broad host range, a strictly lytic life cycle and the ability to manage the emergence of bacterial resistance to phages. Comprehensive genomic and proteomic characterization forms the foundation for selecting and engineering such candidates, ensuring both safety and predictability. From a pharmacological standpoint, phages should ideally show safety across relevant formulations and routes of administration, favorable pharmacokinetics, stability during storage and scalability in manufacturing. Advances in genomic analysis, artificial intelligence-driven phage selection and formulation technologies have further accelerated the translational potential of phage therapy. By systematically addressing each of these critical attributes, this work aims to inform the rational selection and development of therapeutic phages suitable for integration into the clinical practice.
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