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Thorley J, Thomas C, Thon N, Nuttall H, Martin NRW, Bishop N, Bailey SJ, Clifford T. Combined effects of green tea supplementation and eccentric exercise on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:245-256. [PMID: 37439906 PMCID: PMC10786739 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether combining eccentric exercise and green tea supplementation synergistically increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activity, a transcription factor responsible for coordinating endogenous antioxidant expression. METHODS In a double-blinded, randomized, between-subjects design, 24 males (mean [SD]; 23 [3] years, 179.6 [6.1] cm, 78.8 [10.6] kg) performed 100 drop jumps following a 6 days supplementation period with either green tea (poly)phenols (n = 12; 500 mg·d-1) or a placebo (n = 12; inulin). NRF2/antioxidant response element (ARE) binding in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion, and differential leukocyte counts were measured pre-, post-, 1 h and 24 h post-exercise. RESULTS Exercise did not increase NRF2/ARE binding (p = 0.12) (fold change vs rest: green tea = [post] 0.78 ± 0.45, [1 h] 1.17 ± 0.54, [24 h] 1.06 ± 0.56; placebo = [post] 1.40 ± 1.50, [1 h] 2.98 ± 3.70, [24 h] 1.04 ± 0.45). Furthermore, CAT activity (p = 0.12) and 8-OHdG excretion (p = 0.42) were unchanged in response to exercise and were not augmented by green tea supplementation (p > 0.05 for all). Exercise increased GR activity by 30% (p = 0.01), however no differences were found between supplement groups (p = 0.51). Leukocyte and neutrophil concentrations were only elevated post-exercise (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION Eccentric exercise, either performed alone or in conjunction with green tea supplementation, did not significantly increase NRF2 activity in PBMCs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER osf.io/kz37g (registered: 15/09/21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Thorley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Craig Thomas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nicolas Thon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Hannah Nuttall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nicolette Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Kalkhoven JT, Lukauskis-Carvajal M, Sides DL, McLean BD, Watsford ML. A Conceptual Exploration of Hamstring Muscle-Tendon Functioning during the Late-Swing Phase of Sprinting: The Importance of Evidence-Based Hamstring Training Frameworks. Sports Med 2023; 53:2321-2346. [PMID: 37668895 PMCID: PMC10687166 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
An eccentrically lengthening, energy-absorbing, brake-driven model of hamstring function during the late-swing phase of sprinting has been widely touted within the existing literature. In contrast, an isometrically contracting, spring-driven model of hamstring function has recently been proposed. This theory has gained substantial traction within the applied sporting world, influencing understandings of hamstring function while sprinting, as well as the development and adoption of certain types of hamstring-specific exercises. Across the animal kingdom, both spring- and motor-driven muscle-tendon unit (MTU) functioning are frequently observed, with both models of locomotive functioning commonly utilising some degree of active muscle lengthening to draw upon force enhancement mechanisms. However, a method to accurately assess hamstring muscle-tendon functioning when sprinting does not exist. Accordingly, the aims of this review article are three-fold: (1) to comprehensively explore current terminology, theories and models surrounding muscle-tendon functioning during locomotion, (2) to relate these models to potential hamstring function when sprinting by examining a variety of hamstring-specific research and (3) to highlight the importance of developing and utilising evidence-based frameworks to guide hamstring training in athletes required to sprint. Due to the intensity of movement, large musculotendinous stretches and high mechanical loads experienced in the hamstrings when sprinting, it is anticipated that the hamstring MTUs adopt a model of functioning that has some reliance upon active muscle lengthening and muscle actuators during this particular task. However, each individual hamstring MTU is expected to adopt various combinations of spring-, brake- and motor-driven functioning when sprinting, in accordance with their architectural arrangement and activation patterns. Muscle function is intricate and dependent upon complex interactions between musculoskeletal kinematics and kinetics, muscle activation patterns and the neuromechanical regulation of tensions and stiffness, and loads applied by the environment, among other important variables. Accordingly, hamstring function when sprinting is anticipated to be unique to this particular activity. It is therefore proposed that the adoption of hamstring-specific exercises should not be founded on unvalidated claims of replicating hamstring function when sprinting, as has been suggested in the literature. Adaptive benefits may potentially be derived from a range of hamstring-specific exercises that vary in the stimuli they provide. Therefore, a more rigorous approach is to select hamstring-specific exercises based on thoroughly constructed evidence-based frameworks surrounding the specific stimulus provided by the exercise, the accompanying adaptations elicited by the exercise, and the effects of these adaptations on hamstring functioning and injury risk mitigation when sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judd T Kalkhoven
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Mathias Lukauskis-Carvajal
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
- SpeedLab, Cali, Colombia
| | - Deborah L Sides
- UK Sports Institute, Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, UK
| | - Blake D McLean
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mark L Watsford
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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3
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Methenitis S, Theodorou AA, Chatzinikolaou PN, Margaritelis NV, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V. The effects of chronic concentric and eccentric training on position sense and joint reaction angle of the knee extensors. Eur J Sport Sci 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36815692 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2184726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of chronic concentric or eccentric training on position sense and joint reaction angle, in healthy, untrained young men. Twenty-four men were randomly assigned into a pure concentric (CT) or a pure eccentric (ET) group and performed for 8 weeks, one training session/week, 75 maximal knee extensors contractions. Before and 48 h after the first (W1) and the last (W8) training sessions, knee joint position sense and joint reaction angle were assessed at three different knee angles (i.e. 30°, 45° and 60°). At the same time points, indirect indices of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) were evaluated (i.e. range of motion [ROM], optimal angle, maximum isometric, concentric and eccentric torques, delayed onset muscle soreness [DOMS] and blood creatine kinase concentrations [CK]). Forty-eight hours post W1, position sense, reaction angle and all EIMD indices were significantly changed for both groups (p < 0.05; η2: 0.125-0.618), however, greater alterations were observed after ET. Significant correlations were found, in both groups, between the training-induced changes of position sense, reaction angles and the changes of EIMD biomarkers (r: -0.855-0.825; p < 0.005). No significant changes were found 48 h post W8 for position sense, reaction angle and EIMD indices (p > 0.285) for both CT or ET groups. In conclusion, exercise-induced changes in position sense and reaction angle, were related to the magnitude of EIMD, and not by the type of muscle contraction per se. HighlightsExercise induced changes in position sense and reaction angle, were related to the magnitude of EIMD, and not by the type of muscle contraction per se.After the 1st training session eccentric exercise caused greater disturbances, compared to concentric exercise, in EIMD indices which caused concomitant disturbances to position sense and knee reaction angle.8 weeks of either eccentric or concentric training leads to preservation of position sense and knee reaction angle 48 h after maximal intensity exercise of either types of muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Methenitis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, Athens, Greece
| | - A A Theodorou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - P N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - V Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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4
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Hung CH, Tsai MH, Wang PS, Liang FW, Hsu CY, Lee KW, Fong YO, Han DS, Lee CH, Lai CL, Chen CC. Oxidative stress involves phenotype modulation of morbid soreness symptoms in fibromyalgia. RMD Open 2023; 9:rmdopen-2022-002741. [PMID: 36918228 PMCID: PMC10016302 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Muscle soreness occurs after exercise and also in musculoskeletal diseases, such as fibromyalgia (FM). However, the nosography and pathoetiology of morbid soreness in FM remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the morbid soreness of FM, evaluate its therapeutic responses and probe its pathophysiology with metabolomics profiling. METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed FM were prospectively recruited and completed self-report questionnaires pertaining to musculoskeletal symptoms. The phenotypes and metabotypes were assessed with variance, classification and correlation analyses. RESULTS Fifty-one patients and 41 healthy controls were included. Soreness symptoms were prevalent in FM individuals (92.2%). In terms of manifestations and metabolomic features, phenotypes diverged between patients with mixed pain and soreness symptoms (FM-PS) and those with pain dominant symptoms. Conventional treatment for FM did not ameliorate soreness severity despite its efficacy on pain. Moreover, despite the salient therapeutic efficacy on pain relief in FM-PS cases, conventional treatment did not improve their general disease severity. Metabolomics analyses suggested oxidative metabolism dysregulation in FM, and high malondialdehyde level indicated excessive oxidative stress in FM individuals as compared with controls (p=0.009). Contrary to exercise-induced soreness, lactate levels were significantly lower in FM individuals than controls, especially in FM-PS. Moreover, FM-PS cases exclusively featured increased malondialdehyde level (p=0.008) and a correlative trend between malondialdehyde expression and soreness intensity (r=0.337, p=0.086). CONCLUSIONS Morbid soreness symptoms were prevalent in FM, with the presentation and therapeutic responses different from FM pain conditions. Oxidative stress rather than lactate accumulation involved phenotype modulation of the morbid soreness in FM. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04832100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Hung
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Department of Child Care, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Sheng Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Wen Liang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yao Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-On Fong
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Sheng Han
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan UniversityHospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Lian Lai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan .,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan .,Taiwan Mouse Clinic - National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and DrugTesting Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Rai A, Bhati P, Anand P. Exercise induced muscle damage and repeated bout effect: an update for last 10 years and future perspectives. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep220025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and repeated bout effect (RBE) are widely researched across various populations. EIMD is the muscle damage occurring after one bout of unaccustomed exercise while RBE is the attenuation of the same muscle damage in subsequent second bout. RBE seems to have significant implications for exercise prescription. Despite existence of vast literature, there is lack of clarity on the effects of EIMD and RBE in a healthy population. The purpose of this study is to review the literature on EIMD and RBE in healthy participants published during the last 10 years. The search of major databases (including Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed) was conducted using specific keywords ‘Exercise induced muscle damage’, ‘Repeated bout effect’, ‘Healthy participants’ ‘Pre-conditioning’, ‘Eccentric exercise’. Studies published from 2011 onwards which included EIMD and RBE assessment in healthy participants were included in this review. Database searching revealed a total of 38 studies on EIMD and RBE in healthy participants. Three major themes of papers were identified that focused on EIMD and RBE along with (1) age related differences, (2) sex-based differences, and (3) response in athletes. Findings of this comprehensive review suggests that both EIMD and RBE are age, and sex specific. Delayed onset muscle soreness played a major role in both EIMD and RBE in all the population types. Female participants are less susceptible to EIMD as compared to age-matched male counterparts. Moreover, both EIMD and RBE are more elicited in middle aged and younger adults as compared to children and older adults while the magnitude of RBE turns out to be minimal in trained individuals due to persisting adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rai
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - P. Bhati
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - P. Anand
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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Drexel H, Mader A, Saely CH, Tautermann G, Dopheide JF, Vonbank A. Downhill hiking improves low-grade inflammation, triglycerides, body weight and glucose tolerance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14503. [PMID: 34267272 PMCID: PMC8282605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a well-established tool for cardiovascular risk reduction. Particularly eccentric exercise, which essentially means walking downwards could favour more people becoming physically active. With the present controlled study, we tested the hypothesis that eccentric exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, triglyceride handling, body mass index, glucose tolerance and inflammation. We allocated 127 healthy sedentary individuals to one of two groups: (i) an active group of 102 individuals walking downwards a predefined route three to five times per week over two months, covering a difference in altitude of 540 m; for the upward route a cable car was used, for which adherence was recorded electronically and (ii) a matched control group of 25 individuals who stayed sedentary. Fasting and postprandial metabolic profiles were obtained at baseline and after two months. Compared to baseline, eccentric exercise significantly improved HOMA insulin resistance (1.94 ± 1.65 vs. 1.71 ± 1.36 (µU−1 ml) × ((mmol/l)−122.5); p = 0.038) and resulted in a decrease in fasting glucose (97 ± 15 vs. 94 ± 9 mg dl−1; p = 0.025) and glucose tolerance (238 ± 50 vs. 217 ± 47 mg dl−1 h−1; p < 0.001), whereas these parameters did not change significantly in the control group. Eccentric exercise significantly improved triglyceride tolerance (1923 ± 1295 vs. 1670 ± 1085 mg dl−1 h−1; p = 0.003), whereas triglyceride tolerance remained unchanged in the control group (p = 0.819). Furthermore, body mass index (27.7 ± 4.3 vs. 27.4 ± 4.3 kg m−2; p = 0.003) and C-reactive protein (0.27 ± 0.42 vs. 0.23 ± 0.25 mg dl−1; p = 0.031) were significantly lowered in the eccentric exercise group but not in the control group. Downhill walking, a type of exercise is a promising unusual exercise modality with favorable effects on body mass index, insulin action, on postprandial glucose and triglyceride handling and on C-reactive protein. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00386854.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria.,Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein.,Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Arthur Mader
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria. .,Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein. .,Department of Medicine I, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria. .,VIVIT Institute, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, 6807, Feldkirch, Austria.
| | - Christoph H Saely
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria.,Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein.,Department of Medicine I, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Gerda Tautermann
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Jörn F Dopheide
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Graubuenden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Vonbank
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria.,Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein.,Department of Medicine I, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
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7
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Muanjai P, Mickevicius M, Snieckus A, Jones DA, Zachovajevas P, Satkunskiene D, Venckunas T, Kamandulis S. Response of Knee Extensor Muscle-Tendon Unit Stiffness to Unaccustomed and Repeated High-Volume Eccentric Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094510. [PMID: 33922796 PMCID: PMC8122999 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to investigate the muscle-tendon unit stiffness response and to compare the stiffness with those of other indirect markers induced by two bouts of unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Eleven untrained men performed two bouts of 200 maximal eccentric contractions of the right quadriceps 4 weeks apart. Changes in stiffness, pain evoked by stretching and pressure, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, and muscle thickness were followed for 7 days after each bout. Stiffness and pain peaked immediately and 1 day after the first exercise bout, whereas CK and thickness were highest 4 and 7 days after the first exercise bout, respectively (p < 0.05 for all). Muscular pain, thickness, and stiffness responses were lower by 53.3%, 99%, and 11.6%, respectively, after the repeated bout compared to after the first bout (p < 0.05 for all), while CK activity response did not differ significantly between bouts. High responders for an increase in muscle-tendon unit stiffness showed a repeated-bout effect for stiffness, pain, and CK activity (by 29%, 65%, and 98%, p < 0.05 for all), but the repeated-bout effect was not that clear in low responders. These findings suggest that a repeated eccentric exercise bout effect on stiffness in quadriceps is mostly not associated with muscle pain and CK activity, but there are large individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Muanjai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Exercise and Nutrition Innovation and Sciences Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
| | - David A. Jones
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | - Pavelas Zachovajevas
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
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8
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Can Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Be a Good Model for the Investigation of the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Diet in Humans? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010036. [PMID: 33466327 PMCID: PMC7824757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical, low-grade, inflammation is one of the main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the majority of chronic and non-communicable diseases. Several methodological approaches have been applied for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of nutrition, however, their impact in human body remains uncertain, because of the fact that the majority of the studies reporting anti-inflammatory effect of dietary patterns, have been performed under laboratory settings and/or in animal models. Thus, the extrapolation of these results to humans is risky. It is therefore obvious that the development of an inflammatory model in humans, by which we could induce inflammatory responses to humans in a regulated, specific, and non-harmful way, could greatly facilitate the estimation of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in a more physiological way and mechanistically relevant way. We believe that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) could serve as such a model, either in studies investigating the homeostatic responses of individuals under inflammatory stimuli or for the estimation of the anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory potential of dietary patterns, foods, supplements, nutrients, or phytochemicals. Thus, in this review we discuss the possibility of exercise-induced muscle damage being an inflammation model suitable for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in humans.
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9
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Margaritelis NV, Theodorou AA, Chatzinikolaou PN, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V. Eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers: early and late phase adaptations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:549-559. [PMID: 33156414 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute high-intensity unaccustomed eccentric exercise performed by naive subjects is accompanied by disturbances in muscle damage biomarkers. The aim of the study was to investigate whether a causal relationship indeed exists between eccentric exercise and muscle damage. METHODS Twenty-four men randomly assigned into a concentric only or an eccentric-only training group and performed 10 weeks of isokinetic resistance exercise (one session/week of 75 maximal knee extensors actions). Physiological markers of muscle function and damage (i.e., range of motion, delayed onset muscle soreness, isometric, concentric and eccentric peak torque) were assessed prior to and 1-3 and 5 days post each session. Biochemical markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase) and inflammation (C-reactive protein) were measured prior and 2 days post each session. RESULTS After the first bout, eccentric exercise induced greater muscle damage compared to concentric exercise; however, during the nine following sessions, this effect progressively diminished, while after the 10th week of training, no alterations in muscle damage biomarkers were observed after either exercise protocol. Additionally, strength gains at the end of the training period were comparable between the two groups and were mode-specific. CONCLUSION (1) eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers; (2) muscle damage occurs as a result of muscle unaccustomedness to this action type; (3) exercise-induced muscle damage is not a prerequisite for increased muscle strength. Collectively, we believe that muscle unaccustomedness to high-intensity eccentric exercise, and not eccentric exercise per se, is the trigger for muscle damage as indicated by muscle damage biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- Dialysis Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Anastasios A Theodorou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Αntistasis 41, 17237, Athens, Greece.
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10
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Benford J, Hughes J, Waldron M, Theis N. Concentric versus eccentric training: Effect on muscle strength, regional morphology, and architecture. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Benford
- School of Sport and Exercise University of Gloucestershire Gloucester UK
| | - Jonathan Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise University of Gloucestershire Gloucester UK
| | - Mark Waldron
- College of Engineering Swansea University Swansea UK
- School of Science and Technology University of New England Armidale NSW Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise University of Gloucestershire Gloucester UK
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11
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Sawada T, Tateyama N, Ikeda T, Ishimaru K. The Effect on Muscle Hardness of Acupuncture Stimulation Using Low-reactive Level Laser Therapy and Silver Spike Point Therapy, along with Stretching. Laser Ther 2020; 29:41-46. [PMID: 32903997 PMCID: PMC7447822 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.20-or-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Muscle hardness causes lower activity in athletic practice or sport competition. Increase in muscle hardness often cause injury and muscle fatigue. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect on muscle hardness of acupuncture stimulation using low-reactive level laser therapy (LLLT) and silver spike point (SSP) therapy, along with stimulation by stretching. MATERIALS SUBJECTS AND METHODS Muscle fatigue was created experimentally, and the effect of LLLT was examined with the indices of muscle hardness and the pennation angle, using ultrasound diagnostic equipment with real-time tissue elastography (RTE) functionality. RESULTS As a result, a combined use of stretching and SSP therapy was effective on muscle hardness, while LLLT alone had no immediate lowering of muscle hardness. In addition, only the laser stretching group demonstrated a significant decrease in the pennation angle. CONCLUSIONS This is because an improved local blood flow due to SSP therapy is considered to have relaxed muscle tonus, which boosted metabolism and removed algogenic substances. This became more effective through a combined use of stretching and low-power laser irradiation. Moreover, it was suggested that stimulation of the acupuncture points in the crus could have a further effect on muscle hardness and the pennation angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Sawada
- Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Nao Tateyama
- Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Takara Ikeda
- Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Keisou Ishimaru
- Ryotokuji University Department of Faculty of Health Sciences, Urayasu, Japan
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12
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Gastin PB, Hunkin SL, Fahrner B, Robertson S. Deceleration, Acceleration, and Impacts Are Strong Contributors to Muscle Damage in Professional Australian Football. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 33:3374-3383. [PMID: 30694964 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gastin, PB, Hunkin, SL, Fahrner, B, and Robertson, S. Deceleration, acceleration, and impacts are strong contributors to muscle damage in professional Australian football. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3374-3383, 2019-The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between serum creatine kinase [CK], an indirect marker of muscle damage, and specific indices of match load in elite Australian football. Twenty-six professional players were assessed during a competitive Australian Football League (AFL) season. [CK] was collected 24-36 hours before match and 34-40 hours after match during 8 in-season rounds. An athlete-tracking technology was used to quantify match load. Generalized estimating equations and random forest models were constructed to determine the extent to which match-load indices and pre-match [CK] explained post-match [CK]. There was a 129 ± 152% increase in [CK] in response to AFL competition. Generalized estimating equations found that number of impacts >3g (p = 0.004) and game time (p = 0.016) were most strongly associated with post-match [CK]. Random forest, with considerably lower errors (130 vs. 316 U·L), found deceleration, acceleration, impacts >3g, and sprint distance to be the strongest predictors. Pre-match [CK] accounted for 11% of post-match [CK], and considerable interindividual and intraindividual variability existed in the data. Creatine kinase, an indicator of muscle damage, was considerably elevated as a result of AFL competition. Parametric and machine-learning analysis techniques found several indices of physical load associated with muscle damage during competition, with impacts >3g and high-intensity running variables as the strongest predictors. [CK] may be used as a global measure of muscle damage in field team sports such as AF, yet with some caution given cost, invasiveness, and inherent variability. Quantifying physical load and the responses to that load can guide athlete management decision-making and is best undertaken within a suite of practical, sport-specific measures, where data are interpreted individually and with an understanding of the limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Gastin
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shannon L Hunkin
- Center for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan Fahrner
- Department of Dietetics, Human Nutrition and Sport, Richmond Football Club, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute of Health and Sport, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Kwiecien SY, O'Hara DJ, McHugh MP, Howatson G. Prolonged cooling with phase change material enhances recovery and does not affect the subsequent repeated bout effect following exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:413-423. [PMID: 31828479 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this investigation was twofold: (1) to examine the effect of prolonged phase change material (PCM) cooling following eccentric exercise of the quadriceps on indices of muscle damage, and (2) to elucidate whether application of PCM cooling blunted the acute adaptive response to eccentric exercise, known as the repeated bout effect (RBE). METHODS Twenty-six males (25 ± 6 years) performed an initial bout (B1) of 120 eccentric quadriceps contractions on each leg at 90% of their isometric strength and were then randomized to receive PCM packs frozen at 15 °C (treatment) or melted packs (control) worn directly on the skin under shorts for 6 h. The protocol was repeated 14 days later (B2) with all participants receiving the control condition. RESULTS PCM cooling provided protection against strength loss in B1 (P = 0.005) with no difference in strength between treatment groups in B2 (P = 0.172; bout by treatment by time P = 0.008). PCM cooling reduced soreness in B1 (P = 0.009) with no difference between treatment groups in B2 (P = 0.061). Soreness was overall lower following B2 than B1 (P < 0.001). CK was elevated in B1 (P < 0.0001) and reduced in B2 (P < 0.001) with no difference between treatments. The damage protocol did not elevate hsCRP in B1, with no difference between treatments or between bouts. CONCLUSIONS This work provides further evidence that PCM cooling enhances recovery of strength and reduces soreness following eccentric exercise. Importantly, these data show for the first time that prolonged PCM cooling does not compromise the adaptive response associated with the RBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Y Kwiecien
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, 210 East 64 Street, 5th Floor, NISMAT, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Denis J O'Hara
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, 210 East 64 Street, 5th Floor, NISMAT, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Malachy P McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, 210 East 64 Street, 5th Floor, NISMAT, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Harper DJ, Carling C, Kiely J. High-Intensity Acceleration and Deceleration Demands in Elite Team Sports Competitive Match Play: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Sports Med 2019; 49:1923-1947. [PMID: 31506901 PMCID: PMC6851047 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The external movement loads imposed on players during competitive team sports are commonly measured using global positioning system devices. Information gleaned from analyses is employed to calibrate physical conditioning and injury prevention strategies with the external loads imposed during match play. Intense accelerations and decelerations are considered particularly important indicators of external load. However, to date, no prior meta-analysis has compared high and very high intensity acceleration and deceleration demands in elite team sports during competitive match play. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to quantify and compare high and very high intensity acceleration vs. deceleration demands occurring during competitive match play in elite team sport contexts. METHODS A systematic review of four electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles published between January 2010 and April 2018 that had reported higher intensity (> 2.5 m·s-2) accelerations and decelerations concurrently in elite team sports competitive match play. A Boolean search phrase was developed using key words synonymous to team sports (population), acceleration and deceleration (comparators) and match play (outcome). Articles only eligible for meta-analysis were those that reported either or both high (> 2.5 m·s-2) and very high (> 3.5 m·s-2) intensity accelerations and decelerations concurrently using global positioning system devices (sampling rate: ≥ 5 Hz) during elite able-bodied (mean age: ≥ 18 years) team sports competitive match play (match time: ≥ 75%). Separate inverse random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to compare: (1) standardised mean differences (SMDs) in the frequency of high and very high intensity accelerations and decelerations occurring during match play, and (2) SMDs of temporal changes in high and very high intensity accelerations and decelerations across first and second half periods of match play. Using recent guidelines recommended for the collection, processing and reporting of global positioning system data, a checklist was produced to help inform a judgement about the methodological limitations (risk of detection bias) aligned to 'data collection', 'data processing' and 'normative profile' for each eligible study. For each study, each outcome was rated as either 'low', 'unclear' or 'high' risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 19 studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising seven team sports including American Football (n = 1), Australian Football (n = 2), hockey (n = 1), rugby league (n = 4), rugby sevens (n = 3), rugby union (n = 2) and soccer (n = 6) with a total of 469 male participants (mean age: 18-29 years). Analysis showed only American Football reported a greater frequency of high (SMD = 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.43) and very high (SMD = 0.19; 95% CI - 0.42 to 0.80) intensity accelerations compared to decelerations. All other sports had a greater frequency of high and very high intensity decelerations compared to accelerations, with soccer demonstrating the greatest difference for both the high (SMD = - 1.74; 95% CI - 1.28 to - 2.21) and very high (SMD = - 3.19; 95% CI - 2.05 to - 4.33) intensity categories. When examining the temporal changes from the first to the second half periods of match play, there was a small decrease in both the frequency of high and very high intensity accelerations (SMD = 0.50 and 0.49, respectively) and decelerations (SMD = 0.42 and 0.46, respectively). The greatest risk of bias (40% 'high' risk of bias) observed across studies was in the 'data collection' procedures. The lowest risk of bias (35% 'low' risk of bias) was found in the development of a 'normative profile'. CONCLUSIONS To ensure that elite players are optimally prepared for the high-intensity accelerations and decelerations imposed during competitive match play, it is imperative that players are exposed to comparable demands under controlled training conditions. The results of this meta-analysis, accordingly, can inform practical training designs. Finally, guidelines and recommendations for conducting future research, using global positioning system devices, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J Harper
- School of Sport, York St John University, Lord Mayors Walk, York, YO31 7EX, UK.
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Christopher Carling
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
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15
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Mackay K, González C, Zbinden-Foncea H, Peñailillo L. Effects of oral contraceptive use on female sexual salivary hormones and indirect markers of muscle damage following eccentric cycling in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2733-2744. [PMID: 31686212 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of oral contraceptive (OC) use on salivary concentrations of testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and its effects on the changes in indirect markers of muscle damage following eccentric cycling in women. METHODS 10 oral contraceptive users at follicular phase (OC-FOL), 10 non-oral contraceptives users at follicular phase (NOC-FOL), and 10 non-oral contraceptives users at ovulation phase (NOC-OV) participated. Subjects performed 30 min of eccentric cycling at 90% of their maximal concentric power output (PO). Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC), creatine kinase activity (CK), muscle soreness (SOR), and pain pressure threshold of vastus lateralis (PPT-VL) was assessed before, immediately after, and 24-96 h after cycling. Salivary estrogen, progesterone and testosterone concentrations were measured before, 72 and 96 h after exercise. RESULTS No difference in estrogen levels between users and non-users was observed. Testosterone was 45% lower in OC-FOL than NOC-FOL at 96 h post-exercise (P = 0.01). Progesterone was 30.8-fold higher in NOC-OV than OC-FOL and 9.7-fold higher than NOC-FOL at 96 h post-exercise. The NOC-FOL recovered all indirect markers of muscle damage by 72 h post-exercise (P > 0.05). NOC-OV recovered MVC strength and muscle soreness (SOR and PPT-VL) by 96 h post-exercise (P > 0.05). OC-FOL did not recover baseline values of MVC, SOR, CK, and PPT-VL by 96 h. CONCLUSION These results suggest that recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage took longer in OC-FOL, followed by NOC-OV and by NOC-FOL, respectively. Furthermore, testosterone and progesterone levels may affect recovery of indirect markers of muscle damage in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mackay
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Finis Terrae University, 1509 Pedro de Valdivia Av., Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristopher González
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Finis Terrae University, 1509 Pedro de Valdivia Av., Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Finis Terrae University, 1509 Pedro de Valdivia Av., Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Finis Terrae University, 1509 Pedro de Valdivia Av., Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
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A Systematic Review Examining the Exercise Parameters Required to Induce the Repeated Bout Effect: Implications for Acute Care Physical Therapists. JOURNAL OF ACUTE CARE PHYSICAL THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/jat.0000000000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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The relationship between stiffness and pain following unaccustomed eccentric exercise: the effects of gentle stretch and repeated bout. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1183-1194. [PMID: 30805713 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine how muscle stiffness and pain which develop after eccentric exercise are affected by gentle stretching and repeated exercise. METHODS Twenty-one healthy female participants undertook eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors and changes in resting elbow flexion angle (REFA; a measure of muscle stiffness), pain on stretch scale, pain elicited by pressure (PPT pain, a measure of mechanoreceptor hypersensitivity), and upper arm girth were followed for 7 days after exercise. The effects of gentle passive stretching on pain and muscle stiffness were investigated 2 and 4 days after exercise. Eleven participants also repeated the exercise with the same arm 6 weeks after the first bout. RESULTS There was a significant relationship between the pain on stretch scale and increased REFA (day 4; R2 = 0.65, p < 0.001), whereas there was no relationship between REFA and PPT pain. REFA was reduced by passive stretching and pain on stretch scale was also reduced from 3.0 (1.4, 5.1) to 0.75 (0.0, 2.0) [median (IQR), p = 0.01]. PPT pain was unaffected by the passive stretching, as was muscle swelling. Following the repeated bout, increases in REFA were much reduced, as was pain on stretch scale (p = 0.02). However, PPT pain was not significantly different between the two bouts of exercise. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that reductions in pain on stretch scale, either by gentle passive stretching or as the result of repeated exercise, are primarily due to reductions in muscle stiffness which develops after eccentric exercise, whereas mechanoreceptor hypersensitivity is relatively unaffected.
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18
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He F, Chuang CC, Zhou T, Jiang Q, Sedlock DA, Zuo L. Redox correlation in muscle lengthening and immune response in eccentric exercise. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208799. [PMID: 30589838 PMCID: PMC6307742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the potential involvement of reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle dysfunction linked with stretching in a mouse model and to explore the effects of combined antioxidant intake on peripheral leukocyte apoptosis following eccentrically-biased downhill runs in human subjects. In the mouse model, diaphragmatic muscle was stretched by 30% of its optimal length, followed by 5-min contraction. Muscle function and extracellular reactive oxygen species release was measured ex vivo. In human models, participants performed two trials of downhill running either with or without antioxidant supplementation, followed by apoptotic assay of inflammatory cells in the blood. The results showed that stretch led to decreased muscle function and prominent ROS increase during muscle contraction. In human models, we observed an elevation in circulating leukocyte apoptosis 24-48 hours following acute downhill runs. However, there is an attenuated leukocyte apoptosis following the second bout of downhill run. Interestingly, the combination of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E) supplementation attenuated the decrease in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) at 24 hours following acute downhill running. These data collectively suggest that significant ROS formation can be induced by muscle-lengthening associated with eccentric exercise, which is accompanied by compromised muscle function. The combination of antioxidants supplementation appears to have a protective role via the attenuation of decrease in anti-apoptotic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Chico, Chico, CA, United States of America
| | - Chia-Chen Chuang
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Tingyang Zhou
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Darlene A. Sedlock
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LZ); (DAS)
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Laboratory, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Maine, Presque Isle, ME, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LZ); (DAS)
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19
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Effect of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Recovery Following Acute Eccentric Exercise. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101389. [PMID: 30275356 PMCID: PMC6212987 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation on recovery from eccentric exercise. Twenty males ingested either a BCAA supplement or placebo (PLCB) prior to and following eccentric exercise. Creatine kinase (CK), vertical jump (VJ), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), jump squat (JS) and perceived soreness were assessed. No significant (p > 0.05) group by time interaction effects were observed for CK, soreness, MVIC, VJ, or JS. CK concentrations were elevated above baseline (p < 0.001) in both groups at 4, 24, 48 and 72 hr, while CK was lower (p = 0.02) in the BCAA group at 48 hr compared to PLCB. Soreness increased significantly from baseline (p < 0.01) in both groups at all time-points; however, BCAA supplemented individuals reported less soreness (p < 0.01) at the 48 and 72 hr time-points. MVIC force output returned to baseline levels (p > 0.05) at 24, 48 and 72 hr for BCAA individuals. No significant difference between groups (p > 0.05) was detected for VJ or JS. BCAA supplementation may mitigate muscle soreness following muscle-damaging exercise. However, when consumed with a diet consisting of ~1.2 g/kg/day protein, the attenuation of muscular performance decrements or corresponding plasma CK levels are likely negligible.
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20
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Bucci R, Lobbezoo F, Michelotti A, Koutris M. Two repetitive bouts of intense eccentric-concentric jaw exercises reduce experimental muscle pain in healthy subjects. J Oral Rehabil 2018; 45:575-580. [PMID: 29782040 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity eccentric-concentric contractions of the jaw-closing muscles induce muscle soreness, fatigue and functional impairment of the jaw, resembling the symptoms of myalgia, according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). However, it is claimed that repetition of similar exercises can minimise these detrimental effects. This study aimed to evaluate the response of jaw-closing muscles following two series of intense eccentric-concentric exercises of the masticatory muscles in healthy subjects. Twelve pain-free participants underwent 2 sessions of intense eccentric-concentric jaw exercises, with 1-week interval in between. Each session of jaw exercises comprises 6 sets of 5-minute-long bouts of concentric-eccentric contractions. Self-reported muscle fatigue and pain, maximum mouth opening without pain (MMO), pain pressure thresholds (PPTs) of temporalis and masseter muscles and maximum voluntary bite force (MVBF) were recorded before, immediately after, 24 and 48 hours after each bout of exercises. ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to analyse the data. During session 2, muscle pain and fatigue were statistically significantly decreased (P < .05) as compared to session 1. Furthermore, statistically significant increases of MVBF (P < .005), MMO (P < .005) and PPTs (P < .005) were found at session 2 as compared to session 1. Within the limitations of the study, is can be concluded that the repetition of eccentric-concentric jaw-closing exercises results in signs of muscle training. Future studies can elucidate whether this motor training might be useful for the treatment of myalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - F Lobbezoo
- Department of Oral Kinesiology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Michelotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M Koutris
- Department of Oral Kinesiology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Harris-Love MO, Seamon BA, Gonzales TI, Hernandez HJ, Pennington D, Hoover BM. Eccentric Exercise Program Design: A Periodization Model for Rehabilitation Applications. Front Physiol 2017; 8:112. [PMID: 28280471 PMCID: PMC5322206 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The applied use of eccentric muscle actions for physical rehabilitation may utilize the framework of periodization. This approach may facilitate the safe introduction of eccentric exercise and appropriate management of the workload progression. The purpose of this data-driven Hypothesis and Theory paper is to present a periodization model for isokinetic eccentric strengthening of older adults in an outpatient rehabilitation setting. Exemplar and group data are used to describe the initial eccentric exercise prescription, structured familiarization procedures, workload progression algorithm, and feasibility of the exercise regimen. Twenty-four men (61.8 ± 6.3 years of age) completed a 12-week isokinetic eccentric strengthening regimen involving the knee extensors. Feasibility and safety of the regimen was evaluated using serial visual analog scale (VAS, 0–10) values for self-reported pain, and examining changes in the magnitude of mean eccentric power as a function of movement velocity. Motor learning associated with the familiarization sessions was characterized through torque-time curve analysis. Total work was analyzed to identify relative training plateaus or diminished exercise capacity during the progressive phase of the macrocycle. Variability in the mean repetition interval decreased from 68 to 12% during the familiarization phase of the macrocycle. The mean VAS values were 2.9 ± 2.7 at the start of the regimen and 2.6 ± 2.9 following 12 weeks of eccentric strength training. During the progressive phase of the macrocycle, exercise workload increased from 70% of the estimated eccentric peak torque to 141% and total work increased by 185% during this training phase. The slope of the total work performed across the progressive phase of the macrocycle ranged from −5.5 to 29.6, with the lowest slope values occurring during microcycles 8 and 11. Also, mean power generation increased by 25% when eccentric isokinetic velocity increased from 60 to 90° s−1 while maintaining the same workload target. The periodization model used in this study for eccentric exercise familiarization and workload progression was feasible and safe to implement within an outpatient rehabilitation setting. Cyclic implementation of higher eccentric movement velocities, and the addition of active recovery periods, are featured in the proposed theoretical periodization model for isokinetic eccentric strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Harris-Love
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics and Performance Laboratory, Clinical Research Center-Human Performance Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA; Geriatrics and Extended Care Service/Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA; Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA
| | - Bryant A Seamon
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics and Performance Laboratory, Clinical Research Center-Human Performance Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA
| | - Tomas I Gonzales
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics and Performance Laboratory, Clinical Research Center-Human Performance Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - Haniel J Hernandez
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics and Performance Laboratory, Clinical Research Center-Human Performance Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA
| | - Donte Pennington
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics and Performance Laboratory, Clinical Research Center-Human Performance Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard UniversityWashington, DC, USA
| | - Brian M Hoover
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics and Performance Laboratory, Clinical Research Center-Human Performance Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
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Jakeman JR, Lambrick DM, Wooley B, Babraj JA, Faulkner JA. Effect of an acute dose of omega-3 fish oil following exercise-induced muscle damage. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:575-582. [PMID: 28213750 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to examine the effect of two fish oil supplements, one high in EPA (750 mg EPA, 50 mg DHA) and one low in EPA (150 mg EPA, 100 mg DHA), taken acutely as a recovery strategy following EIMD. METHODS Twenty-seven physically active males (26 ± 4 year, 1.77 ± 0.07 m, 80 ± 10 kg) completed 100 plyometric drop jumps to induce muscle damage. Perceptual (perceived soreness) and functional (isokinetic muscle strength at 60° and 180° s-1, squat jump performance and countermovement jump performance) indices of EIMD were recorded before, and 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96h after the damaging protocol. Immediately after the damaging protocol, volunteers ingested either a placebo (Con), a low-EPA fish oil (Low EPA) or a high-EPA fish oil (High EPA) at a dose of 1 g per 10 kg body mass. RESULTS A significant group main effect was observed for squat jump, with the High EPA group performing better than Con and Low EPA groups (average performance decrement, 2.1, 8.3 and 9.8%, respectively), and similar findings were observed for countermovement jump performance, (average performance decrement, 1.7, 6.8 and 6.8%, respectively, p = 0.07). Significant time, but no interaction main effects were observed for all functional and perceptual indices measured, although large effect sizes demonstrate a possible ameliorating effect of high dose of EPA fish supplementation (effect sizes ≥0.14). CONCLUSION This study indicates that an acute dose of high-EPA fish oil may ameliorate the functional changes following EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Jakeman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - D M Lambrick
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - B Wooley
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - J A Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Abertay, Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK
| | - J A Faulkner
- Department of Sport and Exercise, University of Winchester, Winchester, SO22 4NR, UK
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Takagi R, Ogasawara R, Tsutaki A, Nakazato K, Ishii N. Regional adaptation of collagen in skeletal muscle to repeated bouts of strenuous eccentric exercise. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1565-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Margaritelis NV, Theodorou AA, Baltzopoulos V, Maganaris CN, Paschalis V, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Muscle damage and inflammation after eccentric exercise: can the repeated bout effect be removed? Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12648. [PMID: 26660557 PMCID: PMC4760450 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current consensus in exercise physiology is that the repeated bout effect always appears after few eccentric exercise sessions. This is the first attempt to challenge this tenet, by exploiting specificity in muscle plasticity. More specifically, we examined whether the opposing adaptations in muscle induced after concentric and eccentric exercise can attenuate and/or remove the repeated bout effect. Seventeen young men were randomly assigned into one of the following groups: (1) the alternating eccentric‐concentric exercise group; and (2) the eccentric‐only exercise group. Both groups performed 8 weeks of resistance exercise using the knee extensors of both legs on an isokinetic dynamometer. The alternating eccentric‐concentric exercise group performed an alternating exercise protocol, switching between eccentric‐only and concentric‐only exercise every 4 weeks, while the eccentric‐only group performed eccentric exercise. Evaluation of muscle damage using physiological (isometric torque, delayed onset muscle soreness, and range of movement) and biochemical (creatine kinase) markers and inflammation (C‐reactive protein) was performed at weeks 1, 5, and 10. Baseline isometric peak torque was also evaluated at week 14 after another cycle (4 weeks) of alternating or eccentric‐only exercise training. In the alternating eccentric‐concentric exercise group, the concentric exercise training performed prior to eccentric exercise reduced dramatically the repeated bout effect by reversing muscle back to its unaccustomed state. On the contrary, the eccentric‐only exercise group exhibited a typical manifestation of the repeated bout effect. Interestingly, muscle strength was elevated similarly for both alternating and eccentric‐only exercise groups after 13 weeks of training. The alternating eccentric‐concentric exercise scheme, implemented in the present study, has for the first time successfully overcame the repeated bout effect. The similarity in muscle strength measurements following the two protocols is against the notion that inflammation plays an important role in exercise‐induced adaptations in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | | | | | - Constantinos N Maganaris
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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