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Girardi M, Gattoni C, Mauro L, Capelli C. The effects of sinusoidal linear drifts on the estimation of cardiorespiratory dynamic parameters during sinusoidal workload forcing: a simulation study. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 289:103652. [PMID: 33677090 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating whether: 1) different sinusoidal linear drifts would affect the estimation of the dynamic parameters amplitude (A) and phase lag (φ) of minute ventilation (V˙E), oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production and heart rate (HR) sinusoidal responses when the frequency analysis technique (F) is performed; 2) the Marquardt-Levenberg non-linear fitting technique (ML) would provide more precise estimations of A and φ of drifted sinusoidal responses compared to F. For each cardiorespiratory variable, fifteen responses to sinusoidal forcing of different sinusoidal periods were simulated by using a first-order dynamic linear model. A wide range of linear drifts were subsequently applied. A and φ were computed for all drifted and non-drifted responses by using both F (AF and φF) and ML (AML and φML). For non-drifted responses, no differences between AF vs AML and φF vs φML were found. Whereas AF and φF were affected by the sinusoidal linear drifts, AML and φML were not. Significant interaction effects (technique x drift) were found for A (P < 0.001; ƞP2 > 0.247) and φ (P < 0.001; ƞP2 > 0.851). Higher goodness of fit values were observed when using ML for drifted V˙E and HR responses only. The present findings suggest ML as a recommended technique to use when sinusoidal linear drifts occur during sinusoidal exercise, and provide new insights on how to analyse drifted cardiorespiratory sinusoidal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Girardi
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Chiara Gattoni
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4AG, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Mauro
- Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, University of Rome "La Sapienza", via Ariosto 25, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, via Felice Casorati 43, 1-37131, Verona, Italy
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Impact of supine versus upright exercise on muscle deoxygenation heterogeneity during ramp incremental cycling is site specific. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1283-1296. [PMID: 33575912 PMCID: PMC8064998 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that incremental ramp cycling exercise performed in the supine position (S) would be associated with an increased reliance on muscle deoxygenation (deoxy[heme]) in the deep and superficial vastus lateralis (VLd and VLs, respectively) and the superficial rectus femoris (RFs) when compared to the upright position (U). METHODS 11 healthy men completed ramp incremental exercise tests in S and U. Pulmonary [Formula: see text]O2 was measured breath-by-breath; deoxy[heme] was determined via time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy in the VLd, VLs and RFs. RESULTS Supine exercise increased the overall change in deoxy[heme] from baseline to maximal exercise in the VLs (S: 38 ± 23 vs. U: 26 ± 15 μM, P < 0.001) and RFs (S: 36 ± 21 vs. U: 25 ± 15 μM, P < 0.001), but not in the VLd (S: 32 ± 23 vs. U: 29 ± 26 μM, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study supports that the impaired balance between O2 delivery and O2 utilization observed during supine exercise is a regional phenomenon within superficial muscles. Thus, deep muscle defended its O2 delivery/utilization balance against the supine-induced reductions in perfusion pressure. The differential responses of these muscle regions may be explained by a regional heterogeneity of vascular and metabolic control properties, perhaps related to fiber type composition.
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Miura K, Kashima H, Namura S, Morimoto M, Endo MY, Oue A, Fukuba Y. Effects of cooling or warming of the distal upper limb on skin vascular conductance and brachial artery shear profiles during cycling exercise. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:308-324. [PMID: 33472421 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1872573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The relative influence of skin vascular conductance in glabrous (G; palm) and non-glabrous (NG; dorsal and forearm) regions to upstream brachial artery-shear stress (BA-SS) profile are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of G and/or NG skin vascular conductance (VC), which were modulated by warming or cooling manipulation, on BA-shear rate (SR, an estimate of SS) during cycling exercise. Seven healthy subjects performed 60-min exercise. Between 20 and 50 min of the exercise, the NG+G or G skin region were warmed to 42°C or cooled to 15°C using a water bath. Throughout the protocol, diameter and blood velocity in BA and skin VCs in forearm and palm were measured. All measurements showed that a steady-state response was reached after 20 min of exercise. Subsequently, during cooling manipulation, forearm VC was significantly decreased, and the concomitant BA-SR profile was revealed (primarily characterized by decreased antegrade SR and increased retrograde SR) in the NG+G. Such changes were not observed in G alone. During warming manipulation, forearm VC and mean BA-SR significantly increased only in the NG+G. In conclusion, vascular response in NG skin possibly plays a major role in the modulation of BA-SS profile during cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hiroshima Shudo, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Saki Namura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Marina Morimoto
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masako Y Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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Miura K, Kashima H, Oue A, Kondo A, Watanabe S, Endo MY, Fukuba Y. Effect of sinusoidal leg cycling exercise period on brachial artery blood flow dynamics in humans. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:23. [PMID: 32312251 PMCID: PMC7170823 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To quantify the dynamics of blood flow in brachial artery (BF-BA) in response to sinusoidal work rate (WR) leg cycling exercises of 2-, 4-, and 6-min periods and to examine their relationship with the forearm skin blood flow (SBF). Methods Seven healthy young male subjects performed upright leg ergometer exercise with a constant WR (mean sinusoidal WR) for 30 min followed by sinusoidal WR exercise of three different periods (number of repetitions): 2 min (7), 4 min (4), and 6 min (3). The WR fluctuated from 20 W to a peak WR corresponding to 60% peak oxygen uptake (VO2). We continuously measured pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), blood velocity and cross-sectional area of BA, and forearm SBF and sweating rate (SR). Results All variables were followed by the sinusoidal WR. The phases of the variables for gas exchange and central circulation, such as VO2 and HR with WR forcing were similar (e.g., phase shift (θ) in HR [°]: 2 min, 60 ± 7; 4 min, 45 ± 10; 6 min, 37 ± 8; mean ± SD) to previous study results, that is, a longer period showed a shorter θ and larger amplitude of responses. Contrarily, the BF-BA response showed anti-phase (approximately 180°) regardless of the period, whereas the θ of forearm SBF and SR were similar to gas exchange and central circulation. Conclusions Inactive limb BF-BA during sinusoidal leg cycling exercise was out of phase relative to the regulation of O2-delivery to active muscles and thermoregulation. The response of BF-BA seems to not always reflect the response of forearm SBF in the downstream area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hiroshima Shudo, Hiroshima, 731-3195, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kondo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Watanabe
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Masako Y Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan.
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Murphy GR, Dunstan RH, Macdonald MM, Borges N, Radford Z, Sparkes DL, Dascombe BJ, Roberts TK. Relationships between electrolyte and amino acid compositions in sweat during exercise suggest a role for amino acids and K+ in reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- from sweat. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223381. [PMID: 31581276 PMCID: PMC6776299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrations of free amino acids and [K+] in human sweat can be many times higher than in plasma. Conversely, [Na+] and [Cl-] in sweat are hypotonic to plasma. It was hypothesised that the amino acids and K+ were directly or indirectly associated with the resorption of Na+ and Cl- in the sweat duct. The implication would be that, as resources of these components became limiting during prolonged exercise then the capacity to resorb [Na+] and [Cl-] would diminish, resulting in progressively higher levels in sweat. If this were the case, then [Na+] and [Cl-] in sweat would have inverse relationships with [K+] and the amino acids during exercise. Forearm sweat was collected from 11 recreational athletes at regular intervals during a prolonged period of cycling exercise after 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 minutes. The subjects also provided passive sweat samples via 15 minutes of thermal stimulation. The sweat samples were analysed for concentrations of amino acids, Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. The exercise sweat had a total amino acid concentration of 6.4 ± 1.2mM after 15 minutes which was lower than the passive sweat concentration at 11.6 ± 0.8mM (p<0.05) and showed an altered array of electrolytes, indicating that exercise stimulated a change in sweat composition. During the exercise period, [Na+] in sweat increased from 23.3 ± 3.0mM to 34.6 ± 2.4mM (p<0.01) over 65 minutes whilst the total concentrations of amino acids in sweat decreased from 6.4 ± 1.2mM to 3.6 ± 0.5mM. [Na+] showed significant negative correlations with the concentrations of total amino acids (r = -0.97, p<0.05), K+ (r = -0.93, p<0.05) and Ca2+ (r = -0.83, p<0.05) in sweat. The results supported the hypothesis that amino acids and K+, as well as Ca2+, were associated with resorption of Na+ and Cl-.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zoe Radford
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Fukuba Y, Endo MY, Kondo A, Kikugawa Y, Miura K, Kashima H, Fujimoto M, Hayashi N, Fukuoka Y, Koga S. Brachial artery blood flow dynamics during sinusoidal leg cycling exercise in humans. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/19/e13456. [PMID: 28989117 PMCID: PMC5641938 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the control of the peripheral circulation of a nonworking upper limb during leg cycling exercise, blood flow (BF) dynamics in the brachial artery (BA) were determined using a sinusoidal work rate (WR) exercise. Ten healthy subjects performed upright leg cycling exercise at a constant WR for 30 min, followed by 16 min of sinusoidal WR consisting of 4‐min periods of WR fluctuating between a minimum output of 20 W and a maximum output corresponding to ventilatory threshold (VT). Throughout the protocol, pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), blood velocity (BV), and cross‐sectional area of the BA, forearm skin BF (SBF), and sweating rate (SR) were measured. Each variable was fitted to a sinusoidal model with phase shift (θ) and amplitude (A). Nearly all variables closely fit a sinusoidal model. Variables relating to oxygen transport, such as VO2 and HR, followed the sinusoidal WR pattern with certain delays (θ: VO2; 51.4 ± 4.0°, HR; 41.8 ± 5.4°, mean ± SD). Conversely, BF response in the BA was approximately in antiphase (175.1 ± 28.9°) with a relatively large A, whereas the phase of forearm SBF was dissimilar (65.8 ± 35.9°). Thus, the change of BF through a conduit artery to the nonworking upper limb appears to be the reverse when WR fluctuates during sinusoidal leg exercise, and it appears unlikely that this could be ascribed exclusively to altering the downstream circulation to forearm skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masako Y Endo
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kondo
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Kikugawa
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujimoto
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hayashi
- Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuoka
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Koga
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan
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