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Misrani A, Tabassum S, Wang T, Huang H, Jiang J, Diao H, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Tan S, Long C, Yang L. Vibration-reduced anxiety-like behavior relies on ameliorating abnormalities of the somatosensory cortex and medial prefrontal cortex. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1351-1359. [PMID: 37905885 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202406000-00040/inline-graphic1/v/2023-10-30T152229Z/r/image-tiff
Tibetan singing bowls emit low-frequency sounds and produce perceptible harmonic tones and vibrations through manual tapping. The sounds the singing bowls produce have been shown to enhance relaxation and reduce anxiety. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used chronic restraint stress or sleep deprivation to establish mouse models of anxiety that exhibit anxiety-like behaviors. We then supplied treatment with singing bowls in a bottomless cage placed on the top of a cushion. We found that unlike in humans, the combination of harmonic tones and vibrations did not improve anxiety-like behaviors in mice, while individual vibration components did. Additionally, the vibration of singing bowls increased the level of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 in the somatosensory cortex and prefrontal cortex of the mice, decreased the level of γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA) receptor α 1 subtype, reduced the level of CaMKII in the prefrontal cortex, and increased the number of GABAergic interneurons. At the same time, electrophysiological tests showed that the vibration of singing bowls significantly reduced the abnormal low-frequency gamma oscillation peak frequency in the medial prefrontal cortex caused by stress restraint pressure and sleep deprivation. Results from this study indicate that the vibration of singing bowls can alleviate anxiety-like behaviors by reducing abnormal molecular and electrophysiological events in somatosensory and medial prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Misrani
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sidra Tabassum
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tintin Wang
- Guangzhou Hongai Cultural Development, Inc., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Yinguo Health Management Team, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huixian Huang
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinxiang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongjun Diao
- Guangzhou Hongai Cultural Development, Inc., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Yinguo Health Management Team, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shaohua Tan
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Cheng Long
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Exercise Training Attenuates Hypertension via Suppressing ROS/MAPK/NF-κB/AT-1R Pathway in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193968. [PMID: 36235619 PMCID: PMC9573547 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aerobic exercise training (ExT) is beneficial for hypertension, however, its central mechanisms in improving hypertension remain unclear. Since the importance of the up-regulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT-1R) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamic in sympathoexcitation and hypertension has been shown, we testified the hypothesis that aerobic ExT decreases blood pressure in hypertensive rats by down-regulating the AT-1R through reactive oxygen species (ROS)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factors κB (NF-κB) pathway within the PVN. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to the following groups: sham operation (SHAM) + kept sedentary (Sed), SHAM + exercise training (ExT), two kidney-one clamp (2K1C) + Sed, and 2K1C + ExT groups. Results: The 2K1C + Sed hypertensive rats showed higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), upregulated ROS, phosphorylated (p-) p44/42 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, NF-κB p65 activity, and AT-1R expression in the PVN, and increased circulating norepinephrine (NE) than those of SHAM rats. After eight weeks of aerobic ExT, the 2K1C + ExT hypertensive rats showed attenuated NE and SBP levels, suppressed NF-κB p65 activity, and reduced expression of ROS, p-p44/42 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, and AT-1R in the PVN, relatively to the 2K1C + Sed group. Conclusions: These data are suggestive of beneficial effects of aerobic ExT in decreasing SBP in hypertensive rats, via down-regulating the ROS/MAPK/NF-κB pathway that targets AT-1R in the PVN, and eventually ameliorating 2K1C-induced hypertension.
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Tardelli LP, Duchatsch F, Herrera NA, Ruiz TFR, Pagan LU, Vicentini CA, Okoshi K, Amaral SL. Benefits of combined exercise training on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated or not with dexamethasone. Front Physiol 2022; 13:916179. [PMID: 36045742 PMCID: PMC9420846 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.916179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX)-induced arterial stiffness is an important side-effect, associated with hypertension and future cardiovascular events, which can be counteracted by exercise training. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms induced by combined training to attenuate arterial stiffness and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated or not with dexamethasone. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) underwent combined training for 74 days and were treated with dexamethasone (50 µg/kg s. c.) or saline solution during the last 14 days. Wistar rats were used as controls. Echocardiographic parameters, blood pressure (BP) and pulse wave velocity (PWV), as well as histological analyses of the heart and aorta, carotid and femoral arteries were performed. At the beginning, SHR had higher BP and PWV compared with Wistar rats. After 60 days, while BP increased in sedentary SHR, combined exercise training decreased BP and PWV. After 74d, the higher BP and PWV of sedentary SHR was accompanied by autonomic imbalance to the heart, cardiac remodeling, and higher arterial collagen deposition. DEX treatment did not change these parameters. On the other hand, trained SHR had reduced BP and PWV, which was associated with better autonomic balance to the heart, reduced myocardial collagen deposition, as well as lower arterial collagen deposition. The results of this study suggest that combined training, through the reduction of aortic collagen deposition, is an important strategy to reduce arterial stiffness in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and these lower responses were maintained regardless of dexamethasone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidieli P. Tardelli
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Francine Duchatsch
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Naiara A. Herrera
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thalles Fernando R. Ruiz
- Joint Graduate Program in Animal Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana U. Pagan
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Vicentini
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Katashi Okoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra L. Amaral
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Sandra L. Amaral,
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Xue B, Cui JL, Guo F, Beltz TG, Zhao ZG, Zhang GS, Johnson AK. Voluntary Exercise Prevents Hypertensive Response Sensitization Induced by Angiotensin II. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:848079. [PMID: 35250473 PMCID: PMC8891537 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.848079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has profound effects on the renin-angiotensin system, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, all of which affect autonomic nervous system activity and regulate blood pressure (BP) in both physiological and pathophysiological states. Using the Induction-Delay-Expression paradigm, our previous studies demonstrated that various challenges (stressors) during Induction resulted in hypertensive response sensitization (HTRS) during Expression. The present study tested whether voluntary exercise would protect against subpressor angiotensin (ANG) II-induced HTRS in rats. Adult male rats were given access to either “blocked” (sedentary rats) or functional running (exercise rats) wheels for 12 weeks, and the Induction-Delay-Expression paradigm was applied for the rats during the last 4 weeks. A subpressor dose of ANG II given during Induction produced an enhanced hypertensive response to a pressor dose of ANG II given during Expression in sedentary rats in comparison to sedentary animals that received saline (vehicle control) during Induction. Voluntary exercise did not attenuate the pressor dose of ANG II-induced hypertension but prevented the expression of HTRS seen in sedentary animals. Moreover, voluntary exercise reduced body weight gain and feed efficiency, abolished the augmented BP reduction after ganglionic blockade, reversed the increased mRNA expression of pro-hypertensive components, and upregulated mRNA expression of antihypertensive components in the lamina terminalis and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, two key brain nuclei involved in the control of sympathetic activity and BP regulation. These results indicate that exercise training plays a beneficial role in preventing HTRS and that this is associated with shifting the balance of the brain prohypertensive and antihypertensive pathways in favor of attenuated central activity driving sympathetic outflow and reduced BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Xue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Baojian Xue,
| | - Jun-Ling Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Terry G. Beltz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Zi-Gang Zhao
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Geng-Shen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Geng-Shen Zhang,
| | - Alan Kim Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Cao Q, Wang J, Hao Y, Zhao F, Fu R, Yu Y, Wang J, Niu R, Bian S, Sun Z. Exercise Ameliorates Fluoride-induced Anxiety- and Depression-like Behavior in Mice: Role of GABA. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:678-688. [PMID: 33825162 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride exposure caused anxiety- and depression-like behavior in mice. Meanwhile, exercise contributes to relieve anxiety and depression. However, the effects of exercise on anxiety- and depression-like behavior in fluorosis mice remain unclear. In the current study, thirty-six Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) female mice were randomly assigned to four groups: control group (C, gavage with distilled water); exercise group (E, gavage with distilled water and treadmill exercise (speed, 10 m/min; time, 30 min/day)); fluoride group (F, gavage with 24 mg/kg sodium fluoride (NaF)); and exercise plus fluoride group (EF, gavage with 24 mg/kg NaF and treadmill exercise). All treatments lasted for 8 weeks. A number of entries into and time spent in the open zone in the elevated zero maze (EZM), resting time in the tail suspension test (TST) and levels of serotonin (5-HT) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were significantly altered in F when compared to C. Meanwhile, the anxiety-like behavior in the EZM and the depression-like behavior in the TST were significantly improved in EF when compared to group F. Exercise significantly enhanced fluoride-induced low GABA level, with less effect on the concentration of 5-HT. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expressions of GABA synthesis and transport-related proteins of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 and GAD67 and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) were all strikingly decreased in F, while those in EF were increased. In conclusion, exercise ameliorates anxiety- and depression-like behavior in fluorosis mice through increasing the expressions of GABA synthesis and transport-related proteins, rather than 5-HT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jixiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanru Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Fangye Zhao
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Rong Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanghuan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Shengtai Bian
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zilong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Sinaei M, Alaei H, Nazem F, Kargarfard M, Feizi A, Talebi A, Esmaeili A, Nobari H, Pérez-Gómez J. Endurance exercise improves avoidance learning and spatial memory, through changes in genes of GABA and relaxin-3, in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 566:204-210. [PMID: 34214757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Different exercise patterns, neurotransmitters, and some genes have numerous effects on learning and memory. This research aims to investigate the long-term effects of submaximal aerobic exercise on spatial memory (SM), passive avoidance learning (PAL), levels of serum relaxin-3, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), RLN3 gene, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65/67 genes) in the brainstem of adult male Wistar rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: aerobic exercise groups, performed on a treadmill running (TR), for 5 weeks (Ex5, n = 10), 10 weeks (Ex10, n = 10), involuntary running wheel group for 5 weeks (IRW5, n = 10), sham (Sh, n = 10) and control (Co, n = 10). Consequently, SM, PAL, serum relaxin-3, GABA, and GAD65/67 and RLN3 genes were measured by ELISA and PCR. Ex5, Ex10 and IRW5 improved significantly SM (p ≤ 0.05), PAL (p ≤ 0.001) and decreased significantly relaxin-3 (p ≤ 0.001). RLN3 in the brain also decreased. However, it was not significant. GABA and GAD65/GAD67 increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in Ex5, Ex10 compared to Sh and Co. Aerobic exercise enhanced SM and PAL in Ex compared to Co and Sh. However, duration and type of exercise affected the level of enhancement. The serum relaxin-3 and RLN3 gene displayed reverse functions compared to GABA and GAD65/67 genes in Ex. Therefore, the changes of neurotransmitters in serum relaxin-3, GABA, and their genes: RLN3 and GAD65/67 respectively, influenced learning and memory meaningfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Sinaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Boroujerd, Iran.
| | - Hojatollah Alaei
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Farzad Nazem
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of School of Sport Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health,Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ardeshir Talebi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18010, Granada, Spain.
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
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Dos Santos KM, Moraes DJDA, da Silva MP, Antunes VR. Exercise training rescues the electrical activity of liver-projecting DMNV neurones in response to oxytocin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12977. [PMID: 33942389 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A neural circuit between the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) constitutes part of an important parasympathetic autonomic pathway that controls hepatic glucose production. Intracerebroventricular injection of insulin activates oxytocinergic neurones in the PVN and elicits the release of oxytocin into the circulation, which plays an important role in the metabolism of glucose. Moreover, the central action of insulin can reduce the concentration of glucose in blood taken from the hepatic vein of Wistar rats via activation of vagal efferent nerves to the liver. This mechanism is impaired in sedentary spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Because aerobic exercise increases vagal tone, partly mediated by increasing the oxytocinergic connections between the PVN and DMNV, we hypothesised that oxytocin (OT) might alter the excitability of liver-projecting DMNV neurones. Thus, we investigated the effects of OT on electrical properties of the liver-projecting DMNV neurones from Wistar, SHR subjected to 4 weeks of exercise training, as well sedentary controls, using whole cell patch-clamping. The results show that OT increased the resting membrane potential of DMNV neurones in Wistar rats, as well as the firing frequency of these cells, but not in sedentary SHR. However, in SHR subjected to 4 weeks of exercise training, the effects of OT on liver-projecting DMNV neurones of were similar to those seen in Wistar rats. These findings show that OT elicits similar changes in the electrophysiological properties of liver-projecting DMNV neurones of Wistar and exercise-trained but not sedentary SHR. These results indicate that exercise training can restore the sensitivity of liver-projecting DMNV neurones of exercise-trained SHR to OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Martins Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi José de Almeida Moraes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Melina Pires da Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Vagner Roberto Antunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Miotto DS, Duchatsch F, Macedo AG, Ruiz TFR, Vicentini CA, Amaral SL. Perindopril Reduces Arterial Pressure and Does Not Inhibit Exercise-Induced Angiogenesis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:519-528. [PMID: 33394824 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sympathetic activity, arteriolar structure, and angiogenesis are important mechanisms modulating hypertension and this study aimed to analyze the effects of perindopril treatment, associated or not with exercise training, on the mechanisms that control blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were allocated into 4 groups: 1/sedentary (S); 2/perindopril (P, 3.0 mg/kg/d); 3/trained (T); and 4/trained + perindopril (TP). Wistar rats were used as normotensive sedentary control group. SHR were assigned to undergo a treadmill training (T) or were kept sedentary. Heart rate, BP, sympathetic activity to the vessels (LF-SBP), and skeletal muscle and myocardial morphometric analyses were performed. BP was significantly lower after all 3 strategies, compared with S and was accompanied by lower LF-SBP (-76%, -53%, and -44%, for P, T, and TP, respectively). Arteriolar vessel wall cross-sectional area was lower after treatments (-56%, -52%, and -56%, for P, T, and TP, respectively), and only TP presented higher arteriolar lumen area. Capillary rarefaction was present in soleus muscle and myocardium in S group and both trained groups presented higher vessel density, although perindopril attenuated this increase in soleus muscle. Although myocyte diameter was not different between groups, myocardial collagen deposition area, higher in S group, was lower after 3 strategies. In conclusion, we may suggest that perindopril could be an option for the hypertensive people who practice exercise and need a specific pharmacological treatment to reach a better BP control, mainly because training-induced angiogenesis is an important response to facilitate blood flow perfusion and oxygen uptake and perindopril did not attenuate this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle S Miotto
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Francine Duchatsch
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson G Macedo
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Thalles F R Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences- UNESP, School of Sciences, São José do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil; and
| | | | - Sandra L Amaral
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
- Physical Education, UNESP, School of Sciences, Bauru/SP, Brazil
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9
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Wang FF, Ba J, Yu XJ, Shi XL, Liu JJ, Liu KL, Fu LY, Su Q, Li HB, Kang KB, Yi QY, Wang SQ, Gao HL, Qi J, Li Y, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Central Blockade of E-Prostanoid 3 Receptor Ameliorated Hypertension Partially by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:286-300. [PMID: 33165770 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-020-09619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, as one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, significantly affects human health. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the E3-class prostanoid (EP3) receptor have previously been demonstrated to modulate blood pressure and hemodynamics in various animal models of hypertension. The PGE2-evoked pressor and biochemical responses can be blocked with the EP3 receptor antagonist, L-798106 (N-[(5-bromo-2methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-[2-(2-naphthalenylmethyl) phenyl]-2-propenamide). In the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), sympathetic excitation can be introduced by PGE2, which can activate EP3 receptors located in the PVN. In such a case, the central knockdown of EP3 receptor can be considered as a potential therapeutic modality for hypertension management. The present study examined the efficacy of the PVN infusion of L-798106, by performing experiments on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs). The rats were administered with chronic bilateral PVN infusion of L-798106 (10 μg/day) or the vehicle for 28 days. The results indicated that the SHRs had a higher mean arterial pressure (MAP), an increased Fra-like (Fra-LI) activity in the PVN, as well as a higher expression of gp91phox, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and proinflammatory cytokines in the PVN compared with the WKYs. Additionally, the expression of Cu/Zn-SOD in the PVN of the SHRs was reduced compared with the WKYs. The bilateral PVN infusion of L-798106 significantly reduced MAP, as well as plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels in the SHRs. It also inhibited Fra-LI activity and reduced the expression of gp91phox, proinflammatory cytokines, and MAPK, whereas it increased the expression of Cu/Zn-SOD in the PVN of SHRs. In addition, L-798106 restored the balance of the neurotransmitters in the PVN. On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that the PVN blockade of EP3 receptor can ameliorate hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy partially by attenuating ROS and proinflammatory cytokines, and modulating neurotransmitters in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Department of Functional Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Juan Ba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brian Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai B Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shu-Qiu Wang
- Department of Functional Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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10
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Costa HA, Dias CJM, Martins VDA, de Araujo SA, da Silva DP, Mendes VS, de Oliveira MNS, Mostarda CT, Borges ACR, Ribeiro RM, Filho NS. Effect of treatment with carvacrol and aerobic training on cardiovascular function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:891-901. [PMID: 33595154 DOI: 10.1113/ep089235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can two non-drug therapies, carvacrol and aerobic physical training, together have additive effects on the reduction of cardiovascular risks and control of arterial hypertension? What is the main finding and its importance? The oral use of carvacrol (20 mg/kg/day) can control sustained hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and when this use is associated with aerobic physical training, there is a more pronounced effect on the reduction of blood pressure values, making these therapies an adjunct option in the drug treatment of hypertension. ABSTRACT Systemic arterial hypertension is considered the foremost cardiovascular risk factor, and it is important to examine different therapies that help prevent and treat it, especially when associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. In this context, it is known that both carvacrol and aerobic physical training benefit the cardiovascular system. This study investigated the effects of treatment with carvacrol combined with aerobic exercise on hypertensive rats with cardiovascular risk parameters. We used an experimental design with six groups: normotensive control (Wistar rats); hypertensive control (spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHR); positive control rats treated with amlodipine (Aml-20 mg); rats treated with carvacrol (Carv-20 mg); rats trained with exercise (Exer); and rats treated with carvacrol and exercise (ExerCarv). The treatment lasted for 4 weeks, monitoring heart rate and systolic blood pressure (SBP). At the end of the treatment, vascular reactivity tests were performed in addition to biochemical measurements of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic indexes, relative heart weight and histopathological analysis of cardiac perivascular tissue. Significant reductions in SBP were observed after the training period, with the ExerCarv group showing a greater magnitude of reduction (∆SBP = 88 ± 10.0 mmHg, 42%). This group also experienced reductions in atherogenic indices and improvement in all analysed lipid parameters, with no differences observed in the Exer group. The findings indicated that the interaction between aerobic exercise and carvacrol offers a greater BP reduction. Exercise is particularly effective for controlling biochemical parameters of cardiovascular risk, regardless of carvacrol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herikson Araujo Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Núcleo de Atividade Física e Saúde (NAFS) and Laboratório de Adaptações Cardiorrenais ao Exercício Físico (LACE), Federal University of Maranhão, Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Moraes Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação de Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Núcleo de Atividade Física e Saúde (NAFS) and Laboratório de Adaptações Cardiorrenais ao Exercício Físico (LACE), Federal University of Maranhão, Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Vicenilma de Andrade Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Sandra Alves de Araujo
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Daiane Pereira da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Vinícius S Mendes
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiano Teixeira Mostarda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação de Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Romão Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Rachel Melo Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Natalino Salgado Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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11
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Drummond LR, Campos HO, de Andrade Lima PM, da Fonseca CG, Kunstetter AC, Rodrigues QT, Szawka RE, Natali AJ, Prímola-Gomes TN, Wanner SP, Coimbra CC. Impaired thermoregulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats during physical exercise is related to reduced hypothalamic neuronal activation. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1757-1768. [PMID: 33040159 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the physical exercise-induced neuronal activation in brain nuclei controlling thermoregulatory responses in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Sixteen-week-old male normotensive Wistar rats (NWRs) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were implanted with an abdominal temperature sensor. After recovery, the animals were subjected to a constant-speed treadmill running (at 60% of the maximum aerobic speed) for 30 min at 25 °C. Core (Tcore) and tail-skin (Tskin) temperatures were measured every minute during exercise. Ninety minutes after the exercise, the rats were euthanized, and their brains were collected to determine the c-Fos protein expression in the following areas that modulate thermoregulatory responses: medial preoptic area (mPOA), paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), and supraoptic nucleus (SON). During treadmill running, the SHR group exhibited a greater increase in Tcore and an augmented threshold for cutaneous heat loss relative to the NWR group. In addition, the SHRs showed reduced neuronal activation in the mPOA (< 49.7%) and PVN (< 44.2%), but not in the SON. The lower exercise-induced activation in the mPOA and PVN in hypertensive rats was strongly related to the delayed onset of cutaneous heat loss. We conclude that the enhanced exercise-induced hyperthermia in hypertensive rats can be partially explained by a delayed cutaneous heat loss, which is, in turn, associated with reduced activation of brain areas modulating thermoregulatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rios Drummond
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Helton Oliveira Campos
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcelo de Andrade Lima
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cletiana Gonçalves da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cançado Kunstetter
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Quezia Teixeira Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Raphael Escorsim Szawka
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio José Natali
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Thales Nicolau Prímola-Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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12
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Ferreira-Junior NC, Ruggeri A, Silva SD, Zampieri TT, Ceroni A, Michelini LC. Exercise training increases GAD65 expression, restores the depressed GABA A receptor function within the PVN and reduces sympathetic modulation in hypertension. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14107. [PMID: 31264387 PMCID: PMC6603325 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic inhibitory input within the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) plays a key role in restraining sympathetic outflow. Although experimental evidence has shown depressed GABAA receptor function plus sympathoexcitation in hypertension and augmented GABA levels with reduced sympathetic activity after exercise training (T), the mechanisms underlying T‐induced effects remain unclear. Here we investigated in T and sedentary (S) SHR and WKY: (1) time‐course changes of hemodynamic parameters and PVN glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) isoforms’ expression; (2) arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) responses, sympathetic/parasympathetic modulation of heart and vessels and baroreflex sensitivity to GABAA receptor blockade within the PVN. SHR‐S versus WKY‐S exhibited higher AP and HR, increased sympathetic reduced parasympathetic modulation, smaller baroreflex sensitivity, and reduced PVN GAD65 immunoreactivity. SHR‐T and WKY‐T showed prompt maintained increase (2–8 weeks) in GAD65 expression (responsible for GABA vesicular pool synthesis), which occurred simultaneously with HR reduction in SHR‐T and preceded MAP fall in SHR‐T and resting bradycardia in WKY‐T. There was no change in GAD67 expression (mainly involved with GABA metabolic pool). Resting HR in both groups and basal MAP in SHR were negatively correlated with PVN GAD65 expression. Normalized baroreflex sensitivity and autonomic control observed only in SHR‐T were due to recovery of GABAA receptor function into the PVN since bicuculline administration abolished these effects. Data indicated that training augments in both groups the expression/activity of GABAergic neurotransmission within presympathetic PVN neurons and restores GABAA receptors′ function specifically in the SHR, therefore strengthening GABAergic modulation of sympathetic outflow in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson C Ferreira-Junior
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ruggeri
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião D Silva
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais T Zampieri
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ceroni
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lisete C Michelini
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Zn(II)-Containing Metal–Organic Framework for Fluorescence Detection of Nitrobenzene and Prevention Effect on Hypertension via Down-Regulating the Expression of Vitamin D Receptor. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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