1
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Jeerawattanawart S, Hansakon A, Roytrakul S, Angkasekwinai P. Regulation and function of adiponectin in the intestinal epithelial cells in response to Trichinella spiralis infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14004. [PMID: 37635188 PMCID: PMC10460792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides metabolic homeostasis regulation, adipokines are recently emerged as important players in regulating immunity and inflammation. Helminth infection has known to modulate circulating adipokine secretion; however, the regulation and function of adipokines in response to helminth infection is still unclear. Here, we investigated the regulation and function of adiponectin during T. spiralis infection. While there was no change in circulating level of adiponectin, we found an increased adiponectin, but not leptin expression in the small intestine. Interestingly, the intestinal adiponectin expression was strongly associated with the expression of epithelial cell-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP following infection. Indeed, mice deficiency of IL-25 receptor exhibited no intestinal adiponectin induction upon helminth infection. Interestingly, IL-25-induced adiponectin modulated intestinal epithelial cell responses by enhancing occludin and CCL17 expression. Using LPS-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunctions in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model, adiponectin pretreatment enhanced a Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and occludin expression. More importantly, adiponectin pretreatment of Caco2 cells prevented T. spiralis larval invasion in vitro and its administration during infection enhanced intestinal IL-13 secretion and worm expulsion in vivo. Altogether, our data suggest that intestinal adiponectin expression induced by helminth infection through the regulation of IL-25 promotes worm clearance and intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siranart Jeerawattanawart
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Adithap Hansakon
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
- Research Unit in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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2
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Camaya I, O’Brien B, Donnelly S. How do parasitic worms prevent diabetes? An exploration of their influence on macrophage and β-cell crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1205219. [PMID: 37564976 PMCID: PMC10411736 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1205219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the fastest growing chronic disease globally, with prevalence increasing at a faster rate than heart disease and cancer. While the disease presents clinically as chronic hyperglycaemia, two distinct subtypes have been recognised. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterised as an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells are destroyed, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) arises due to metabolic insufficiency, in which inadequate amounts of insulin are produced, and/or the actions of insulin are diminished. It is now apparent that pro-inflammatory responses cause a loss of functional β-cell mass, and this is the common underlying mechanism of both T1D and T2D. Macrophages are the central immune cells in the pathogenesis of both diseases and play a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of the proinflammatory responses that compromise β-cell function. Furthermore, it is the crosstalk between macrophages and β-cells that orchestrates the inflammatory response and ensuing β-cell dysfunction/destruction. Conversely, this crosstalk can induce immune tolerance and preservation of β-cell mass and function. Thus, specifically targeting the intercellular communication between macrophages and β-cells offers a unique strategy to prevent/halt the islet inflammatory events underpinning T1D and T2D. Due to their potent ability to regulate mammalian immune responses, parasitic worms (helminths), and their excretory/secretory products, have been examined for their potential as therapeutic agents for both T1D and T2D. This research has yielded positive results in disease prevention, both clinically and in animal models. However, the focus of research has been on the modulation of immune cells and their effectors. This approach has ignored the direct effects of helminths and their products on β-cells, and the modulation of signal exchange between macrophages and β-cells. This review explores how the alterations to macrophages induced by helminths, and their products, influence the crosstalk with β-cells to promote their function and survival. In addition, the evidence that parasite-derived products interact directly with endocrine cells to influence their communication with macrophages to prevent β-cell death and enhance function is discussed. This new paradigm of two-way metabolic conversations between endocrine cells and macrophages opens new avenues for the treatment of immune-mediated metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheila Donnelly
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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3
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Zarlenga D, Thompson P, Mitreva M, Rosa BA, Hoberg E. Horizontal gene transfer provides insights into the deep evolutionary history and biology of Trichinella. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00155. [PMID: 35542181 PMCID: PMC9079694 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution involves temporal changes in the characteristics of a species that are subsequently propagated or rejected through natural selection. In the case of parasites, host switching also plays a prominent role in the evolutionary process. These changes are rooted in genetic variation and gene flow where genes may be deleted, mutated (sequence), duplicated, rearranged and/or translocated and then transmitted through vertical gene transfer. However, the introduction of new genes is not driven only by Mendelian inheritance and mutation but also by the introduction of DNA from outside a lineage in the form of horizontal gene transfer between donor and recipient organisms. Once introduced and integrated into the biology of the recipient, vertical inheritance then perpetuates the newly acquired genetic factor, where further functionality may involve co-option of what has become a pre-existing physiological capacity. Upon sequencing the Trichinella spiralis (Clade I) genome, a cyanate hydratase (cyanase) gene was identified that is common among bacteria, fungi, and plants, but rarely observed among other eukaryotes. The sequence of the Trichinella cyanase gene clusters with those derived from the Kingdom Plantae in contrast to the genes found in some Clade III and IV nematodes that cluster with cyanases of bacterial origin. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the Trichinella cyanase was acquired during the Devonian period and independently from those of other nematodes. These data may help inform us of the deep evolutionary history and ecological connectivity of early ancestors within the lineage of contemporary Trichinella. Further, in many extant organisms, cyanate detoxification has been largely superseded by energy requirements for metabolism. Thus, deciphering the function of Trichinella cyanase may provide new avenues for treatment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Zarlenga
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, B1180 BARC-East Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Peter Thompson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, B1180 BARC-East Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- McDonnel Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Bruce A. Rosa
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- McDonnel Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Eric Hoberg
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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4
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Bruschi F, Ashour D, Othman A. Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00164. [PMID: 35615625 PMCID: PMC9125654 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a unique parasite in that both the adults and larvae survive in two different intracellular niches in the same host. The immune response, albeit intense, is highly modulated to ensure the survival of both the host and the parasite. It is skewed to T helper 2 and regulatory arms. Diverse cells from both the innate and adaptive compartments of immunity, including dendritic cells, T regulatory cells, and alternatively activated macrophages are thought to mediate such immunomodulation. The parasite has also an outstanding ability to evade the immune system by several elaborate processes. The molecules derived from the parasites including Trichinella, particularly the components of the excretory-secretory products, are being continually identified and explored for the potential of ameliorating the immunopathology in animal models of diverse inflammatory and autoimmune human diseases. Herein we discuss the various aspects of Trichinella-induced immunomodulation with a special reference to the practical implications of the immune system manipulation in alleviating or possibly curing human diseases.
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Key Words
- AAM, alternatively activated macrophage
- AW, adult worm
- Allergy
- Autoimmune diseases
- Breg, regulatory B cell
- CAM, classically activated macrophage
- Cancer
- ES L1, ES product of T. spiralis muscle larva
- ES, excretory–secretory
- IFN- γ, interferon-γ
- IIL, intestinal infective larva
- IL, interleukin
- Immune evasion
- Immunomodulation
- ML, muscle larva
- NBL, newborn larva
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF- α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Th, T helper
- Tol-DC, tolerogenic dendritic cell
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- Trichinella
- Trichinella-derived molecules
- Ts-AES, ES from adult T. spiralis
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bruschi
- School of Medicine, Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D.S. Ashour
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - A.A. Othman
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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5
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Yang H, Li H, Chen W, Mei Z, Yuan Y, Wang X, Chu L, Xu Y, Sun Y, Li D, Gao H, Zhan B, Li H, Yang X. Therapeutic Effect of Schistosoma japonicum Cystatin on Atherosclerotic Renal Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760980. [PMID: 34901005 PMCID: PMC8656285 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation of the arterial vessel wall driven by lipid metabolism disorders. Although helminthic infection and their derivatives have been identified to attenuate the chronic inflammatory diseases, the immunomodulatory effect of recombinant Schistosoma japonicum cystatin (rSj-Cys) on metabolic diseases and atherosclerosis has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of rSj-Cys on atherosclerotic renal damage and explored the related immunological mechanism. The results demonstrated that treatment with rSj-Cys significantly reduced body weight gain, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis induced by the high-fat diet in apoE–/– mice. The treatment of rSj-Cys also significantly improved kidney functions through promoting macrophage polarization from M1 to M2, therefore inhibiting M1 macrophage–induced inflammation. The possible mechanism underlying the regulatory effect of rSj-Cys on reducing atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic renal damage is that rSj-Cys stimulates regulatory T cell and M2 macrophage polarization that produce regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β. The therapeutic effect of rSj-Cys on atherosclerotic renal damage is possibly through inhibiting the activation of TLR2/Myd88 signaling pathway. The results in this study provide evidence for the first time that Schistosoma-derived cystatin could be developed as a therapeutic agent to treat lipid metabolism disorder and atherosclerosis that threats million lives around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongqi Li
- Department of Gerontology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijie Mei
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Dingru Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Huihui Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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Würfel M, Breitfeld J, Gebhard C, Scholz M, Baber R, Riedel-Heller SG, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P, Tönjes A. Interplay between adipose tissue secreted proteins, eating behavior and obesity. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:885-899. [PMID: 34636987 PMCID: PMC8854280 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Adipokines may play an important role in the complex etiology of human obesity and its metabolic complications. Here, we analyzed the relationship between 15 adipokines, eating behavior and body-mass index (BMI). Methods The study included 557 participants of the Sorbs (62.1% women, 37.9% men) and 3101 participants of the population-based LIFE-Adult cohorts (53.4% women, 46.4% men) who completed the German version of the Three-Factor-Eating Questionnaire to assess the eating behavior types cognitive restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Serum levels of 15 adipokines, including adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP), angiopoietin-related growth factor (AGF), chemerin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19, FGF-21, FGF-23, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, interleukin (IL) 10, irisin, progranulin, vaspin, pro-neurotensin (pro-NT), pro-enkephalin (PENK) and leptin were measured. Based on significant correlations between several adipokines with different eating behavior items and BMI, we conducted mediation analyses, considering the eating behavior items as potential mediation variable towards BMI. Results Here, we found that the positive association between chemerin, AFABP or leptin and BMI in Sorbian women was mediated by higher restraint or disinhibited eating, respectively. Additionally, in Sorbian women, the negative relation between IGF-1 and BMI was mediated by higher disinhibition and the positive link between AGF and BMI by lower disinhibition. In Sorbian men, the negative relationship between PENK and BMI was mediated by lower disinhibition and hunger, whereas the negative relation between IGF-1 and BMI was mediated by higher hunger. In the LIFE-Adult women´s cohort, associations between chemerin and BMI were mediated by decreased hunger or disinhibition, respectively, whereas relations between PENK and BMI were fully mediated by decreased disinhibition. Conclusion Our study suggests that adipokines such as PENK, IGF-1, chemerin, AGF, AFABP and leptin might affect the development of obesity by directly modifying individual eating behavior. Given the observational nature of the study, future experimental or mechanistic work is warranted. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02687-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Würfel
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Breitfeld
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhard
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Baber
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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7
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Rudneva OV, Аndreyanov ON, Sidor EA. Reprint of: The retention and concentration of glycogen in Trichinella nativа in the winter-spring period. Vet Parasitol 2021; 297:109547. [PMID: 34389192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of Trichinella spp. is primarily anoxybiotic in nature. Their main energy source is glycogen, which is stored in the stichocites at the muscular stage of the larval development. When subject to tow temperatures the Trichinella larvae consume glycogen and neutral fats to provide for basal metabolism until the energy supplies reach the critical level. The present study establishes the glycogen concentration as well the invasive activity of T. nativа when affected by low temperatures in natural conditions. The carcasses of infected laboratory rats were placed in containers beneath the snow cover, in the natural conditions of a game husbandry in Central Russia. The viability, invasive capacity and the glycogen level were monitored in the Trichinella larvae monthly. The invasive capacity of Trichinella larvae was established based on the presence of the larvae in the muscular tissue of laboratory mice after the peroral administration of the helminth larvae. On the 45 day of the experiment, the mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and if the Trichinella larvae could be discovered in the muscular tissue with the help of the trichinelloscopic compression method, the invasive capacity of the Trichinella larvae was viewed as positive. To establish the quantitative value of glycogen content in Trichinella larvae a modified method was used. In order to measure the glycogen level in the T. nativa larvae isolated by fermentation larvae were counted in one drop of the suspended sedimentation in the Migacheva-Kotelnikov chamber. To establish the quantitative value of glycogen content in Trichinella larvae a method based on the treatment of glycogen with iodine, optical density measurement with a refractometer MКMФ-02 was used. For the purpose of measuring the concentration of glycogen in Trichinella larvae in the suspended sedimentation a calibration curve was used. The studies showed that the viability indicator of the Trichinella larvae which had been preserved in natural conditions in the four months of the winter-spring period, in the muscular tissue of laboratory rats remained high (over 90 %). The glycogen concentration in one helminth larva was 0.041 μg in January, 0.033 μg in February, 0.015 μg in April. The invasive capability of the preserved Trichinella larvae was considerably reduced to 33.3 %. In the winter period, under temperatures below 0 °C, a decrease in the glycogen concentration in the Trichinella larvae was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Rudneva
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Center VIEV (FSC VIEV) - All - Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinari Medicina K. I. Skryabin and Y.R. Kovalenko the Russian Academy of Sciences", B. Cheremushkinskaya Street 28, 117218, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Oleg N Аndreyanov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Center VIEV (FSC VIEV) - All - Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinari Medicina K. I. Skryabin and Y.R. Kovalenko the Russian Academy of Sciences", B. Cheremushkinskaya Street 28, 117218, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugenia A Sidor
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Center VIEV (FSC VIEV) - All - Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinari Medicina K. I. Skryabin and Y.R. Kovalenko the Russian Academy of Sciences", B. Cheremushkinskaya Street 28, 117218, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Wei LY, Jiang AQ, Jiang R, Duan SY, Xu X, Su ZDZ, Xu J. Protective effects of recombinant 53-kDa protein of Trichinella spiralis on acute lung injury in mice via alleviating lung pyroptosis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Innate Immun 2021; 27:313-323. [PMID: 34013820 PMCID: PMC8186157 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211013397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis represents an effective treatment for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The effects of recombinant T. spiralis (TS) 53-kDa protein (rTsP53) on acute lung injury (ALI) remain unclear. Here, mice were divided randomly into a control group, LPS group, and rTsP53 + LPS group. ALI was induced in BALB/c mice by LPS (10 mg/kg) injected via the tail vein. rTsP53 (200 µl; 0.4 μg/μl) was injected subcutaneously three times at an interval of 5 d before inducing ALI in the rTsP53+LPS group. Lung pathological score, the ratio and markers of classic activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2), cytokine profiles in alveolar lavage fluid, and pyroptosis protein expression in lung tissue were investigated. RTsP53 decreased lung pathological score. Furthermore, rTsP53 suppressed inflammation by increasing IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. There was an increase in alveolar M2 macrophage numbers, with an increase in CD206 and arginase-1-positive cells and a decrease in alveolar M1 markers such as CD197 and iNOS. In addition, the polarization of M2 macrophages induced by rTsP53 treatment could alleviate ALI by suppressing lung pyroptosis. RTsP53 was identified as a potential agent for treating LPS-induced ALI via alleviating lung pyroptosis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Wei
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - An-Qi Jiang
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren Jiang
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Ying Duan
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Xu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-da-Zhong Su
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Rudneva OV, Аndreyanov ON, Sidor EA. The retention and concentration of glycogen in Trichinella nativа in the winter-spring period. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109303. [PMID: 33160193 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of Trichinella spp. is primarily anoxybiotic in nature. Their main energy source is glycogen, which is stored in the stichocites at the muscular stage of the larval development. When subject to tow temperatures the Trichinella larvae consume glycogen and neutral fats to provide for basal metabolism until the energy supplies reach the critical level. The present study establishes the glycogen concentration as well the invasive activity of T. nativа when affected by low temperatures in natural conditions. The carcasses of infected laboratory rats were placed in containers beneath the snow cover, in the natural conditions of a game husbandry in Central Russia. The viability, invasive capacity and the glycogen level were monitored in the Trichinella larvae monthly. The invasive capacity of Trichinella larvae was established based on the presence of the larvae in the muscular tissue of laboratory mice after the peroral administration of the helminth larvae. On the 45 day of the experiment, the mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and if the Trichinella larvae could be discovered in the muscular tissue with the help of the trichinelloscopic compression method, the invasive capacity of the Trichinella larvae was viewed as positive. To establish the quantitative value of glycogen content in Trichinella larvae a modified method was used. In order to measure the glycogen level in the T. nativa larvae isolated by fermentation larvae were counted in one drop of the suspended sedimentation in the Migacheva-Kotelnikov chamber. To establish the quantitative value of glycogen content in Trichinella larvae a method based on the treatment of glycogen with iodine, optical density measurement with a refractometer MКMФ-02 was used. For the purpose of measuring the concentration of glycogen in Trichinella larvae in the suspended sedimentation a calibration curve was used. The studies showed that the viability indicator of the Trichinella larvae which had been preserved in natural conditions in the four months of the winter-spring period, in the muscular tissue of laboratory rats remained high (over 90 %). The glycogen concentration in one helminth larva was 0.041 μg in January, 0.033 μg in February, 0.015 μg in April. The invasive capability of the preserved Trichinella larvae was considerably reduced to 33.3 %. In the winter period, under temperatures below 0 °C, a decrease in the glycogen concentration in the Trichinella larvae was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Rudneva
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Center VIEV (FSC VIEV) - All - Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinari Medicina K. I. Skryabin and Y.R. Kovalenko the Russian Academy of Sciences", B. Cheremushkinskaya Street 28, 117218 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Oleg N Аndreyanov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Center VIEV (FSC VIEV) - All - Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinari Medicina K. I. Skryabin and Y.R. Kovalenko the Russian Academy of Sciences", B. Cheremushkinskaya Street 28, 117218 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugenia A Sidor
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Center VIEV (FSC VIEV) - All - Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinari Medicina K. I. Skryabin and Y.R. Kovalenko the Russian Academy of Sciences", B. Cheremushkinskaya Street 28, 117218 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Trichinella spiralis infection ameliorated diet-induced obesity model in mice. Int J Parasitol 2020; 51:63-71. [PMID: 32966835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an increasingly prevalent disease worldwide, and genetic and environmental factors are known to regulate the development of obesity and associated metabolic diseases. Emerging studies indicate that innate and adaptive immune cell responses in adipose tissue play critical roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Parasitic helminths are the strongest natural inducers of type 2 inflammatory responses, and several studies have revealed that helminth infections inversely correlate with metabolic syndrome. Hence, this study investigated whether helminth infections could have preventative effects on high fat diet-induced obesity. Female C57BL/6 mice were maintained on either a low fat diet (LFD, 10% fat) or a high fat diet (HFD, 60% fat) for 6 weeks after Trichinella spiralis infection. The mice were randomly divided into four groups and were fed a normal diet, LFD, LFD after T. spiralis infection (Inf + LFD), a high fat diet (HFD), or HFD after T. spiralis infection (HFD + inf). All groups were assayed for body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER), total body weight gain (g)/total food intake amount (g) fat weight, and blood biochemical parameters. Our data indicate that the HFD + inf group significantly reduced body weight gain, fat mass, total cholesterol, and FER. Analysis of immune cell composition by flow cytometry revealed that T. spiralis promoted strong decreases in proinflammatory adipose macrophages (F4/80+CD11c+) and T cells. The alterations in microbiota from fecal samples of mice were analyzed, which showed that T. spiralis infection decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes, thereby restoring the previously increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, elimination of T. spiralis retained the protective effects in the HFD-fed obese mice whereas flubendazole (FLBZ) treatment increased levels of the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. In summary, we provided novel data suggesting that helminth infection protects against obesity and the protection was closely related to M2 macrophage proliferation, an inhibiting proinflammatory response. In addition, it alters the microbiota in the gut.
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11
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Moyat M, Coakley G, Harris NL. The interplay of type 2 immunity, helminth infection and the microbiota in regulating metabolism. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e01089. [PMID: 31719981 PMCID: PMC6837856 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immunity has recently emerged as a critical player in metabolic status, with numerous studies investigating the role of type 2 immune cells within adipose tissue. Metabolic dysfunction is often characterised as a low-grade or chronic inflammatory state within tissues, and type 2 immunity may facilitate a return to metabolic homeostasis. A complex network of type 2 resident cells including M2 macrophages, eosinophils and ILC2s has been identified within adipose tissue. Although the effector cells in this equilibrium have not been clearly identified, any alteration of the type 2 microenvironment resulted in an altered metabolic state. Historically, the type 2 immune response has been associated with helminth infection. The type 2 immune response drives host resistance and plays an important role in promoting tissue repair following the migration of helminth larvae through tissues. Although helminths are largely eradicated in developed countries, infection rates remain high in poor communities within the developing world. Interestingly, there is strong evidence that helminth infection is inversely correlated with autoimmune or inflammatory disorders. Recently, an increasing amount of epidemiological and field studies suggest that it could be the same for obesity and metabolic syndrome. In the current review, we summarise the literature linking type 2 immunity to improved adipose tissue function. We then discuss more recent evidence indicating that helminth infection can provide protection against metabolic syndrome. Lastly, we explore the possible contributions of altered nutrient uptake, adipose tissue function and/or the intestinal microbiota with the ability of helminths to alter metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mati Moyat
- Department of Immunology and PathologyMonash University Central Clinical SchoolMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Gillian Coakley
- Department of Immunology and PathologyMonash University Central Clinical SchoolMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Department of Immunology and PathologyMonash University Central Clinical SchoolMelbourneVICAustralia
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12
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Harris NL, Loke P. Recent Advances in Type-2-Cell-Mediated Immunity: Insights from Helminth Infection. Immunity 2017; 47:1024-1036. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Hallowell RW, Collins SL, Craig JM, Zhang Y, Oh M, Illei PB, Chan-Li Y, Vigeland CL, Mitzner W, Scott AL, Powell JD, Horton MR. mTORC2 signalling regulates M2 macrophage differentiation in response to helminth infection and adaptive thermogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14208. [PMID: 28128208 PMCID: PMC5290163 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) have an important function in innate immune responses to parasitic helminths, and emerging evidence also indicates these cells are regulators of systemic metabolism. Here we show a critical role for mTORC2 signalling in the generation of M2 macrophages. Abrogation of mTORC2 signalling in macrophages by selective conditional deletion of the adaptor molecule Rictor inhibits the generation of M2 macrophages while leaving the generation of classically activated macrophages (M1) intact. Selective deletion of Rictor in macrophages prevents M2 differentiation and clearance of a parasitic helminth infection in mice, and also abrogates the ability of mice to regulate brown fat and maintain core body temperature. Our findings define a role for mTORC2 in macrophages in integrating signals from the immune microenvironment to promote innate type 2 immunity, and also to integrate systemic metabolic and thermogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. W. Hallowell
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brooklyn Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - S. L. Collins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - J. M. Craig
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 650 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - M. Oh
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - P. B. Illei
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Y. Chan-Li
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - C. L. Vigeland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - W. Mitzner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 650 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - A. L. Scott
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 650 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - J. D. Powell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - M. R. Horton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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14
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Tracey EF, McDermott RA, McDonald MI. Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 120:209-20. [PMID: 27596058 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS There is increasing evidence on the role of helminth infections in modifying autoimmune and allergic diseases. These infections may have similar effect in other inflammatory processes, such as insulin resistance. This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans. METHODS Using the PRISMA protocol, we searched the literature using PubMed, MEDLINE, and a manual review of reference lists. Human studies published in English after 1995 were included. Four papers were included in this review. Data was extracted and a meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using Tau(2) and I(2) tests. RESULTS The included studies found that infection was associated with lower glucose levels, less insulin resistance, and/or a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Meta-analysis showed that participants with a previous or current helminth infection were 50% less likely to have an endpoint of metabolic dysfunction in comparison to uninfected participants (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.38-0.66). CONCLUSION This review has shown that helminth infections can be associated with improved metabolic outcomes. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying this relationship could facilitate the development of novel strategies to prevent or delay T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella F Tracey
- College of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
| | - Robyn A McDermott
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Malcolm I McDonald
- College of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia; Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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15
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Role of Macrophages in the Repair Process during the Tissue Migrating and Resident Helminth Infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8634603. [PMID: 27648452 PMCID: PMC5014929 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8634603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Th1/Th2/Th17 balance is a fundamental feature in the regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment during helminth infections, and an imbalance in this paradigm greatly contributes to inflammatory disorders. In some cases of helminthiasis, an initial Th1 response could occur during the early phases of infection (acute), followed by a Th2 response that prevails in chronic infections. During the late phase of infection, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are important to counteract the inflammation caused by the Th1/Th17 response and larval migration, limiting damage and repairing the tissue affected. Macrophages are the archetype of phagocytic cells, with the primary role of pathogen destruction and antigen presentation. Nevertheless, other subtypes of macrophages have been described with important roles in tissue repair and immune regulation. These types of macrophages challenge the classical view of macrophages activated by an inflammatory response. The role of these subtypes of macrophages during helminthiasis is a controversial topic in immunoparasitology. Here, we analyze some of the studies regarding the role of AAMs in tissue repair during the tissue migration of helminths.
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16
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Kitada Y, Kajita K, Taguchi K, Mori I, Yamauchi M, Ikeda T, Kawashima M, Asano M, Kajita T, Ishizuka T, Banno Y, Kojima I, Chun J, Kamata S, Ishii I, Morita H. Blockade of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 2 Signaling Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Systemic Glucose Intolerance in Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1839-51. [PMID: 26943364 PMCID: PMC4870879 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is known to regulate insulin resistance in hepatocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and pancreatic β-cells. Among its 5 cognate receptors (S1pr1-S1pr5), S1P seems to counteract insulin signaling and confer insulin resistance via S1pr2 in these cells. S1P may also regulate insulin resistance in adipocytes, but the S1pr subtype(s) involved remains unknown. Here, we investigated systemic glucose/insulin tolerance and phenotypes of epididymal adipocytes in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed wild-type and S1pr2-deficient (S1pr2(-/-)) mice. Adult S1pr2(-/-) mice displayed smaller body/epididymal fat tissue weights, but the differences became negligible after 4 weeks with HFD. However, HFD-fed S1pr2(-/-) mice displayed better scores in glucose/insulin tolerance tests and had smaller epididymal adipocytes that expressed higher levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen than wild-type mice. Next, proliferation/differentiation of 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A preadipocytes were examined in the presence of various S1pr antagonists: JTE-013 (S1pr2 antagonist), VPC-23019 (S1pr1/S1pr3 antagonist), and CYM-50358 (S1pr4 antagonist). S1P or JTE-013 treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes potently activated their proliferation and Erk phosphorylation, whereas VPC-23019 inhibited both of these processes, and CYM-50358 had no effects. In contrast, S1P or JTE-013 treatment inhibited adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes, whereas VPC-23019 activated it. The small interfering RNA knockdown of S1pr2 promoted proliferation and inhibited differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes, whereas that of S1pr1 acted oppositely. Moreover, oral JTE-013 administration improved glucose tolerance/insulin sensitivity in ob/ob mice. Taken together, S1pr2 blockade induced proliferation but suppressed differentiation of (pre)adipocytes both in vivo and in vitro, highlighting a novel therapeutic approach for obesity/type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kitada
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kajita
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Koichiro Taguchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Ichiro Mori
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamauchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takahide Ikeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Mikako Kawashima
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Motochika Asano
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Toshiko Kajita
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ishizuka
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Banno
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Itaru Kojima
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kamata
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Department of General Internal Medicine (Y.K., K.K., K.T., I.M., M.Y., T.Ik., M.K., M.A., T.K., H.M.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology (T.Is.), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan; Department of Dermatology (Y.B.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Physiology (I.K.), Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department (J.C.), Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; and Department of Biochemistry (S.K., I.I.), Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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