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Ji R, Lee WYW, Guan X, Yan B, Yang L, Yang J, Wang L, Tao C, Kuai S, Fan Y. Comparison of plugin and redundant marker sets to analyze gait kinematics between different populations. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:122. [PMID: 38087307 PMCID: PMC10717987 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait model consists of a marker set and a segment pose estimation algorithm. Plugin marker set and inverse kinematic algorithm (IK.) are prevalent in gait analysis, especially musculoskeletal motion analysis. Adding extra markers for the plugin marker set could increase the robustness to marker misplacement, motion artifacts, and even markers occlusion. However, how the different marker sets affect the gait analysis's kinematic output is unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of marker sets on the kinematic output during level walking in different populations. RESULTS In all three planes, there are significant differences (P < 0.05) between marker sets in some kinematic variables at the hip, knee, and ankle. In different populations, the kinematic variables that show significant differences varied. When comparing the kinematic differences between populations using the two marker sets separately, the range of motion (ROM) of hip flexion was only found to be a significant difference using the redundant marker set, while the peak internal rotation at the knee was only found a significant difference using plugin marker set. In addition, the redundant marker set shows less intra-subject variation than the plugin marker set. CONCLUSION The findings in this study demonstrate the importance of marker set selection since it could change the result when comparing the kinematic differences between populations. Therefore, it is essential to increase the caution in explaining the result when using different marker sets. It is crucial to use the same marker set, and the redundant marker set might be a better choice for gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Ji
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis and Rehabilitation Technology of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinyu Guan
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518039, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Shenzhen Youth Spine Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518039, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Shenzhen Youth Spine Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiemeng Yang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis and Rehabilitation Technology of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunjing Tao
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Shengzheng Kuai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518039, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Youth Spine Health Center, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Foody JN, Bradley PX, Spritzer CE, Wittstein JR, DeFrate LE, Englander ZA. Elevated In Vivo ACL Strain Is Associated With a Straight Knee in Both the Sagittal and the Coronal Planes. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:422-428. [PMID: 36625427 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221141876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries typically occur during deceleration movements such as landing or cutting. However, conflicting data have left the kinematic mechanisms leading to these injuries unclear. Quantifying the influence of sagittal and coronal plane knee kinematics on in vivo ACL strain may help to elucidate noncontact ACL injury mechanisms. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to measure in vivo sagittal and coronal plane knee kinematics and ACL strain during a single-leg jump. We hypothesized that ACL strain would be modulated primarily by motion in the sagittal plane and that limited coronal plane motion would be measured during this activity. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS Seventeen healthy participants (8 male/9 female) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) followed by high-speed biplanar radiography, obtained as participants performed a single-leg jump. Three-dimensional models of the femur, tibia, and associated ACL attachment site footprints were created from the MRIs and registered to the radiographs to reproduce the position of the knee during the jump. ACL strain, knee flexion/extension angles, and varus/valgus angles were measured throughout the jump. Spearman rank correlations were used to assess relationships between mean ACL strain and kinematic variables. RESULTS Mean ACL strain increased with decreasing knee flexion angle (ρ = -0.3; P = .002), and local maxima in ACL strain occurred with the knee in a straight position in both the sagittal and the coronal planes. In addition, limited coronal plane motion (varus/valgus angle) was measured during this activity (mean ± SD, -0.5°± 0.3°). Furthermore, we did not detect a statistically significant relationship between ACL strain and varus/valgus angle (ρ = -0.01; P = .9). CONCLUSION ACL strain was maximized when the knee was in a straight position in both the sagittal and coronal planes. Participants remained in <1° of varus/valgus position on average throughout the jump. As a ligament under elevated strain is more vulnerable to injury, landing on a straight knee may be an important risk factor for ACL rupture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data may improve understanding of risk factors for noncontact ACL injury, which may be useful in designing ACL injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline N Foody
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick X Bradley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jocelyn R Wittstein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Louis E DeFrate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zoë A Englander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Biomechanical Effects of Prophylactic Knee Bracing on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk: A Systematic Review. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:78-89. [PMID: 36599362 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prophylactic knee braces (PKBs) are widely used by athletes in pivoting and landing sports and have the potential to influence knee movement and alignment, thus modulating anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. This systematic review analyses current evidence on the biomechanical effects that PKBs have in the prevention of ACL injuries. DATA SOURCES The review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and CINAHL for studies published from inception until May 31, 2021. Included studies assessed the effects of PKBs on biomechanical variables associated with ACL injuries in landing or pivoting tasks, comparing between braced and unbraced conditions. MAIN RESULTS A total of 234 articles were identified; from which, 14 controlled, laboratory, biomechanical studies were included in this review. The effects of PKBs on knee biomechanics could be divided into kinematic variables in the coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes; and common kinetic variables, such as ground reaction force (GRF) and ACL load/strain. Also, PKBs were found to have protective effects in coronal and transverse plane kinematics, but results in the sagittal plane were inconclusive. Assessing knee kinetics, PKBs were advantageous in decreasing ACL load/strain but had no significant effect on GRF. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic knee braces may serve to reduce ACL injury risk by modulating knee coronal and transverse plane movements and ACL load/strain during high-risk maneuvres. Precise recommendations are limited by study heterogeneity. More prospective studies are needed to assess ACL injury risk during high-risk sports using specific PKBs.
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