1
|
Marushchak M, Mazur L, Krynytska I. Insulin receptor substrate-1 gene polymorphism and lipid panel data in type 2 diabetic patients with comorbid obesity and/or essential hypertension. Endocr Regul 2023; 57:1-11. [PMID: 36753667 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2023-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. The hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are insulin resistance (IR) and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins essential for the insulin signaling. IRS-1 gene has not only been shown to be associated with T2DM, but also has indicated that it may significantly correlate with diabetic complications, such as coronary heart disease and obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes of the lipid panel data in T2DM patients with comorbid obesity and/or essential hypertension in connection with the IRS-1 (rs2943640) polymorphism. Methods. The study involved 33 T2DM patients and 10 healthy individuals. The IRS-1 (rs2943640) polymorphism was genotyped using a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Blood serum lipid panel data were determined with commercially available kits using a Cobas 6000 analyzer. Results. Analysis of the serum lipid panel data depending on the presence of the C/A alleles of IRS-1 (rs2943640) polymorphism in T2DM patients, regardless of the presence/absence of comorbidities, showed significantly lower level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and significantly higher level of non-HDL-C in the carriers of C allele vs. carriers of A allele. In T2DM patients with comorbid obesity and essential hypertension, proatherogenic lipid changes were found in both C and A alleles carriers. Analysis of the effect of IRS-1 (rs2943640) genotypes on serum lipid panel data in T2DM patients, regardless of the presence/absence of comorbidities, showed that the CC genotype carriers had more pronounced pro-atherogenic changes vs. carriers of СА and АА genotypes. In the comorbid course of T2DM (both in combination with obesity and obesity and essential hypertension), pro-atherogenic changes were found in the carriers of the CA genotype of IRS-1 (rs2943640) polymorphism. Conclusions. The presence of the C allele of IRS-1 (rs2943640) polymorphism in both homo-zygous and heterozygous states indicates increased risk of pro-atherogenic changes in T2DM patients with comorbid obesity and/or essential hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Marushchak
- Department of Functional and Laboratory Diagnostics, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmyla Mazur
- Department of Higher Nursing Education, Patient Care and Clinical Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Inna Krynytska
- Department of Functional and Laboratory Diagnostics, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
COBLL1 and IRS1 Gene Polymorphisms and Placental Expression in Women with Gestational Diabetes. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081933. [PMID: 36009479 PMCID: PMC9405993 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is carbohydrate intolerance in pregnant women leading to various complications. Currently, there is a search for factors predisposing to GDM. Among them are genetic polymorphisms of genes involved in insulin secretion as well as carbohydrate metabolism. Due to the similar pathogenesis of GDM to type 2 diabetes (T2DM), genetic polymorphisms associated with T2DM are considered. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between the COBLL1 rs7607980 T > C and IRS1 rs2943641 T > C gene polymorphisms and the risk of GDM as well as selected clinical parameters in women with GDM. Additionally, we examined the expression of these genes in the placenta of women with and without GDM in correlation with selected clinical parameters. This study included 328 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 251 pregnant women with GDM diagnosed on the basis of a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24−28 weeks gestation. There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of IRS1 rs2943641 gene polymorphisms between women with GDM and pregnant women with NGT. In the GDM group, we observed a decreased frequency of COBLL1 rs7607980 CC homozygous women (CC vs. TC+TT, p = 0.048); however, there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of alleles between women with GDM and the control group. There were no statistically significant associations between COBLL1 rs7607980 gene polymorphism and clinical parameters in women with GDM. In GDM women with the IRS1 rs2943641 TT genotype, fasting glucose levels were significantly higher than in women with CC and TC genotypes. There was no statistically significant difference in the expression of COBLL1 and IRS1 genes in the placenta between women with GDM and healthy women. There were no statistically significant correlations between COBLL1 gene expression in the placenta and clinical parameters. The expression of IRS1 correlated significantly with an increase in BMI during pregnancy. The results of this study suggest that COBLL1 rs7607980 and IRS1 rs2943641 gene polymorphisms are not significant risk factors for GDM in our population. The IRS1 TT genotype may be associated with higher fasting glucose levels in women with GDM. Expression of the IRS1 gene in the placenta positively correlates with an increase in BMI during pregnancy in women with GDM.
Collapse
|
3
|
He C, Zhao X, Lei Y, Nie J, Lu X, Song J, Wang L, Li H, Liu F, Zhang Y, Niu Q. Whole-transcriptome analysis of aluminum-exposed rat hippocampus and identification of ceRNA networks to investigate neurotoxicity of Al. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:1401-1417. [PMID: 34900398 PMCID: PMC8636738 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum is a known neurotoxin that can induce Aβ deposition and abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein, leading to Alzheimer disease (AD)-like damages such as neuronal damage and decreased learning and memory functions. In this study, we constructed a rat model of subchronic aluminum maltol exposure, and the whole-transcriptome sequencing was performed on the hippocampus of the control group and the middle-dose group. A total of 167 miRNAs, 37 lncRNAs, 256 mRNAs, and 64 circRNAs expression changed. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that PI3K/AKT pathway was the most enriched pathway of DEGs, and IRS1 was the core molecule in the PPI network. circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks of all DEGs, DEGs in the PI3K/AKT pathway, and IRS1 were constructed by Cytoscape. Molecular experiment results showed that aluminum inhibited the IRS1/PI3K/AKT pathway and increased the content of Aβ and tau. In addition, we also constructed an AAV intervention rat model, proving that inhibition of miR-96-5p expression might resist aluminum-induced injury by upregulating expression of IRS1. In general, these results suggest that the ceRNA networks are involved in the neurotoxic process of aluminum, providing a new strategy for studying the toxicity mechanism of aluminum and finding biological targets for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanting He
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
- Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
- Key Lab of Cellular Physiology of Education Ministry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jisheng Nie
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiaoting Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Fangqu Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
- Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
- Key Lab of Cellular Physiology of Education Ministry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
- Corresponding author Qiao Niu, PhD, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corpas M, Megy K, Mistry V, Metastasio A, Lehmann E. Whole Genome Interpretation for a Family of Five. Front Genet 2021; 12:535123. [PMID: 33763108 PMCID: PMC7982663 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.535123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although best practices have emerged on how to analyse and interpret personal genomes, the utility of whole genome screening remains underdeveloped. A large amount of information can be gathered from various types of analyses via whole genome sequencing including pathogenicity screening, genetic risk scoring, fitness, nutrition, and pharmacogenomic analysis. We recognize different levels of confidence when assessing the validity of genetic markers and apply rigorous standards for evaluation of phenotype associations. We illustrate the application of this approach on a family of five. By applying analyses of whole genomes from different methodological perspectives, we are able to build a more comprehensive picture to assist decision making in preventative healthcare and well-being management. Our interpretation and reporting outputs provide input for a clinician to develop a healthcare plan for the individual, based on genetic and other healthcare data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Corpas
- Cambridge Precision Medicine Limited, ideaSpace, University of Cambridge Biomedical Innovation Hub, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Institute of Continuing Education Madingley Hall Madingley, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karyn Megy
- Cambridge Precision Medicine Limited, ideaSpace, University of Cambridge Biomedical Innovation Hub, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge & National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Antonio Metastasio
- Cambridge Precision Medicine Limited, ideaSpace, University of Cambridge Biomedical Innovation Hub, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund Lehmann
- Cambridge Precision Medicine Limited, ideaSpace, University of Cambridge Biomedical Innovation Hub, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang C, Bo C, Guo L, Yu P, Miao S, Gu X. BCL2 and hsa-miR-181a-5p are potential biomarkers associated with papillary thyroid cancer based on bioinformatics analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:221. [PMID: 31842912 PMCID: PMC6916035 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The morbidity of thyroid carcinoma has been rising worldwide and increasing faster than any other cancer type. The most common subtype with the best prognosis is papillary thyroid cancer (PTC); however, the exact molecular pathogenesis of PTC is still not completely understood. Methods In the current study, 3 gene expression datasets (GSE3678, GSE3467, and GSE33630) and 2 miRNA expression datasets (GSE113629 and GSE73182) of PTC were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and were further used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and deregulated miRNAs between normal thyroid tissue samples and PTC samples. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were conducted, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to explore the potential mechanism of PTC carcinogenesis. The hub gene detection was performed using the CentiScaPe v2.0 plugin, and significant modules were discovered using the MCODE plugin for Cytoscape. In addition, a miRNA-gene regulatory network in PTC was constructed using common deregulated miRNAs and DEGs. Results A total of 263 common DEGs and 12 common deregulated miRNAs were identified. Then, 6 significant KEGG pathways (P < 0.05) and 82 significant GO terms were found to be enriched, indicating that PTC was closely related to amino acid metabolism, development, immune system, and endocrine system. In addition, by constructing a PPI network and miRNA-gene regulatory network, we found that hsa-miR-181a-5p regulated the most DEGs, while BCL2 was targeted by the most miRNAs. Conclusions The results of this study suggested that hsa-miR-181a-5p and BCL2 and their regulatory networks may play important roles in the pathogenesis of PTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunrui Bo
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lunhua Guo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingyang Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Susheng Miao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Genetic association of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1, rs1801278) gene with insulin resistant of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Pakistani population. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6065-6070. [PMID: 31446532 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05041-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR), a pathological condition of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by an inability of body's tissue to respond the secreted or administered insulin, a necessary step for cellular glucose transportation. The prevalence of insulin resistance progresses with age, especially in overweight people with central obesity. Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) are important molecular proteins in the insulin signalling pathway, where IRS-1 plays a key function in cells insulin sensitivity. The common mutation (rs1801278; r.2963G > A: Gly972Arg) of the IRS-1 gene occurs when residue glycine changes to arginine at codon 972. The objective of this study was to detect the genetic association of rs1801278 polymorphism of the IRS-1 gene with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes from the Lahore region of Pakistan. A total of 322 subjects (161 cases and 161 healthy individuals) were included. DNA was isolated for detection of the genotype distribution and allele frequencies by PCR-RFLP. The results showed a significant difference in the genotype distribution and allele frequency between the T2DM cases and controls for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1801278 (OR 17.61, 95% CI 8.06-38.4, p < 0.001). In conclusion, association between rs1801278 polymorphism of the IRS-1 gene and insulin resistance in T2DM has been established in a Pakistani population.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ijaz A, Babar S, Sarwar S, Shahid SU. The combined role of allelic variants of IRS-1 and IRS-2 genes in susceptibility to type2 diabetes in the Punjabi Pakistani subjects. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:64. [PMID: 31404179 PMCID: PMC6683393 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disorder characterized by a high level of glucose in the blood. Both genetic and environmental factors interact to cause diabetes. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins have a significant part in insulin signaling pathways. We aimed to investigate the relationship of type 2 diabetes with a Gly972Arg (G972R) variant of the IRS-1 gene and Gly1057Asp (G1057D) polymorphism of IRS-2 gene in the population of Punjab, Pakistan. METHODS We collected 926 samples, 500 healthy controls (fasting blood sugar < 99 mg/dL, random blood sugar < 126 mg/dL) and 426 cases with diabetes (fasting blood sugar > 99 mg/dL, random blood sugar > 126 mg/dL). Several anthropometric measurements were measured. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS to determine the allele group/genotype frequency of the selected variants in the study population. RESULTS The genotyping results of G972R by RLFP-PCR showed the allelic frequency of G = 0.68 and R = 0.32 in controls while G = 0.71 and R = 0.29 in the cases. The minor R allele had a slightly higher frequency in the cases than the controls (OR = 0.86, CI 0.706-1.052, p = 0.17). The genotyping results of G1057D showed allelic frequency G = 0.74 and D = 0.26 in the controls while G = 0.961 and D = 0.29 in the cases. The minor D allele appeared to be a risk allele for this SNP although the difference in the allele frequencies was not statistically significant (OR = 1.55, CI 0.961-1.41, p = 0.108). The combined genotype analysis showed that the difference in the allele and genotype frequencies reached statistical difference between the cases and the controls as well as the odds ratio substantially increased when the R allele (G972R) was present together with D allele (G1057D) in any combination. When the association of single variants with the lipid traits was observed, only D allele (G1057D) showed significant association with TG, HDL and LDL, however when the analysis was repeated for combined genotypes using general linear model, many more significant associations between the genotype where D allele and R allele are together, were seen with many lipid traits. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the single nucleotide polymorphisms with low-modest effect size may not affect the phenotype individually but when in combination, the effect becomes stronger and more visible, therefore, for the SNP association studies, the more the number of SNPs included in the analysis, the more meaningful the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Ijaz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Babar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Sarwar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saleem Ullah Shahid
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu W, Niu X, Wang M, Li Z, Jiang HK, Li C, Caton SJ, Bai Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress may be involved in insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders of the white adipose tissues induced by high-fat diet containing industrial trans-fatty acids. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1625-1638. [PMID: 31507325 PMCID: PMC6718956 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s218336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of industrially produced trans-fatty acids (iTFAs) can result in alteration to lipid profile and glucose metabolism. Moreover, a diet high in iTFAs could increase the risk of obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glucose and lipid metabolism are closely linked in white adipose tissue (WAT), yet the underlying mechanisms of the effect of iTFAs in WAT are poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parameters of glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress of WAT were measured in rats maintained on a high-fat diet containing margarine (HFD-M) (n=10) compared to controls maintained on standard chow (n=10) over 16 weeks. RESULTS Fat mass and body weight was significantly increased in rats maintained on the HFD-M compared to controls (P<0.01). HFD-M rats had increased levels of insulin (INS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and serum lipid profile was significantly altered. The expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and the phosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1-alpha and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were significantly increased in subcutaneous and retroperitoneal adipose depots of HFD-M-fed rats. In vitro, wider ER lumens were observed in 100μmol/L elaidic acid (EA)-treated human mature adipocytes. We observed activation of ER stress markers, impaired INS receptor signaling and increased lipogenesis in adipocytes after EA exposure. These effects could be alleviated by inhibiting ER stress in adipocytes in vitro. CONCLUSION Collectively these data suggest that ER stress may be involved in INS resistance and lipid metabolism disorders induced by high-fat diet containing iTFAs. These findings suggest that WAT could be regarded as a key target organ for inhibiting ER stress to reverse the impaired INS receptor signaling, alleviate lipid metabolism disorders, and provide a novel approach to prevent and treat INS resistance and dyslipidemia-related chronic diseases such as T2MD and CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Niu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Kun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuntao Li
- Information Center, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Samantha J Caton
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), Public Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Yinglong Bai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yinglong Bai Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang110122, Liaoning, People’s Republic of ChinaTel+86 243 193 9406Fax +86 243 193 9406Email
| |
Collapse
|