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Gomez AR, Byun HR, Wu S, Mohammad AG, Ikbariyeh J, Chen J, Muro A, Li L, Bernstein KE, Ainsworth R, Tourtellotte WG. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) expression in microglia reduces amyloid β deposition and neurodegeneration by increasing SYK signaling and endolysosomal trafficking. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.24.590837. [PMID: 38712251 PMCID: PMC11071489 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many gene polymorphisms associated with an increased risk of developing Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD). Many of these LOAD risk-associated alleles alter disease pathogenesis by influencing microglia innate immune responses and lipid metabolism pathways. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), a GWAS LOAD risk-associated gene best known for its role in regulating systemic blood pressure, also enhances innate immunity and lipid processing in peripheral myeloid cells, but a role for ACE in modulating the function of myeloid-derived microglia remains unexplored. Using novel mice engineered to express ACE in microglia and CNS associated macrophages (CAMs), we find that ACE expression in microglia reduces Aβ plaque load, preserves vulnerable neurons and excitatory synapses, and greatly reduces learning and memory abnormalities in the 5xFAD amyloid mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). ACE-expressing microglia show enhanced Aβ phagocytosis and endolysosomal trafficking, increased clustering around amyloid plaques, and increased SYK tyrosine kinase activation downstream of the major Aβ receptors, TREM2 and CLEC7A. Single microglia sequencing and digital spatial profiling identifies downstream SYK signaling modules that are differentially expressed by ACE expression in microglia that mediate endolysosomal biogenesis and trafficking, mTOR and PI3K/AKT signaling, and increased oxidative phosphorylation, while pharmacologic inhibition of SYK activity in ACE-expressing microglia abrogates the potentiated Aβ engulfment and endolysosomal trafficking. These findings establish a role for ACE in enhancing microglial immune function and they identify potential utility for ACE-expressing microglia as a cell-based therapy to augment endogenous microglial responses to Aβ in AD.
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Huang K, Liang Y, Wang K, Ma Y, Wu J, Luo H, Yi B. Elevated ACE Levels Indicate Diabetic Nephropathy Progression or Companied Retina Impaired. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc 2022; 3:831128. [PMID: 36992775 PMCID: PMC10012155 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.831128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays important roles in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is the key factor in the process from angiotensin I to angiotensin II, but the variation and roles of serum ACE in DN patients are still unclear. Methods Forty-four type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, 75 DN patients, and 36 age-gender-matched healthy volunteers were recruited who attended Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in this case control study. Serum ACE levels and other indexes were tested with commercial kit. Results ACE levels in DN were significantly higher than T2DM and controls (F = 9.66, P < 0.001). Serum ACE levels significantly correlated with UmALB (r = 0.3650, P < 0.001), BUN (r = 0.3102, P < 0.001), HbA1c (r = 0.2046, P = 0.0221), ACR (r = 0.4187, P < 0.001), ALB (r = -0.1885, P = 0.0192), and eGFR (r = -0.3955, P < 0.001), and we got an equation that Y = 2.839 + 0.648X1 + 2.001X2 + 0.003X3 - 6.637X4 +0.416X5 - 0.134X6 (Y: ACE; X1: BUN; X2: HbA1C; X3: UmALB; X4: gender; X5: ALB; X6: eGFR, R2 = 0.655). When DN patients were divided into advanced-stage and early-stage with or without DR, ACE levels would increase when early-stage DN develops into advanced-stage or companied with DR. Conclusion Elevated serum ACE levels may hint DN progression or retina impaired of DN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunlai Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yating Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huidan Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Balogh M, Aguilar C, Nguyen NT, Shepherd AJ. Angiotensin receptors and neuropathic pain. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e869. [PMID: 33981922 DOI: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in multiple facets of neuropathic pain (NP). This narrative review focuses primarily on the major bioactive RAS peptide, Angiotensin II (Ang II), and its receptors, namely type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R). Both receptors are involved in the development of NP and represent potential therapeutic targets. We first discuss the potential role of Ang II receptors in modulation of NP in the central nervous system. Ang II receptor expression is widespread in circuits associated with the perception and modulation of pain, but more studies are required to fully characterize receptor distribution, downstream signaling, and therapeutic potential of targeting the central nervous system RAS in NP. We then describe the peripheral neuronal and nonneuronal distribution of the RAS, and its contribution to NP. Other RAS modulators (such as Ang (1-7)) are briefly reviewed as well. AT1R antagonists are analgesic across different pain models, including NP. Several studies show neuronal protection and outgrowth downstream of AT2R activation, which may lead to the use of AT2R agonists in NP. However, blockade of AT2R results in analgesia. Furthermore, expression of the RAS in the immune system and a growing appreciation of neuroimmune crosstalk in NP add another layer of complexity and therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway. A growing number of human studies also hint at the analgesic potential of targeting Ang II signaling. Altogether, Ang II receptor signaling represents a promising, far-reaching, and novel strategy to treat NP.
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Amirfakhryan H, Safari F. Outbreak of SARS-CoV2: Pathogenesis of infection and cardiovascular involvement. Hellenic J Cardiol 2021; 62:13-23. [PMID: 32522617 PMCID: PMC7275139 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has emerged from China, the infection (novel corona virus disease-2019, COVID-19) has affected many countries and led to many deaths worldwide. Like SARS-CoV, angiotencin converting enzyme (ACE)2 as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV2 is essential for the virus to make an entry into the cell. ACE2 is a part of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, which is expressed in several organs that opposes the angiotensin (Ang) II functions by converting Ang II to Ang (1-7), the one with vasodilation effects. The death rate of COVID-19 is estimated to be approximately 3.4%; however, some comorbid conditions like underlying cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes increase the risk of mortality. In addition, cardiovascular involvement as a complication of SARS-CoV2 could be direct through either ACE2 receptors that are expressed tremendously in the heart, or by the surge of different cytokines or by acute respiratory distress syndrome-induced hypoxia. Traditional risk factors could aggravate the process of COVID-19 infection that urges the triage of these high-risk patients for SARS-CoV2. Currently, there is no effective, proven treatment or vaccination for COVID-19, but many investigators are struggling to find a treatment strategy as soon as possible. Some potential medications like chloroquine by itself or in combination with azithromycin and some protease inhibitors used for the treatment of COVID-19 have cardiovascular adverse effects, which should be kept in mind while the patients taking these medications are being closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Amirfakhryan
- University of South Wales, Faculty of Health Science, Preventative Cardiovascular Medicine, UK.
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Faculty of Medicine, AB, Canada
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Rombaut B, Kessels S, Schepers M, Tiane A, Paes D, Solomina Y, Piccart E, Hove DVD, Brône B, Prickaerts J, Vanmierlo T. PDE inhibition in distinct cell types to reclaim the balance of synaptic plasticity. Theranostics 2021; 11:2080-2097. [PMID: 33500712 PMCID: PMC7797685 DOI: 10.7150/thno.50701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses are the functional units of the brain. They form specific contact points that drive neuronal communication and are highly plastic in their strength, density, and shape. A carefully orchestrated balance between synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning, i.e., the elimination of weak or redundant synapses, ensures adequate synaptic density. An imbalance between these two processes lies at the basis of multiple neuropathologies. Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of glia-neuron interactions in the synaptic unit, emphasized by glial phagocytosis of synapses and local excretion of inflammatory mediators. These findings warrant a closer look into the molecular basis of cell-signaling pathways in the different brain cells that are related to synaptic plasticity. In neurons, intracellular second messengers, such as cyclic guanosine or adenosine monophosphate (cGMP and cAMP, respectively), are known mediators of synaptic homeostasis and plasticity. Increased levels of these second messengers in glial cells slow down inflammation and neurodegenerative processes. These multi-faceted effects provide the opportunity to counteract excessive synapse loss by targeting cGMP and cAMP pathways in multiple cell types. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are specialized degraders of these second messengers, rendering them attractive targets to combat the detrimental effects of neurological disorders. Cellular and subcellular compartmentalization of the specific isoforms of PDEs leads to divergent downstream effects for these enzymes in the various central nervous system resident cell types. This review provides a detailed overview on the role of PDEs and their inhibition in the context of glia-neuron interactions in different neuropathologies characterized by synapse loss. In doing so, it provides a framework to support future research towards finding combinational therapy for specific neuropathologies.
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Doustar J, Rentsendorj A, Torbati T, Regis GC, Fuchs D, Sheyn J, Mirzaei N, Graham SL, Shah PK, Mastali M, Van Eyk JE, Black KL, Gupta VK, Mirzaei M, Koronyo Y, Koronyo‐Hamaoui M. Parallels between retinal and brain pathology and response to immunotherapy in old, late-stage Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13246. [PMID: 33090673 PMCID: PMC7681044 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite growing evidence for the characteristic signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the neurosensory retina, our understanding of retina-brain relationships, especially at advanced disease stages and in response to therapy, is lacking. In transgenic models of AD (APPSWE/PS1∆E9; ADtg mice), glatiramer acetate (GA) immunomodulation alleviates disease progression in pre- and early-symptomatic disease stages. Here, we explored the link between retinal and cerebral AD-related biomarkers, including response to GA immunization, in cohorts of old, late-stage ADtg mice. This aged model is considered more clinically relevant to the age-dependent disease. Levels of synaptotoxic amyloid β-protein (Aβ)1-42, angiopathic Aβ1-40, non-amyloidogenic Aβ1-38, and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios tightly correlated between paired retinas derived from oculus sinister (OS) and oculus dexter (OD) eyes, and between left and right posterior brain hemispheres. We identified lateralization of Aβ burden, with one-side dominance within paired retinal and brain tissues. Importantly, OS and OD retinal Aβ levels correlated with their cerebral counterparts, with stronger contralateral correlations and following GA immunization. Moreover, immunomodulation in old ADtg mice brought about reductions in cerebral vascular and parenchymal Aβ deposits, especially of large, dense-core plaques, and alleviation of microgliosis and astrocytosis. Immunization further enhanced cerebral recruitment of peripheral myeloid cells and synaptic preservation. Mass spectrometry analysis identified new parallels in retino-cerebral AD-related pathology and response to GA immunization, including restoration of homeostatic glutamine synthetase expression. Overall, our results illustrate the viability of immunomodulation-guided CNS repair in old AD model mice, while shedding light onto similar retino-cerebral responses to intervention, providing incentives to explore retinal AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Doustar
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Tania Torbati
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the PacificWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCAUSA
| | - Giovanna C. Regis
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Dieu‐Trang Fuchs
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Stuart L. Graham
- Department of Clinical MedicineMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- Save Sight InstituteSydney UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Prediman K. Shah
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research CenterCedars‐Sinai Heart InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Mitra Mastali
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
- Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterSmidt Heart InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
- Barbara Streisand Women’s Heart CenterCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of MedicineCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Vivek K. Gupta
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical MedicineMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- Australian Proteome Analysis FacilityMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Maya Koronyo‐Hamaoui
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
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Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Sheyn J, Hayden EY, Li S, Fuchs DT, Regis GC, Lopes DHJ, Black KL, Bernstein KE, Teplow DB, Fuchs S, Koronyo Y, Rentsendorj A. Peripherally derived angiotensin converting enzyme-enhanced macrophages alleviate Alzheimer-related disease. Brain 2020; 143:336-358. [PMID: 31794021 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an amyloid-β protein degrading enzyme, to brain resident microglia and peripheral myelomonocytes (ACE10 model) substantially diminished Alzheimer's-like disease in double-transgenic APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 (AD+) mice. In this study, we explored the impact of selective and transient angiotensin-converting enzyme overexpression on macrophage behaviour and the relative contribution of bone marrow-derived ACE10 macrophages, but not microglia, in attenuating disease progression. To this end, two in vivo approaches were applied in AD+ mice: (i) ACE10/GFP+ bone marrow transplantation with head shielding; and (ii) adoptive transfer of CD115+-ACE10/GFP+ monocytes to the peripheral blood. Extensive in vitro studies were further undertaken to establish the unique ACE10-macrophage phenotype(s) in response to amyloid-β1-42 fibrils and oligomers. The combined in vivo approaches showed that increased cerebral infiltration of ACE10 as compared to wild-type monocytes (∼3-fold increase; P < 0.05) led to reductions in cerebral soluble amyloid-β1-42, vascular and parenchymal amyloid-β deposits, and astrocytosis (31%, 47-80%, and 33%, respectively; P < 0.05-0.0001). ACE10 macrophages surrounded brain and retinal amyloid-β plaques and expressed 3.2-fold higher insulin-like growth factor-1 (P < 0.01) and ∼60% lower tumour necrosis factor-α (P < 0.05). Importantly, blood enrichment with CD115+-ACE10 monocytes in symptomatic AD+ mice resulted in pronounced synaptic and cognitive preservation (P < 0.05-0.001). In vitro analysis of macrophage response to well-defined amyloid-β1-42 conformers (fibrils, prion rod-like structures, and stabilized soluble oligomers) revealed extensive resistance to amyloid-β1-42 species by ACE10 macrophages. They exhibited 2-5-fold increased surface binding to amyloid-β conformers as well as substantially more effective amyloid-β1-42 uptake, at least 8-fold higher than those of wild-type macrophages (P < 0.0001), which were associated with enhanced expression of surface scavenger receptors (i.e. CD36, scavenger receptor class A member 1, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, CD163; P < 0.05-0.0001), endosomal processing (P < 0.05-0.0001), and ∼80% increased extracellular degradation of amyloid-β1-42 (P < 0.001). Beneficial ACE10 phenotype was reversed by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril) and thus was dependent on angiotensin-converting enzyme catalytic activity. Further, ACE10 macrophages presented distinct anti-inflammatory (low inducible nitric oxide synthase and lower tumour necrosis factor-α), pro-healing immune profiles (high insulin-like growth factor-1, elongated cell morphology), even following exposure to Alzheimer's-related amyloid-β1-42 oligomers. Overall, we provide the first evidence for therapeutic roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme-overexpressing macrophages in preserving synapses and cognition, attenuating neuropathology and neuroinflammation, and enhancing resistance to defined pathognomonic amyloid-β forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y Hayden
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Songlin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute of Neuroscience and Chemistry, and Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giovanna C Regis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dahabada H J Lopes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sebastien Fuchs
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zuroff LR, Torbati T, Hart NJ, Fuchs DT, Sheyn J, Rentsendorj A, Koronyo Y, Hayden EY, Teplow DB, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Effects of IL-34 on Macrophage Immunological Profile in Response to Alzheimer's-Related Aβ 42 Assemblies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1449. [PMID: 32765504 PMCID: PMC7378440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a recently discovered cytokine that acts as a second ligand of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) in addition to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Similar to M-CSF, IL-34 also stimulates bone marrow (BM)-derived monocyte survival and differentiation into macrophages. Growing evidence suggests that peripheral BM-derived monocyte/macrophages (BMMO) play a key role in the physiological clearance of cerebral amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Aβ42 forms are especially neurotoxic and highly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a ligand of CSF1R, IL-34 may be relevant to innate immune responses in AD. To investigate how IL-34 affects macrophage phenotype in response to structurally defined and stabilized Aβ42 oligomers and preformed fibrils, we characterized murine BMMO cultured in media containing M-CSF, IL-34, or regimens involving both cytokines. We found that the immunological profile and activation phenotype of IL-34-stimulated BMMO differed significantly from those cultured with M-CSF alone. Specifically, macrophage uptake of fibrillar or oligomeric Aβ42 was markedly reduced following exposure to IL-34 compared to M-CSF. Surface expression of type B scavenger receptor CD36, known to facilitate Aβ recognition and uptake, was modified following treatment with IL-34. Similarly, IL-34 macrophages expressed lower levels of proteins involved in both Aβ uptake (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, TREM2) as well as Aβ-degradation (matrix metallopeptidase 9, MMP-9). Interestingly, intracellular compartmentalization of Aβ visualized by staining of early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) was not affected by IL-34. Macrophage characteristics associated with an anti-inflammatory and pro-wound healing phenotype, including processes length and morphology, were also quantified, and macrophages stimulated with IL-34 alone displayed less process elongation in response to Aβ42 compared to those cultured with M-CSF. Further, monocytes treated with IL-34 alone yielded fewer mature macrophages than those treated with M-CSF alone or in combination with IL-34. Our data indicate that IL-34 impairs monocyte differentiation into macrophages and reduces their ability to uptake pathological forms of Aβ. Given the critical role of macrophage-mediated Aβ clearance in both murine models and patients with AD, future work should investigate the therapeutic potential of modulating IL-34 in vivo to increase macrophage-mediated Aβ clearance and prevent disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Zuroff
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tania Torbati
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Nadav J Hart
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eric Y Hayden
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keith L Black
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Applied Cellular Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Zheng MH, Li FXZ, Xu F, Lin X, Wang Y, Xu QS, Guo B, Yuan LQ. The Interplay Between the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Parathyroid Hormone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:539. [PMID: 32973674 PMCID: PMC7468498 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is the regulatory system by which renin induces aldosterone production. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main effector substance of the RAAS. The RAAS regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance by controlling blood volume and peripheral resistance. Excessive activation of the RAAS is an important factor in the onset of cardiovascular disease and the deterioration of this disease. The most common RAAS abnormality is primary aldosteronism (PA). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a peptide secreted by the main cells of the parathyroid gland, which promotes elevated blood calcium (Ca2+) levels and decreased blood phosphorus (Pi) levels. Excessive secretion of PTH can cause primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Parathyroidism is highly prevalent in postmenopausal women and is often associated with secondary osteoporosis. PA and PHPT are common endocrine system diseases. However, studies have shown a link between the RAAS and PTH, indicating a positive relationship between them. In this review, we explore the complex bidirectional relationship between the RAAS and PTH. We also point out possible future treatment options for related diseases based on this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan
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10
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Khan Z, Cao DY, Giani JF, Bernstein EA, Veiras LC, Fuchs S, Wang Y, Peng Z, Kalkum M, Liu GY, Bernstein KE. Overexpression of the C-domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme reduces melanoma growth by stimulating M1 macrophage polarization. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4368-4380. [PMID: 30670595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) can hydrolyze many peptides and plays a central role in controlling blood pressure. Moreover, ACE overexpression in monocytes and macrophages increases resistance of mice to tumor growth. ACE is composed of two independent catalytic domains. Here, to investigate the specific role of each domain in tumor resistance, we overexpressed either WT ACE (Tg-ACE mice) or ACE lacking N- or C-domain catalytic activity (Tg-NKO and Tg-CKO mice) in the myeloid cells of mice. Tg-ACE and Tg-NKO mice exhibited strongly suppressed growth of B16-F10 melanoma because of increased ACE expression in macrophages, whereas Tg-CKO mice resisted melanoma no better than WT animals. The effect of ACE overexpression reverted to that of the WT enzyme with an ACE inhibitor but not with an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist. ACE C-domain overexpression in macrophages drove them toward a pronounced M1 phenotype upon tumor stimulation, with increased activation of NF-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and decreased STAT3 and STAT6 activation. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is important for M1 activation, and TNFα blockade reverted Tg-NKO macrophages to a WT phenotype. Increased ACE C-domain expression increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of the transcription factor C/EBPβ in macrophages, important stimuli for TNFα expression, and decreased expression of several M2 markers, including interleukin-4Rα. Natural ACE C-domain-specific substrates are not well-described, and we propose that the peptide(s) responsible for the striking ACE-mediated enhancement of myeloid function are substrates/products of the ACE C-domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Khan
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and.,Pathology
| | - Duo-Yao Cao
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and
| | | | | | | | - Sebastien Fuchs
- the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, and
| | - Yizhou Wang
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and.,the Genomic Core, and
| | - Zhenzi Peng
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Markus Kalkum
- the Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - George Y Liu
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and.,the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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11
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Patel S, Homaei A, Raju AB, Meher BR. Estrogen: The necessary evil for human health, and ways to tame it. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:403-411. [PMID: 29573619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is a pivotal enzyme for survival and health in both genders, though their quantum, tropism, tissue-specific distribution, and receptor affinity varies with different phases of life. Converted from androgen via aromatase enzyme, this hormone is indispensable to glucose homeostasis, immune robustness, bone health, cardiovascular health, fertility, and neural functions. However, estrogen is at the center of almost all human pathologies as well-infectious, autoimmune, metabolic to degenerative. Both hypo and hyper level of estrogen has been linked to chronic and acute diseases. While normal aging is supposed to lower its level, leading to tissue degeneration (bone, muscle, neural etc.), and metabolite imbalance (glucose, lipid etc.), the increment in inflammatory agents in day-to-day life are enhancing the estrogen (or estrogen mimic) level, fueling 'estrogen dominance'. The resultant excess estrogen is inducing an overexpression of estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), harming tissues, leading to autoimmune diseases, and neoplasms. The unprecedented escalation in the polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, breast cancer, ovary cancer, and gynecomastia cases are indicating that this sensitive hormone is getting exacerbated. This critical review is an effort to analyze the dual, and opposing facets of estrogen, via understanding its crosstalk with other hormones, enzymes, metabolites, and drugs. Why estrogen level correction is no trivial task, and how it can be restored to normalcy by a disciplined lifestyle with wise dietary and selective chemical usage choices has been discussed. Overall, our current state of knowledge does not disclose the full picture of estrogen's pleiotropic importance. Hence, this review should be a resource for general public as well as researchers to work in that direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 92182, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Akondi Butchi Raju
- Department of Pharmacology, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Biswa Ranjan Meher
- Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
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12
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de Souza-Neto FP, Carvalho Santuchi M, de Morais E Silva M, Campagnole-Santos MJ, da Silva RF. Angiotensin-(1-7) and Alamandine on Experimental Models of Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018. [PMID: 29541937 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the role of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and alamandine in experimental hypertension and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a very complex system, composed of a cascade of enzymes, peptides, and receptors, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Ang-(1-7), identified and characterized in 1987, and alamandine, discovered 16 years after, are the newest two main effector molecules from the RAS, protecting the vascular system against hypertension and atherosclerosis. While the beneficial effects of Ang-(1-7) have been widely studied in several experimental models of hypertension, much less studies were performed in experimental models of atherosclerosis. Alamandine has shown similar vascular effects to Ang-(1-7), namely, endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation mediated by nitric oxide and hypotensive effects in experimental hypertension. There are few studies on the effects of alamandine on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pedro de Souza-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Melissa Carvalho Santuchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mario de Morais E Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria José Campagnole-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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13
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Patel S, Rauf A, Khan H, Abu-Izneid T. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:317-325. [PMID: 28772209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a vital system of human body, as it maintains plasma sodium concentration, arterial blood pressure and extracellular volume. Kidney-secreted renin enzyme acts on its substrate to form angiotensin II, a versatile effector peptide hormone. Every organ is affected by RAAS activation and the resultant hypertension, cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis. The imbalance of renin and angiotensin II can result in an overwhelming number of chronic and acute diseases. RAAS is influenced by other enzymes, hormones, pumps and signaling pathways, hence, this review discusses important facets of this system, its crosstalk with other crucial factors like estrogen, thyroid, cortisol, kallikrein-kinin system, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and sodium-potassium pump. The nexus of RAAS with the above-discussed systems was scantily explored before. So, this review furnishes a new perspective in comprehension of inflammation diseases. It is followed by the formulation of hypotheses, which can contribute to better management of an array of pathologies plaguing mankind. Manipulation of RAAS, by bending it towards ACE2 expression can regulate endocrine functions, which can be critical for a number of pathological management. Dietary intervention can restore RAAS to normalcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, 92182, USA.
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar-23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. Box 42, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Rauf A, Uddin G, Patel S, Khan A, Halim SA, Bawazeer S, Ahmad K, Muhammad N, Mubarak MS. Diospyros, an under-utilized, multi-purpose plant genus: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:714-730. [PMID: 28499243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Diospyros from family Ebenaceae has versatile uses including edible fruits, valuable timber, and ornamental uses. The plant parts of numerous species have been in use as remedies in various folk healing practices, which include therapy for hemorrhage, incontinence, insomnia, hiccough, diarrhea etc. Phytochemical constituents such as terpenoids, ursanes, lupanes, polyphenols, tannins, hydrocarbons, and lipids, benzopyrones, naphthoquinones, oleananes, and taraxeranes have been isolated from different species of this genus. The biological activities of these plants such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antihypertensive, cosmeceutical, enzyme-inhibitory etc. have been validated by means of an in vitro, in vivo, and clinical tests. As a rich reserve of pharmacologically important components, this genus can accelerate the pace of drug discovery. Accordingly, the aim of the present review is to survey and summarize the recent literature pertaining to the medicinal and pharmacological uses of Diospyros, and to select experimental evidence on the pharmacological properties of this genus. In addition, the review also aims at identifying areas that need development to make use of this genus, especially its fruit and phytochemicals as means for economic development and for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Ghias Uddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego 92182, USA
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry Kinnaird College for Women, 93-Jail Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saud Bawazeer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. Box 42, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Ahmad
- Department of Environmental, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
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15
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Zuroff L, Daley D, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Clearance of cerebral Aβ in Alzheimer's disease: reassessing the role of microglia and monocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2167-2201. [PMID: 28197669 PMCID: PMC5425508 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in cerebral amyloid β-protein (Aβ) clearance is implicated in the pathogenesis of the common late-onset forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Accumulation of misfolded Aβ in the brain is believed to be a net result of imbalance between its production and removal. This in turn may trigger neuroinflammation, progressive synaptic loss, and ultimately cognitive decline. Clearance of cerebral Aβ is a complex process mediated by various systems and cell types, including vascular transport across the blood–brain barrier, glymphatic drainage, and engulfment and degradation by resident microglia and infiltrating innate immune cells. Recent studies have highlighted a new, unexpected role for peripheral monocytes and macrophages in restricting cerebral Aβ fibrils, and possibly soluble oligomers. In AD transgenic (ADtg) mice, monocyte ablation or inhibition of their migration into the brain exacerbated Aβ pathology, while blood enrichment with monocytes and their increased recruitment to plaque lesion sites greatly diminished Aβ burden. Profound neuroprotective effects in ADtg mice were further achieved through increased cerebral recruitment of myelomonocytes overexpressing Aβ-degrading enzymes. This review summarizes the literature on cellular and molecular mechanisms of cerebral Aβ clearance with an emphasis on the role of peripheral monocytes and macrophages in Aβ removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Zuroff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David Daley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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16
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Wang H, Huang Y, Zhao X, Gong W, Wang Y, Cheng Y. A novel aggregation-induced emission based fluorescent probe for an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) assay and inhibitor screening. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15075-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel ‘turn-on’ fluorescent probe with the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property for an ACE assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus)
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yi Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus)
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- College of Preclinical Medicine
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China
| | - Wan Gong
- College of Preclinical Medicine
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus)
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yiyu Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus)
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
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