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Kureel SK, Blair B, Sheetz MP. Recent Advancement in Elimination Strategies and Potential Rejuvenation Targets of Senescence. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300461. [PMID: 37857532 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of exiting the cell cycle, resisting apoptosis, and changing phenotype. Senescent cells (SCs) can be identified by large, distorted morphology and irreversible inability to replicate. In early development, senescence has beneficial roles like tissue patterning and wound healing, where SCs are cleared by the immune system. However, there is a steep rise in SC number as organisms age. The issue with SC accumulation stems from the loss of cellular function, alterations of the microenvironment, and secretions of pro-inflammatory molecules, consisting of cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), interleukins, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated molecules. This secreted cocktail is referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), a hallmark of cellular senescence. The SASP promotes inflammation and displays a bystander effect where paracrine signaling turns proliferating cells into senescent states. To alleviate age-associated diseases, researchers have developed novel methods and techniques to selectively eliminate SCs in aged individuals. Although studies demonstrated that selectively killing SCs improves age-related disorders, there are drawbacks to SC removal. Considering favorable aspects of senescence in the body, this paper reviews recent advancements in elimination strategies and potential rejuvenation targets of senescence to bring researchers in the field up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar Kureel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Brandon Blair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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2
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Woo SH, Mo YJ, Lee YI, Park JH, Hwang D, Park TJ, Kang HY, Park SC, Lee YS. ANT2 Accelerates Cutaneous Wound Healing in Aged Skin by Regulating Energy Homeostasis and Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2295-2310.e17. [PMID: 37211200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An effective healing response is critical to healthy aging. In particular, energy homeostasis has become increasingly recognized as a factor in effective skin regeneration. ANT2 is a mediator of adenosine triphosphate import into mitochondria for energy homeostasis. Although energy homeostasis and mitochondrial integrity are critical for wound healing, the role played by ANT2 in the repair process had not been elucidated to date. In our study, we found that ANT2 expression decreased in aged skin and cellular senescence. Interestingly, overexpression of ANT2 in aged mouse skin accelerated the healing of full-thickness cutaneous wounds. In addition, upregulation of ANT2 in replicative senescent human diploid dermal fibroblasts induced their proliferation and migration, which are critical processes in wound healing. Regarding energy homeostasis, ANT2 overexpression increased the adenosine triphosphate production rate by activating glycolysis and induced mitophagy. Notably, ANT2-mediated upregulation of HSPA6 in aged human diploid dermal fibroblasts downregulated proinflammatory genes that mediate cellular senescence and mitochondrial damage. This study shows a previously uncharacterized physiological role of ANT2 in skin wound healing by regulating cell proliferation, energy homeostasis, and inflammation. Thus, our study links energy metabolism to skin homeostasis and reports, to the best of our knowledge, a previously unreported genetic factor that enhances wound healing in an aging model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwa Woo
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Mo
- Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Il Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Park
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institution of Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Institution of Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- The Future Life & Society Research Center, Advanced Institute of Aging Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea; Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Nehlin JO. Senolytic and senomorphic interventions to defy senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 136:217-247. [PMID: 37437979 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of senescent cells in the aging individual is associated with an increase in the occurrence of age-associated pathologies that contribute to poor health, frailty, and mortality. The number and type of senescent cells is viewed as a contributor to the body's senescence burden. Cellular models of senescence are based on induction of senescence in cultured cells in the laboratory. One type of senescence is triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction. There are several indications that mitochondria defects contribute to body aging. Senotherapeutics, targeting senescent cells, have been shown to induce their lysis by means of senolytics, or repress expression of their secretome, by means of senomorphics, senostatics or gerosuppressors. An outline of the mechanism of action of various senotherapeutics targeting mitochondria and senescence-associated mitochondria dysfunction will be here addressed. The combination of geroprotective interventions together with senotherapeutics will help to strengthen mitochondrial energy metabolism, biogenesis and turnover, and lengthen the mitochondria healthspan, minimizing one of several molecular pathways contributing to the aging phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Nehlin
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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König B, Lahodny J. Ozone high dose therapy (OHT) improves mitochondrial bioenergetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 7:17. [PMID: 35880042 PMCID: PMC9301618 DOI: 10.1186/s41231-022-00123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide increasing number of people with chronic diseases is pushing conventional therapy to its limits. The so-called Major AutoHaemo Therapy (MAH) has been used in many practices for years. Despite suspicions, especially the 10-passes ozone-high-dosis Therapy (OHT) has shown substantial benefits in chronic ailments. However, knowledge of scientifically based effects of high ozone concentrations are still rare. The present investigation focussed on verifying whether OHT may be linked to a beneficial effect on mitochondrial bioenergetics which can be expressed as a bioenergetic health index (BHI). METHODS We report on six patients which received OHT for preventive purposes twice within one week. The BHI in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is calculated from parameters of a cellular mitochondrial function assay, which gives insights into different aspects of mitochondrial function: 1) Basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR); 2) ATP-linked OCR and proton leak; 3) Maximal OCR and reserve capacity; 4) Non-mitochondrial OCR. RESULTS The results clearly show that the bioenergetic health index in PBMC improves significantly after just 2 OHT applications over a period of 1 week. The overall improvement of the BHI is based primarily on a significant increase in the reserve capacity and the maximum respiration of the mitochondria. The increase in non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption, which has a negative impact on the BHI value, is indicative for the Nrf-2 dependent activation of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes activated through OHT. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate for the first time the beneficial effect of OHT on mitochondrial parameters. Thus, the results of this study suggest that OHT could be a safe and effective therapeutic option alone or as integrative and complementary support for pharmacological therapy in a variety of chronic and acute diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte König
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Clinic Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johann Lahodny
- Private Department of Gynecology and General Medicine Univ. Doz. Dr. Johann Lahodny, Klostergasse 1A, St. Pölten, Austria
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Morsli S, Doherty GJ, Muñoz-Espín D. Activatable senoprobes and senolytics: Novel strategies to detect and target senescent cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 202:111618. [PMID: 34990647 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologically active compounds that manipulate cellular senescence (senotherapies) have recently shown great promise in multiple pre-clinical disease models, and some of them are now being tested in clinical trials. Despite promising proof-of-principle evidence, there are known on- and off-target toxicities associated with these compounds, and therefore more refined and novel strategies to improve their efficacy and specificity for senescent cells are being developed. Preferential release of drugs and macromolecular formulations within senescent cells has been predominantly achieved by exploiting one of the most widely used biomarkers of senescence, the increase in lysosomal senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, a common feature of most reported senescent cell types. Galacto-conjugation is a versatile therapeutic and detection strategy to facilitate preferential targeting of senescent cells by using a variety of existing formulations, including modular systems, nanocarriers, activatable prodrugs, probes, and small molecules. We discuss the benefits and drawbacks of these specific senescence targeting tools and how the strategy of galacto-conjugation might be utilised to design more specific and sophisticated next-generation senotherapeutics, as well as theranostic agents. Finally, we discuss some innovative strategies and possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Morsli
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection Programme, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gary J Doherty
- Department of Oncology, Box 193, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel Muñoz-Espín
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection Programme, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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Groeneveld K. Physical exercise-A toxin-free complement to cancer therapy. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13606. [PMID: 33336496 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fan Y, Cheng J, Zeng H, Shao L. Senescent Cell Depletion Through Targeting BCL-Family Proteins and Mitochondria. Front Physiol 2020; 11:593630. [PMID: 33335487 PMCID: PMC7736607 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.593630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells with replicative arrest can be generated during genotoxic, oxidative, and oncogenic stress. Long-term retention of senescent cells in the body, which is attributed to highly expressed BCL-family proteins, chronically damages tissues mainly through a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). It has been documented that accumulation of senescent cells contributes to chronic diseases and aging-related diseases. Despite the fact that no unique marker is available to identify senescent cells, increased p16INK4a expression has long been used as an in vitro and in vivo marker of senescent cells. We reviewed five existing p16INK4a reporter mouse models to detect, isolate, and deplete senescent cells. Senescent cells express high levels of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic genes compared to normal cells. Thus, disrupting the balance between anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic gene expression, such as ABT-263 and ABT-737, can activate the apoptotic signaling pathway and remove senescent cells. Mitochondrial abnormalities in senescent cells were also discussed, for example mitochondrial DNA mutation accumulation, dysfunctional mitophagy, and mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR). The mitochondrial-targeted tamoxifen, MitoTam, can efficiently remove senescent cells due to its inhibition of respiratory complex I and low expression of adenine nucleotide translocase-2 (ANT2) in senescent cells. Therefore, senescent cells can be removed by various strategies, which delays chronic and aging-related diseases and enhances lifespan and healthy conditions in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiaoqi Cheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huihong Zeng
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Rebane-Klemm E, Truu L, Reinsalu L, Puurand M, Shevchuk I, Chekulayev V, Timohhina N, Tepp K, Bogovskaja J, Afanasjev V, Suurmaa K, Valvere V, Kaambre T. Mitochondrial Respiration in KRAS and BRAF Mutated Colorectal Tumors and Polyps. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040815. [PMID: 32231083 PMCID: PMC7226330 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the ATP-synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation in colorectal cancer (CRC) and premalignant colon polyps in relation to molecular biomarkers KRAS and BRAF. This prospective study included 48 patients. Resected colorectal polyps and postoperative CRC tissue with adjacent normal tissue (control) were collected. Patients with polyps and CRC were divided into three molecular groups: KRAS mutated, BRAF mutated and KRAS/BRAF wild-type. Mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized tissue samples was observed using high resolution respirometry. ADP-activated respiration rate (Vmax) and an apparent affinity of mitochondria to ADP, which is related to mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) permeability, were determined. Clear differences were present between molecular groups. KRAS mutated CRC group had lower Vmax values compared to wild-type; however, the Vmax value was higher than in the control group, while MOM permeability did not change. This suggests that KRAS mutation status might be involved in acquiring oxidative phenotype. KRAS mutated polyps had higher Vmax values and elevated MOM permeability as compared to the control. BRAF mutated CRC and polyps had reduced respiration and altered MOM permeability, indicating a glycolytic phenotype. To conclude, prognostic biomarkers KRAS and BRAF are likely related to the metabolic phenotype in CRC and polyps. Assessment of the tumor mitochondrial ATP synthesis could be a potential component of patient risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Rebane-Klemm
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Truu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Leenu Reinsalu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marju Puurand
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Igor Shevchuk
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Vladimir Chekulayev
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Natalja Timohhina
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Kersti Tepp
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Jelena Bogovskaja
- Clinic of Diagnostics at the North Estonia Medical Centre, J. Sütiste tee 19, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Vladimir Afanasjev
- Clinic of Surgery at the North Estonia Medical Centre, J. Sütiste tee 19, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Külliki Suurmaa
- Department of Gastroenterology, the West Tallinn Central Hospital, Paldiski mnt 68, 10617 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Vahur Valvere
- Oncology and Haematology Clinic at the North Estonia Medical Centre, J. Sütiste tee 19, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Tuuli Kaambre
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
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Sica V, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Stoll G, Kroemer G. Oxidative phosphorylation as a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:10-17. [PMID: 31396957 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to prior belief, cancer cells require oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to strive, and exacerbated OXPHOS dependency frequently characterizes cancer stem cells, as well as primary or acquired resistance against chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors. A growing arsenal of therapeutic agents is being designed to suppress the transfer of mitochondria from stromal to malignant cells, to interfere with mitochondrial biogenesis, to directly inhibit respiratory chain complexes, or to disrupt mitochondrial function in other ways. For the experimental treatment of cancers, OXPHOS inhibitors can be advantageously combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, as well as with other strategies to inhibit glycolysis, thereby causing a lethal energy crisis. Unfortunately, most of the preclinical data arguing in favor of OXPHOS inhibition have been obtained in xenograft models, in which human cancer cells are implanted in immunodeficient mice. Future studies on OXPHOS inhibitors should elaborate optimal treatment schedules and combination regimens that stimulate-or at least are compatible with-anticancer immune responses for long-term tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sica
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gautier Stoll
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Turk B. Mitochondria, Apoptosis and Cancer (MAC) 2017. Biol Chem 2019; 400:123-124. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Turk
- J. Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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