Multi-immobilization of viscozyme, alcalase and flavourzyme by nanomagnetic combi-CLEAs method for oil and protein hydrolysates extraction from rice bran in aqueous phase

Edible oil isolation from oil seeds by hexane faces pivotal challenges for human health and the environment. The aqueous enzymatic extraction procedure has been remarked as a preferable technique for concurrent oil and protein extraction. A one-pot combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Viscozyme, Alcalase and Flavourzyme in nanoscale for coinciding isolation of oil and protein hydrolysates is presented. The ideal parameters for immobilization were 1:1:1 ratio of enzymes in ethanol as aggregator, 0.75:1 ratio of lysine/enzyme mixture, 15 mM glutaraldehyde at temp = 2-3 °C, ultrasonic waves (300 Hz) for 10 min, then holding at 2-3 °C for 2.5 h. The optimum performance of NM-CLEAs was at pH 6.0, temp = 60 °C with particle size 65.5-414 nm, PDI = 0.428, and Ȥ-potential = -41.4 mV, sequentially. The thermo robustness of NM-Combi-CLEAs was approximately 3.6 times elevated than free enzymes at 85 °C in terms of carbohydrase activity and about 2.3 folds in protease performance. The kinetic assessment demonstrated 1.7 folds in Vmax and 2.0 folds increment in catalytic effectiveness (kcat/Km) while 1.1-2.0 folds reduction in Km value. CD and FTIR analyses demonstrated a 9.8 % and 21 % increment in α-helix and random coil configurations, while turn and β-sheet composition diminished by approximately 27.6 % and 12.4 %, sequentially. The oil extraction yield was about 92 % with 86 % protein efficiency after 10 consecutive cycles of CLEAs use. Physicochemical assessment of extracted oil and protein hydrolysates compared to commercial rice bran oil, was represent quality enhancement. Hence, Combi-CLEAs introduces as a biocatalyst with ease of operation, elevated effectiveness, and eco-friendly catalytic approach.

Hybrid magnetic nanocomposites of arginine deiminase with improved stability and recyclability for biomedical applications

Nanocarrier-based immobilization has created new avenues for enhancing the biophysical properties of enzymes. Nanomatrices such as magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), chitin, and chitosan with large surface areas and tunable morphology have been developed to circumvent the bottlenecks of free enzymes. The present study used MNPs to immobilize the enzyme arginine deiminase (ADI) for improved morphological control, recovery, operational stability, and easy recyclability. Hybrid magnetic arginine deiminase cross-linked enzyme aggregate (mADI-CLEA) was developed for the first time by co-aggregating ADI with magnetite nanocomposites, followed by its cross-linkage with glutaraldehyde. Structural analysis by DLS/ZETA, SEM, and FT-IR revealed their highly stable and robust nature. The resulting mADI-CLEA exhibited higher pH resistivity and thermostability than ADI-CLEA. Reusability and storage stability assay indicated that mADI-CLEA maintained more than 60% residual activity even after seven batch cycles and was stable for more than 70 days. These hybrid magnetic aggregates of ADI offer an economical and stable alternative for biomedical applications of ADI.

Advancements in enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanomaterials: toward sustainable industrial applications

Enzymes are widely used in biofuels, food, and pharmaceuticals. The immobilization of enzymes on solid supports, particularly magnetic nanomaterials, enhances their stability and catalytic activity. Magnetic nanomaterials are chosen for their versatility, large surface area, and superparamagnetic properties, which allow for easy separation and reuse in industrial processes. Researchers focus on the synthesis of appropriate nanomaterials tailored for specific purposes. Immobilization protocols are predefined and adapted to both enzymes and support requirements for optimal efficiency. This review provides a detailed exploration of the application of magnetic nanomaterials in enzyme immobilization protocols. It covers methods, challenges, advantages, and future perspectives, starting with general aspects of magnetic nanomaterials, their synthesis, and applications as matrices for solid enzyme stabilization. The discussion then delves into existing enzymatic immobilization methods on magnetic nanomaterials, highlighting advantages, challenges, and potential applications. Further sections explore the industrial use of various enzymes immobilized on these materials, the development of enzyme-based bioreactors, and prospects for these biocatalysts. In summary, this review provides a concise comparison of the use of magnetic nanomaterials for enzyme stabilization, highlighting potential industrial applications and contributing to manufacturing optimization.

Cellulase Immobilization on Nanostructured Supports for Biomass Waste Processing

Nanobiocatalysts, i.e., enzymes immobilized on nanostructured supports, received considerable attention because they are potential remedies to overcome shortcomings of traditional biocatalysts, such as low efficiency of mass transfer, instability during catalytic reactions, and possible deactivation. In this short review, we will analyze major aspects of immobilization of cellulase-an enzyme for cellulosic biomass waste processing-on nanostructured supports. Such supports provide high surface areas, increased enzyme loading, and a beneficial environment to enhance cellulase performance and its stability, leading to nanobiocatalysts for obtaining biofuels and value-added chemicals. Here, we will discuss such nanostructured supports as carbon nanotubes, polymer nanoparticles (NPs), nanohydrogels, nanofibers, silica NPs, hierarchical porous materials, magnetic NPs and their nanohybrids, based on publications of the last five years. The use of magnetic NPs is especially favorable due to easy separation and the nanobiocatalyst recovery for a repeated use. This review will discuss methods for cellulase immobilization, morphology of nanostructured supports, multienzyme systems as well as factors influencing the enzyme activity to achieve the highest conversion of cellulosic biowaste into fermentable sugars. We believe this review will allow for an enhanced understanding of such nanobiocatalysts and processes, allowing for the best solutions to major problems of sustainable biorefinery.

Enhancement of the Catalytic Performance and Operational Stability of Sol-Gel-Entrapped Cellulase by Tailoring the Matrix Structure and Properties

Commercial cellulase Cellic CTec2 was immobilized by the entrapment technique in sol–gel matrices, and sol–gel entrapment with deposition onto magnetic nanoparticles, using binary or ternary systems of silane precursors with alkyl- or aryl-trimethoxysilanes, at different molar ratios. Appropriate tailoring of the sol–gel matrix allowed for the enhancement of the catalytic efficiency of the cellulase biocatalyst, which was then evaluated in the hydrolysis reaction of Avicel microcrystalline cellulose. A correlation between the catalytic activity with the properties of the sol–gel matrix of the nanobiocatalysts was observed using several characterization methods: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy (FM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA). The homogeneous distribution of the enzymes in the sol–gel matrix and the mass loss profile as a function of temperature were highlighted. The influence of temperature and pH of the reaction medium on the catalytic performance of the nanobiocatalysts as well as the operational stability under optimized reaction conditions were also investigated; the immobilized biocatalysts proved their superiority in comparison to the native cellulase. The magnetic cellulase biocatalyst with the highest efficiency was reused in seven successive batch hydrolysis cycles of microcrystalline cellulose with remanent activity values that were over 40%, thus we obtained promising results for scaling-up the process.