1
|
Murgia F, Monni G, Corda V, Hendren AJ, Paci G, Piras A, Ibba RM, Atzori L. Metabolomics Analysis of Amniotic Fluid in Euploid Foetuses with Thickened Nuchal Translucency by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:913. [PMID: 34575062 PMCID: PMC8466859 DOI: 10.3390/life11090913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of a fetal thickened nuchal translucency (NT), one of the most sensitive and specific individual markers of fetal disorders, is strongly correlated with the possibility of a genetic syndrome, congenital infections, or other malformations. Thickened NT can also be found in normal pregnancies. Several of its pathophysiological aspects still remain unexplained. Metabolomics could offer a fresh opportunity to explore maternal-foetal metabolism in an effort to explain its physiological and pathological mechanisms. For this prospective case-control pilot study, thirty-nine samples of amniotic fluids were collected, divisible into 12 euploid foetuses with an enlarged nuchal translucency (>NT) and 27 controls (C). Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were performed to find a specific metabolic pattern of >NT class. The correlation between the metabolic profile and clinical parameters was evaluated (NT showed an R2 = 0.75, foetal crown-rump length showed R2 = 0.65, pregnancy associated plasma protein-A showed R2 = 0.60). Nine metabolites significantly differing between >NT foetuses and C were detected: 2-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric, 1,5 Anydro-Sorbitol, cholesterol, erythronic acid, fructose, malic acid, threitol, and threonine, which were linked to altered pathways involved in altered energetic pathways. Through the metabolomics approach, it was possible to identify a specific metabolic fingerprint of the fetuses with >NT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Murgia
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (G.P.); (L.A.)
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A.Cao, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (R.M.I.)
| | - Giovanni Monni
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A.Cao, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (R.M.I.)
| | - Valentina Corda
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A.Cao, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (R.M.I.)
| | - Aran J. Hendren
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Giulia Paci
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (G.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Alba Piras
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A.Cao, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (R.M.I.)
| | - Rosa M. Ibba
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A.Cao, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (R.M.I.)
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (G.P.); (L.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Monni G, Atzori L, Corda V, Dessolis F, Iuculano A, Hurt KJ, Murgia F. Metabolomics in Prenatal Medicine: A Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:645118. [PMID: 34249959 PMCID: PMC8267865 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.645118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a complicated and insidious state with various aspects to consider, including the well-being of the mother and child. Developing better non-invasive tests that cover a broader range of disorders with lower false-positive rates is a fundamental necessity in the prenatal medicine field, and, in this sense, the application of metabolomics could be extremely useful. Metabolomics measures and analyses the products of cellular biochemistry. As a biomarker discovery tool, the integrated holistic approach of metabolomics can yield new diagnostic or therapeutic approaches. In this review, we identify and summarize prenatal metabolomics studies and identify themes and controversies. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and Google Scholar for all publications through January 2020 using combinations of the following keywords: nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, metabolic profiling, prenatal diagnosis, pregnancy, chromosomal or aneuploidy, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, pre-term labor, and congenital defect. Metabolite detection with high throughput systems aided by advanced bioinformatics and network analysis allowed for the identification of new potential prenatal biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We took into consideration the scientific papers issued between the years 2000-2020, thus observing that the larger number of them were mainly published in the last 10 years. Initial small metabolomics studies in perinatology suggest that previously unidentified biochemical pathways and predictive biomarkers may be clinically useful. Although the scientific community is considering metabolomics with increasing attention for the study of prenatal medicine as well, more in-depth studies would be useful in order to advance toward the clinic world as the obtained results appear to be still preliminary. Employing metabolomics approaches to understand fetal and perinatal pathophysiology requires further research with larger sample sizes and rigorous testing of pilot studies using various omics and traditional hypothesis-driven experimental approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monni
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico βA.Cao,βCagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Corda
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico βA.Cao,βCagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Dessolis
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico βA.Cao,βCagliari, Italy
| | - Ambra Iuculano
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico βA.Cao,βCagliari, Italy
| | - K. Joseph Hurt
- Divisions of Maternal Fetal Medicine and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Federica Murgia
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico βA.Cao,βCagliari, Italy
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuyun X, Fan Y, Weiping W, Qing Y, Bingwei S. Metabolomic analysis of spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis reveals the potential involvement of glutathione depletion. Innate Immun 2020; 27:31-40. [PMID: 32910715 PMCID: PMC7780355 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920951985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils plays a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis and resolving inflammation. However, the mechanism triggering this apoptosis remains obscure. In the present study, we performed a global metabolomics analysis of neutrophils undergoing spontaneous apoptosis by using hydrophilic interaction chromatography ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and found 23 metabolites and 42 related pathways that were altered in these cells. Among them, glutathione, which is known to be involved in apoptosis, was particularly interesting. We found that L-pyroglutamic acid, glutamate, and their glutathione-mediated embolic pathways were all changed. Our findings confirmed the glutathione levels decreased in apoptotic neutrophils. Exogenous glutathione and LPS treatment delayed neutrophil apoptosis and decreased the levels of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3. Ξ³-glutamylcyclotransferase, 5-oxoprolinase, and ChaC1, which participated in glutathione degradation, were all activated. At the same time, the down-regulation of ATP production suggested the activity of glutathione biosynthesis may be attenuated even if glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthase, which are two ATP-dependent enzymes participating in glutathione biosynthesis, were enhanced. To our knowledge, this is the first report highlighting a global metabolomics analysis using hydrophilic interaction chromatography ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the potential involvement of glutathione depletion in spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils demonstrating that LPS could delay this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yuyun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Weiping
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Qing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Republic of China
| | - Sun Bingwei
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tarca AL, Romero R, Pique-Regi R, Pacora P, Done B, Kacerovsky M, Bhatti G, Jaiman S, Hassan SS, Hsu CD, Gomez-Lopez N. Amniotic fluid cell-free transcriptome: a glimpse into fetal development and placental cellular dynamics during normal pregnancy. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:25. [PMID: 32050959 PMCID: PMC7017452 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-0690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The amniotic fluid (AF) cell-free transcriptome is modulated by physiologic and pathologic processes during pregnancy. AF gene expression changes with advancing gestation reflect fetal development and organ maturation; yet, defining normal expression and splicing patterns for biomarker discovery in obstetrics requires larger heterogeneous cohorts, evaluation of potential confounding factors, and novel analytical approaches. Methods Women with a normal pregnancy who had an AF sample collected during midtrimester (nβ=β30) or at term gestation (nβ=β68) were included. Expression profiling at exon level resolution was performed using Human Transcriptome Arrays. Differential expression was based on moderated t-test adjusted pβ<β0.05 and fold change >β1.25; for differential splicing, a splicing index >β2 and adjusted pβ<β0.05 were required. Functional profiling was used to interpret differentially expressed or spliced genes. The expression of tissue-specific and cell-type specific signatures defined by single-cell genomics was quantified and correlated with covariates. In-silico validation studies were performed using publicly available datasets. Results 1) 64,071 genes were detected in AF, with 11% of the coding and 6% of the non-coding genes being differentially expressed between midtrimester and term gestation. Expression changes were highly correlated with those previously reported (Rβ>β0.79, pβ<β0.001) and featured increased expression of genes specific to the trachea, salivary glands, and lung and decreased expression of genes specific to the cardiac myocytes, uterus, and fetal liver, among others. 2) Single-cell RNA-seq signatures of the cytotrophoblast, Hofbauer cells, erythrocytes, monocytes, T and B cells, among others, showed complex patterns of modulation with gestation (adjusted pβ<β0.05). 3) In 17% of the genes detected, we found differential splicing with advancing gestation in genes related to brain development processes and immunity pathways, including some that were missed based on differential expression analysis alone. Conclusions This represents the largest AF transcriptomics study in normal pregnancy, reporting for the first time that single-cell genomic signatures can be tracked in the AF and display complex patterns of expression during gestation. We also demonstrate a role for alternative splicing in tissue-identity acquisition, organ development, and immune processes. The results herein may have implications for the development of fetal testing to assess placental function and fetal organ maturity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bogdan Done
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marian Kacerovsky
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sunil Jaiman
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, πΈπ’ππππ πΎππππππ¦ πβπππ£ππ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicin, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Murgia F, Iuculano A, Peddes C, Santoru ML, Tronci L, Deiana M, Atzori L, Monni G. Metabolic fingerprinting of chorionic villous samples in normal pregnancy and chromosomal disorders. Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:848-858. [PMID: 30995342 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Placenta-related biological samples are used in biomedical research to investigate placental development. Metabolomics represents a promising approach for studying placental metabolism in an effort to explain physiological and pathological mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate metabolic changes in chorionic villi during the first trimester of pregnancy in euploid and aneuploid cases. METHODS Samples from 21 women (13 euploid and eight aneuploid) were analyzed with 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Multivariate statistical analysis was performed, and differences in metabolites were used to identify the altered metabolic pathways. RESULTS A regression model to test the correlation between fetal crown-rump length (CRL) and metabolic profile of chorionic villi was performed in euploid pregnancies (R2 was 0.69 for the NMR analysis and 0.94 for the GC-MS analysis). Supervised analysis was used to compare chorionic villi of euploid and aneuploid fetuses (NMR: R2 XΒ =Β 0.70, R2 YΒ =Β 0.65, Q2 Β =Β 0.30, R2 XΒ =Β 0.62; GC-MS: R2 YΒ =Β 0.704, Q2 Β =Β 0.444). Polyol pathways, myo-inositol, and oxidative stress seem to have a fundamental role in euploid and aneuploid pregnancies. CONCLUSION Polyol pathways may have a crucial role in energy production in early pregnancy. Excessive activation in aneuploid pregnancies may lead to increased oxidative stress. Metabolomics represents a promising approach to investigate placental metabolic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Murgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ambra Iuculano
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Peddes
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Santoru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Deiana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monni
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Monni G, Murgia F, Corda V, Peddes C, Iuculano A, Tronci L, Balsamo A, Atzori L. Metabolomic Investigation of Ξ²-Thalassemia in Chorionic Villi Samples. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060798. [PMID: 31195667 PMCID: PMC6616561 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-thalassemias are blood disorders characterized by poorly understood clinical phenotypes ranging from asymptomatic to severe anemia. Metabolic composition of the human placenta could be affected by the presence of pathological states such as Ξ²-thalassemia. The aim of our study was to describe metabolic changes in chorionic villi samples of fetuses affected by Ξ²-thalassemia compared to a control group by applying a metabolomics approach. METHODS Chorionic villi samples were differentiated according to the genetic diagnosis of Ξ²-thalassemia: control (Group 1, n = 27); heterozygous (Group 2, n = 7); homozygous (Group 3, n = 7). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect the metabolic composition of the samples. Subsequently, multivariate and univariate statistical analysis was performed. The discriminant metabolites were used to identify the altered pathways. RESULTS Supervised multivariate models were devised to compare the groups. The model resulting from the comparison between Group 1 and Group 3 was the most significant. Discriminant metabolites were identified, and the most altered pathways were as follows: pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), arachidonic acid metabolism, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis, suggesting the presence of an energetic shift toward the PPP and the presence of oxidative stress in Ξ²-thalassemia chorionic villi samples. CONCLUSIONS The metabolomics approach identified a specific metabolic fingerprint in chorionic villi of fetuses affected by Ξ²-thalassemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monni
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico "A.Cao", 09121 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Federica Murgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, 09121 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Valentina Corda
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico "A.Cao", 09121 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Cristina Peddes
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico "A.Cao", 09121 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Ambra Iuculano
- Department of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico "A.Cao", 09121 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Laura Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, 09121 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Balsamo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, 09121 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, 09121 Cagliari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|