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Lieberman L, Lopriore E, Baker JM, Bercovitz RS, Christensen RD, Crighton G, Delaney M, Goel R, Hendrickson JE, Keir A, Landry D, La Rocca U, Lemyre B, Maier RF, Muniz‐Diaz E, Nahirniak S, New HV, Pavenski K, dos Santos MCP, Ramsey G, Shehata N. International guidelines regarding the role of IVIG in the management of Rh- and ABO-mediated haemolytic disease of the newborn. Br J Haematol 2022; 198:183-195. [PMID: 35415922 PMCID: PMC9324942 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can be associated with significant morbidity. Prompt treatment with intensive phototherapy (PT) and exchange transfusions (ETs) can dramatically improve outcomes. ET is invasive and associated with risks. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be an alternative therapy to prevent use of ET. An international panel of experts was convened to develop evidence-based recommendations regarding the effectiveness and safety of IVIG to reduce the need for ETs, improve neurocognitive outcomes, reduce bilirubin level, reduce the frequency of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and severity of anaemia, and/or reduce duration of hospitalization for neonates with Rh or ABO-mediated HDN. We used a systematic approach to search and review the literature and then develop recommendations from published data. These recommendations conclude that IVIG should not be routinely used to treat Rh or ABO antibody-mediated HDN. In situations where hyperbilirubinaemia is severe (and ET is imminent), or when ET is not readily available, the role of IVIG is unclear. High-quality studies are urgently needed to assess the optimal use of IVIG in patients with HDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lani Lieberman
- Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular DiagnosticsSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Enrico Lopriore
- Division of NeonatologyDepartment of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jillian M. Baker
- Department of PediatricsUnity Health Toronto (St. Michael's Hospital)TorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Haematology‐OncologyThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Rachel S. Bercovitz
- Division of HematologyOncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Robert D. Christensen
- Divisions of Neonatology and Hematology/OncologyUniversity of Utah HealthSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Women and Newborn's ResearchIntermountain HealthcareSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Gemma Crighton
- Department of HaematologyRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneAustralia
| | - Meghan Delaney
- Division of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineChildren's National HospitalWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Department of Pathology & PediatricsThe George Washington University Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Ruchika Goel
- Division of Transfusion MedicineDepartment of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Simmons Cancer Institute at SIU School of MedicineSpringfieldIllinoisUSA
| | - Jeanne E. Hendrickson
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and PediatricsYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Amy Keir
- SAHMRI Women and KidsSouth Australian Health and Medical InstituteNorth AdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institutethe University of AdelaideNorth AdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Ursula La Rocca
- Department of Translational and Precision MedicineSapienza UniversityRomeItaly
- Italian National Blood CentreNational Institute of HealthRomeItaly
| | - Brigitte Lemyre
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Rolf F. Maier
- Children's HospitalUniversity Hospital, Philipps UniversityMarburgGermany
| | - Eduardo Muniz‐Diaz
- Department of ImmunohematologyBlood and Tissue Bank of CataloniaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Susan Nahirniak
- Alberta Precision Laboratories and Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Helen V. New
- Clinical DirectorateNHS Blood and TransplantLondonUK
- Centre for HaematologyImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Katerina Pavenski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUnity Health Toronto (St. Michael's Hospital)TorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Glenn Ramsey
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nadine Shehata
- Departments of MedicineLaboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Institute of Health, Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
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Alsaleem M. Intravenous Immune Globulin Uses in the Fetus and Neonate: A Review. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E60. [PMID: 33158209 PMCID: PMC7709108 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) is made after processing plasma from healthy donors. It is composed mainly of pooled immunoglobulin and has clinical evidence-based applications in adult and pediatric populations. Recently, several clinical applications have been proposed for managing conditions in the neonatal population, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn, treatment, and prophylaxis for sepsis in high-risk neonates, enterovirus parvovirus and COVID-19 related neonatal infections, fetal and neonatal immune-induced thrombocytopenia, neonatal hemochromatosis, neonatal Kawasaki disease, and some types of immunodeficiency. The dosing, mechanism of action, effectiveness, side effects, and adverse reactions of IVIG have been relatively well studied in adults but are not well described in the neonatal population. This review aims to provide the most recent evidence and consensus guidelines about the use of IVIG in the fetus and neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Alsaleem
- Pediatrics Department, Neonatology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
- Pediatrics Department, University of Kansas, Wichita, KS 67208, USA
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Mayer B, Hinkson L, Hillebrand W, Henrich W, Salama A. Efficacy of Antenatal Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment in Pregnancies at High Risk due to Alloimmunization to Red Blood Cells. Transfus Med Hemother 2018; 45:429-436. [PMID: 30574060 DOI: 10.1159/000490154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alloimmunization to red blood cells (RBCs) may result in fetal anemia prior to 20 weeks gestation. The question as to whether early commencement of antenatal treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) may prevent or at least delay the development of fetal anemia in the presence of alloantibodies to RBCs is highly relevant. Patients and Results Here we describe a patient with high-titer anti-K and two other severely affected pregnant women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss due to high-titer anti-D or anti-D plus anti-C. Early commencement of treatment with IVIG (1 g/kg/week) resulted in prevention of intrauterine transfusion (IUT) in the former two cases, and in a significant delay of development of fetal anemia in the remaining case (26 weeks gestation). Conclusion Based on our findings and of previously published cases, early initiation of treatment of severely alloimmunized women with IVIG (1 g/kg/week) could potentially improve the outcome of fetuses at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Mayer
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larry Hinkson
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hillebrand
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Henrich
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdulgabar Salama
- Department of Gynecology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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Zwiers C, Scheffer‐Rath MEA, Lopriore E, de Haas M, Liley HG. Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 3:CD003313. [PMID: 29551014 PMCID: PMC6494160 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003313.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exchange transfusion and phototherapy have traditionally been used to treat jaundice and avoid the associated neurological complications. Because of the risks and burdens of exchange transfusion, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been suggested as an alternative therapy for alloimmune hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) to reduce the need for exchange transfusion. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect and complications of IVIg in newborn infants with alloimmune HDN on the need for and number of exchange transfusions. SEARCH METHODS We performed electronic searches of CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase (Ovid), Web of Science, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Academic Search Premier, and the trial registers ClinicalTrials.gov and controlled-trials.com in May 2017. We also searched reference lists of included and excluded trials and relevant reviews for further relevant studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered all randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of IVIg in the treatment of alloimmune HDN. Trials must have used predefined criteria for the use of IVIg and exchange transfusion therapy to be included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard methods of Cochrane and its Neonatal Review Group. We assessed studies for inclusion and two review authors independently assessed quality and extracted data. We discussed any differences of opinion to reach consensus. We contacted investigators for additional or missing information. We calculated risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD) and number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) for categorical outcomes. We calculated mean difference (MD) for continuous variables. We used GRADE criteria to assess the risk of bias for major outcomes and to summarize the level of evidence. MAIN RESULTS Nine studies with 658 infants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Term and preterm infants with Rh or ABO (or both) incompatibility were included. The use of exchange transfusion decreased significantly in the immunoglobulin treated group (typical RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.49; typical RD -0.22, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.16; NNTB 5). The mean number of exchange transfusions per infant was also significantly lower in the immunoglobulin treated group (MD -0.34, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.17). However, sensitivity analysis by risk of bias showed that in the only two studies in which the treatment was masked by use of a placebo and outcome assessment was blinded, the results differed; there was no difference in the need for exchange transfusions (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.98) or number of exchange transfusions (MD -0.04, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.10). Two studies assessed long-term outcomes and found no cases of kernicterus, deafness or cerebral palsy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Although overall results show a significant reduction in the need for exchange transfusion in infants treated with IVIg, the applicability of the results is limited because of low to very low quality of evidence. Furthermore, the two studies at lowest risk of bias show no benefit of IVIg in reducing the need for and number of exchange transfusions. Based on these results, we have insufficient confidence in the effect estimate for benefit of IVIg to make even a weak recommendation for the use of IVIg for the treatment of alloimmune HDN. Further studies are needed before the use of IVIg for the treatment of alloimmune HDN can be recommended, and should include blinding of the intervention by use of a placebo as well as sufficient sample size to assess the potential for serious adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Zwiers
- Leiden University Medical CenterDepartment of ObstetricsLeidenNetherlands
| | - Mirjam EA Scheffer‐Rath
- Leiden University Medical CenterDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of NeonatologyJ6‐S, PO box 9600LeidenNetherlands2300
| | - Enrico Lopriore
- Leiden University Medical CenterDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of NeonatologyJ6‐S, PO box 9600LeidenNetherlands2300
| | - Masja de Haas
- Leiden University Medical CenterImmunohematology and Blood TransfusionLeidenNetherlands
- Sanquin Diagnostic ServicesImmunohematology DiagnosticsAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Helen G Liley
- Mater Mothers' Hospital, Mater Research, The University of QueenslandSouth BrisbaneAustralia
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Louis D, More K, Oberoi S, Shah PS. Intravenous immunoglobulin in isoimmune haemolytic disease of newborn: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2014; 99:F325-31. [PMID: 24514437 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is used in neonates with isoimmune haemolytic disease to prevent exchange transfusion (ET). However, studies supporting IVIg had methodological issues. OBJECTIVE To update the systematic review of efficacy and safety of IVIg in neonates with isoimmune haemolytic disease. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase databases and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library) were searched (from inception to May 2013) for randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing IVIg with placebo/controls in neonates with isoimmune haemolytic disease without any language restriction. Three investigators assessed methodological quality of included trials. Meta-analyses were performed using random effect model and risk ratio (RR)/risk difference (RD) and mean difference with 95% CI calculated. MAIN RESULTS Twelve studies were included, ten trials (n=463) of Rh isoimmunisation and five trials (n=350) of ABO isoimmunisation (three studies had both population). Significant variations in risk of bias precluded an overall meta-analysis of Rh isoimmunisation. Studies with high risk of bias showed that IVIg reduced the rate of ET in Rh isoimmunisation (RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.40), whereas studies with low risk of bias that also used prophylactic phototherapy did not show statistically significant difference (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.26). For ABO isoimmunisation, only studies with high risk of bias were available and meta-analysis revealed efficacy of IVIg in reducing ET (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.55). CONCLUSIONS Efficacy of IVIg is not conclusive in Rh haemolytic disease of newborn with studies with low risk of bias indicating no benefit and studies with high risk of bias suggesting benefit. Role of IVIg in ABO disease is not clear as studies that showed a benefit had high risk of bias.
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Bellone M, Boctor FN. Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin as primary therapy for D alloimmunization in pregnancy precludes the need for intrauterine transfusion. Transfusion 2014; 54:2118-21. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bellone
- Division of Transfusion Medicine; Department of Pathology; North Shore University Hospital and Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine; Manhasset New York
| | - Fouad N. Boctor
- Division of Transfusion Medicine; Department of Pathology; North Shore University Hospital and Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine; Manhasset New York
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Corvaglia L, Legnani E, Galletti S, Arcuri S, Aceti A, Faldella G. Intravenous immunoglobulin to treat neonatal alloimmune haemolytic disease. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:2782-5. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.718387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Smits-Wintjens VEHJ, Walther FJ, Rath MEA, Lindenburg ITM, te Pas AB, Kramer CM, Oepkes D, Brand A, Lopriore E. Intravenous immunoglobulin in neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2011; 127:680-6. [PMID: 21422084 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite limited data, international guidelines recommend the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease. OBJECTIVE We tested whether prophylactic use of IVIg reduces the need for exchange transfusions in neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease. DESIGN AND SETTING We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease. After stratification for treatment with intrauterine transfusion, neonates were randomly assigned for IVIg (0.75 g/kg) or placebo (5% glucose). The primary outcome was the rate of exchange transfusions. Secondary outcomes were duration of phototherapy, maximum bilirubin levels, and the need of top-up red-cell transfusions. RESULTS Eighty infants were included in the study, 53 of whom (66%) were treated with intrauterine transfusion(s). There was no difference in the rate of exchange transfusions between the IVIg and placebo groups (7 of 41 [17%] vs 6 of 39 [15%]; P = .99) and in the number of exchange transfusions per patient (median [range]: 0 [0-2] vs 0 [0-2]; P = .90) or in duration of phototherapy (4.7 [1.8] vs 5.1 [2.1] days; P = .34), maximum bilirubin levels (14.8 [4.7] vs 14.1 [4.9] mg/dL; P = .52), and proportion of neonates who required top-up red-cell transfusions (34 of 41 [83%] vs 34 of 39 [87%]; P = .76). CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic IVIg does not reduce the need for exchange transfusion or the rates of other adverse neonatal outcomes. Our findings do not support the use of IVIg in neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease.
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Elalfy MS, Elbarbary NS, Abaza HW. Early intravenous immunoglobin (two-dose regimen) in the management of severe Rh hemolytic disease of newborn--a prospective randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr 2011; 170:461-7. [PMID: 20924607 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-010-1310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy is the standard treatment in moderately severe hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN), whereas exchange transfusion (ET) is the second line in progressive cases. Intravenous immunoglobin (IVIG) has been suggested to decrease the need for ET. We aimed at assessing the efficacy of early two-dose regimens of IVIG to avoid unnecessary ET in severe Rh HDN. The study included 90 full-term neonates with Rh incompatibility unmodified by antenatal treatment and not eligible for early ET and which were randomly assigned into one of three groups: group (I), treated by conventional method; groups IIa and IIb received IVIG once at 12 h postnatal age if PT was indicated, in a dose of 0.5 and 1 g/kg, respectively. Analysis revealed 11 neonates (22%) in the conventional group and 2 (5%) in the intervention group who administered low-dose IVIG at 12 h, while none in group IIb required exchange transfusion (p = 0.03). Mean bilirubin levels were significantly lower during the first 96 h in the intervention group compared to the conventional group (p < 0.0001). Shorter duration of phototherapy (52.8 ± 12.39 h) and hospital stay (3.25 ± 0.71 days) in the IVIG group compared to conventional group (84 ± 12.12 h and 4.72 ± 0.78 days, p < 0.0001, respectively) were observed. We conclude that IVIG administration at 12 h was effective in the treatment of severe Rh HDN; the low-dose IVIG (0.5 g/kg) was as effective as high dose (1 g/kg) in reducing the duration of phototherapy and hospital stay, but less effective in avoiding exchange transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Saleh Elalfy
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Cairo, Morbah, 1153, Egypt.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemolytic jaundice is an important entity in neonatal clinical practice. Because of the decrease in rhesus isoimmunisation since the advent of anti-D immunoglobulin and improved antenatal management strategies, its management in the neonatal period has become less intensive and exchange transfusions rarely performed. AIM We planned to review the practice of Australasian perinatal units in light of recent advances and recommendations. METHODS An electronic survey was sent to the directors of all 25 tertiary-level perinatal units across Australasia. The questionnaire comprised 20 questions dealing with the management of haemolytic jaundice. RESULTS Twenty out of the 25 neonatal units responded. Most were aware of the recent American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, but only eight (40%) based their practice on it. Fifty per cent of neonatal units had written protocols to manage such infants, but almost all had written guidelines for performing exchange transfusions. Seven (35%) units started prophylactic phototherapy; however, the criteria used for early exchange were variable, most related to cord haemoglobin or rate of rise of bilirubin. Few units used high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in haemolytic jaundice. Average exchange rates (based on the last 2 years) were 3.5/year (0-10). CONCLUSION Variable practice was noted across the Australasian units. Written protocols form the backbone of management of jaundice in such babies. The use of intravenous immunoglobulin is minimal, and the information available on its use needs to be critically appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Malhotra
- Monash Newborn, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Immunoglobulines polyvalentes intraveineuses et ictère néonatal par allo-immunisation érythrocytaire. Arch Pediatr 2009; 16:1289-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Miqdad AM, Abdelbasit OB, Shaheed MM, Seidahmed MZ, Abomelha AM, Arcala OP. Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) therapy for significant hyperbilirubinemia in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/jmf.16.3.163.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AM Miqdad
- Department of Pediatrics Security Forces Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - OB Abdelbasit
- Department of Pediatrics Security Forces Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - MM Shaheed
- Department of Pediatrics Security Forces Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - MZ Seidahmed
- Department of Pediatrics Security Forces Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - AM Abomelha
- Department of Pediatrics Security Forces Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - OP Arcala
- Department of Pediatrics Security Forces Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Roberts IAG. The changing face of haemolytic disease of the newborn. Early Hum Dev 2008; 84:515-23. [PMID: 18621490 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis, acute management and follow-up of neonates with haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) still represents a significant area of activity for maternity/neonatal services. ABO incompatability is now the single largest cause of HDN in the western world. However, with increasing knowledge at the molecular level, and closer liaison between neonatal paediatricians and haematologists, the diagnosis of non-immune causes of HDN is increasing. As these conditions have an inherited basis and therefore have implications for other family members (or future children), it remains a high priority for all neonatal paediatricians to achieve an accurate diagnosis in all cases of HDN. As the efficacy of phototherapy increases the role of exchange transfusion in acute management is rapidly decreasing. This makes gauging the appropriate time to intervene with exchange transfusion a difficult clinical decision, and guidelines appropriate to the spectrum of contemporary disease are required. In the future intravenous immunoglobulin and/or intramuscular metalloporphyrins may further reduce the need for exchange transfusion and continue to change the spectrum of HDN faced by neonatal paediatricians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A G Roberts
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The changing management of haemolytic disease of the newborn is reviewed
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Murray
- Imperial College, Department of Paediatrics, 5th Floor, Ham House, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Kriplani A, Malhotra Singh B, Mandal K. Fetal Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Rhesus Hemolytic Disease. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2006; 63:176-80. [PMID: 17143009 DOI: 10.1159/000097661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine blood transfusion is the mainstay of treatment of fetal rhesus hemolytic anemia with optimal perinatal outcome. Postnatal immunoglobulin therapy has been successfully used in the management of alloimmunized neonates and has shown to decrease the need for exchange transfusion. We report the first case series of fetal immunoglobulin therapy in the antenatal management of severe Rh incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Kriplani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of intravenous immunoglobulins in Rh hemolytic disease of newborn. METHODS The study included all DCT positive Rh isoimmunized babies admitted in the unit from August 2000 to February 2001. Intravenous immunoglobulins in the dose of 500 mg/kg on day 1 and day 2 of life in addition to the standard therapy. Babies who received IVIG were compared with those who did not receive IVIG for the peak bilirubin levels, duration of phototherapy, number of exchange transfusions, discharge PCV and the need for blood transfusions for late anemia till 1 months of age. RESULTS A total of 34 babies were eligible for the study. 8 babies received IVIG and 26 babies only standard treatment. The mean maximum bilirubin levels were significantly lower in the IVIG group compared to the group who received NO IVIG (16.52 +/- 2.96 Vs 22.72 +/- 8.84, p=0.004). Five babies in the IVIG group (62.5%) and 23 babies in the NO IVIG group required exchange transfusions (88.5%, p=0.014). 12 of the 26 babies in the NO IVIG group required multiple exchange transfusions while none of the babies in IVIG group required more one exchange transfusion (p=0.03). The mean duration of phototherapy was 165 +/- 109 hours in the IVIG group as against 119 +/- 56 hours in the NO IVIG group (p=0.29). Blood transfusion for anemia was more common in the IVIG group (37.5% Vs 11.5% p=0.126) though the packed cell volumes at discharge were similar in both the groups (39.5 +/- 11 Vs 40 +/- 5.1, P=0.92). CONCLUSION Intravenous immunoglobulins is effective in decreasing the maximum bilirubin levels and the need for repeated exchange transfusions in Rh hemolytic disease of newborn. There is however an increased need for blood transfusions for late anemia in the babies treated with IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanya Mukhopadhyay
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Gottstein R, Cooke RWI. Systematic review of intravenous immunoglobulin in haemolytic disease of the newborn. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003; 88:F6-10. [PMID: 12496219 PMCID: PMC1755998 DOI: 10.1136/fn.88.1.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of high dose intravenous immunoglobulin (HDIVIG) in reducing the need for exchange transfusion in neonates with proven haemolytic disease due to Rh and/or ABO incompatibility. To assess the effectiveness of HDIVIG in reducing the duration of phototherapy and hospital stay. DESIGN Systematic review of randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing HDIVIG and phototherapy with phototherapy alone in neonates with Rh and/or ABO incompatibility. RESULTS Significantly fewer infants required exchange transfusion in the HDIVIG group (relative risk (RR) 0.28 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17 to 0.47); number needed to treat 2.7 (95% CI 2.0 to 3.8)). Also hospital stay and duration of phototherapy were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION HDIVIG is an effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gottstein
- Neonatal Unit, Liverpool Women's Hospital, UK.
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Aref K, Boctor FN, Pande S, Uehlinger J, Manning F, Eglowstein M, Mallozzi A, Bebbington M, Weinberg G, Rosen O, Raab C, Brion LP. Successful perinatal management of hydrops fetalis due to hemolytic disease associated with D-- maternal phenotype. J Perinatol 2002; 22:667-8. [PMID: 12478452 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7210775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the successful management of a case of hemolytic disease and hydrops fetalis secondary to anti Rh 17 antibodies in a woman with the rare D-- phenotype. We discuss the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins in treating hemolytic disease of the newborn infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aref
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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20
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Abstract
Rhesus (Rh) isoimmunisation is the most common form of severe haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The introduction of prophylaxis with anti-D Rh0 immunoglobulin (anti-D) has resulted in a marked reduction in the sensitisation of Rh-negative women and deaths attributable to Rh HDN. The sensitisation rate could be further decreased if there was strict adherence to the guidelines for administration of anti-D prophylaxis. Whether additional prophylaxis at 28 and 34 weeks of gestation would be cost effective is controversial. Intrauterine transfusions to treat fetal anaemia, postnatal exchange transfusions and phototherapy are all part of the standard management of affected individuals. Intravenous immunoglobulin given to pregnant women can reduce fetal haemolysis, and when administered to neonates with Rh isoimmunisation has been associated with a reduction in the requirement for exchange transfusion. There are, however, potential risks of immunoglobulin administration, including haemolysis due to the presence of anti-A or anti-B antibodies, allergy and the transmission of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Greenough
- Children Nationwide Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, Division of Women's & Children's Health, Guy's, King's & St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, England.
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Exchange transfusion and phototherapy have traditionally been used to treat jaundice and avoid the associated neurological complications. Exchange transfusion is not without risk and intravenous immunoglobulin has been suggested as an alternative therapy for isoimmune haemolytic jaundice to reduce the need for exchange transfusion. OBJECTIVES To assess whether the use of intravenous immunoglobulin, in newborn infants with isoimmune haemolytic jaundice, is effective in reducing the need for exchange transfusion. SEARCH STRATEGY The search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review group was used. Searches were made of MEDLINE 1966-2002, EMBASE Drugs and Pharmacology 1990-2002, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2002, expert informants, review articles, cross references, and hand searching of abstracts and conference proceedings of the annual meetings of The Society for Pediatric Research 1990-2001 and The European Society for Paediatric Research 1990-2001. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of isoimmune haemolytic disease were considered. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group were used. Studies were assessed for inclusion and quality by two reviewers working independently, with the second reviewer blinded to trial author, institution and journal of publication. Data were extracted independently by the two reviewers. Any differences of opinion were discussed and a consensus reached. Investigators were contacted for additional or missing information. For categorical outcomes, the relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD) and the number needed to treat (NNT) were calculated. For continuous variables, the weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated. MAIN RESULTS Seven studies were identified. Three of these fulfilled the inclusion criteria and included a total of 189 infants. Term and preterm infants and infants with rhesus and ABO incompatibility were included. The use of exchange transfusion decreased significantly in the immunoglobulin treated group (typical RR 0.28, 95% CI 0.17, 0.47; typical RD -0.37, 95% CI -0.49, -0.26; NNT 2.7). The mean number of exchange transfusions per infant was also significantly lower in the immunoglobulin treated group (WMD -0.52, 95% CI -0.70, -0.35). None of the studies assessed long term outcomes. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS Although the results show a significant reduction in the need for exchange transfusion in those treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, the applicability of the results is limited. The number of studies and infants included is small and none of the three included studies was of high quality. The protocols of two of the studies mandated the use of early exchange transfusion, limiting the generalizability of the results. Further well designed studies are needed before routine use of intravenous immunoglobulin can be recommended for the treatment of isoimmune haemolytic jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Alcock
- Neonatology, Mater Mothers Hospital, Brisbane, c/o Dr H Liley, Kevin Ryan Centre, Mater Mothers Hospital, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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22
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Abstract
When an RhD negative mother is exposed to the RhD positive red cells (usually as transplacental haemorrhage), she develops allo-anti-D which crosses the placenta and then results in the destruction of fetal red cells. Clinical manifestations of RhD haemolytic disease (HDN) range from asymptomatic mild anaemia to hydrops fetalis or stillbirth associated with severe anaemia and jaundice. HDN was a significant cause of fetal mortality and morbidity until the introduction of amniocentesis, intrauterine transfusion, controlled early delivery and exchange transfusion in the management of severely alloimmunised women and their fetuses. The objective of monitoring alloimmunised women is to identify fetal anaemia and prevent the development of life-threatening hydrops. Evaluation involves assessing the history of previous pregnancies; serial estimation of maternal anti-D levels; serial ultrasound measurements; serial amniocentesis; fetal blood sampling, and intrauterine transfusion when indicated. Diagnostic genotyping by DNA-based methods can identify at-risk RhD positive fetuses early in gestation. Identification of transplacental haemorrhage (TPH) as the stimulus for anti-D antibody production led to the development of anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis for at-risk RhD negative women who are not already alloimmunised. Prevention includes administration of anti-D immunoglobulin for any event associated with TPH during pregnancy, and at delivery of an RhD positive infant. Prophylactic routine administration of anti-D immunoglobulin at 28 (and 34) weeks gestation, in addition to the above, has reduced alloimmunisation to <1% of RhD negative women carrying an RhD positive fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Urbaniak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Aberdeen University, UK
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Ulm B, Kirchner L, Svolba G, Jilma B, Deutinger J, Bernaschek G, Panzer S. Immunoglobulin administration to fetuses with anemia due to alloimmunization to D. Transfusion 1999; 39:1235-8. [PMID: 10604251 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39111235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine fetal tolerance of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), given directly at the time of intravascular transfusion, and its effects on fetal hemolysis and pregnancy outcome in the setting of alloimmunization to D. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Thirteen consecutive D+ fetuses requiring transfusion for maternal alloimmunization received high-dose IVIG (1.0 g/kg) and red cell transfusions. Twenty-four previous, consecutive fetuses with maternal anti-D served as controls. The schedules for subsequent transfusions were the same in the two groups. RESULTS High-dose IVIG was well tolerated by all fetuses. In the IVIG group, daily decreases in hematocrit were smaller than those in controls after the second administration of IVIG (mean hematocrit decrease, 0.72 percent/day vs. 1.45 percent/day; p = 0.007). No significant difference was found in the total number of fetal transfusions, the gestational age at delivery, the duration of neonatal intensive care, the number of neonates requiring postnatal transfusion therapy, and perinatal mortality. CONCLUSION In this small pilot study, direct administration to fetuses of IVIG with red cell transfusions was well tolerated and appeared to have a beneficial effect on fetal hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ulm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Vienna, Austria
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Otten A, Bossuyt PM, Vermeulen M, Brand A. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in hematological diseases. Eur J Haematol 1998; 60:73-85. [PMID: 9508347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1998.tb01002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade large amounts of intravenous immunoglobulin (i.v.Ig) have been used worldwide. Doubts exist as to whether this increased use is paralleled by a comparable growth of reliable data on the therapeutic effectiveness of i.v.Ig. We performed a literature search using MEDLINE from January 1981 to January 1997 and analysed articles on the use of i.v.Ig in hematological disorders and searched for published guidelines. For most hematological disorders, evidence to use i.v.Ig as first line therapy is not very strong. For many disorders no controlled trials have been performed. In published guidelines, i.v.Ig is only recommended, with a few exceptions, when other treatments have failed or are contraindicated. Therefore the increase of consumption of i.v.Ig can not be explained by an increase in established indications in hematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otten
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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