Novel 3-Sulfonamide Dual-Tail Pyrrol-2-one Bridged Molecules as Potent Human Carbonic Anhydrase Isoform Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling Investigation, and Anticancer Activity in MeWo, SK-BR-3, and MG-63 Cell Lines

Novel 3-sulfonamide pyrrol-2-one derivatives containing two sulfonamide groups were synthesized via a one-pot, three-component method using trifluoroacetic acid as a catalyst. Structural confirmation was achieved using spectroscopic techniques. The compounds were tested against four selected human carbonic anhydrase isoforms (hCA I, hCA II, hCA IX, and hCA XII). Most derivatives showed significant selectivity for hCA II, with 4h, 4i, 4n, 4k, and 4j demonstrating enhanced activity due to methoxy and hydroxy group patterns. Compound 4o exhibited strong dual selectivity for hCA II and hCA IX, while 4l was the most effective inhibitor of hCA XII. Additionally, 4e showed a preference for hCA XII inhibition. Biological evaluation on MeWo, SK-BR-3, and MG-63 cancer cells showed that compound 4l was cytotoxic for MeWo cells without significantly affecting normal fibroblasts' viability. Compounds 4e, 4l, and 4o were shown to affect tumor cell viability in combination with doxorubicin in additional testing on MeWo cancer cells.

Exploring Pyrrolo-Fused Heterocycles as Promising Anticancer Agents: An Integrated Synthetic, Biological, and Computational Approach

Five new series of pyrrolo-fused heterocycles were designed through a scaffold hybridization strategy as analogs of the well-known microtubule inhibitor phenstatin. Compounds were synthesized using the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of cycloimmonium N-ylides to ethyl propiolate as a key step. Selected compounds were then evaluated for anticancer activity and ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization in vitro. Notably, pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline 10a was active on most tested cell lines, performing better than control phenstatin in several cases, most notably on renal cancer cell line A498 (GI₅₀ 27 nM), while inhibiting tubulin polymerization in vitro. In addition, this compound was predicted to have a promising ADMET profile. The molecular details of the interaction between compound 10a and tubulin were investigated through in silico docking experiments, followed by molecular dynamics simulations and configurational entropy calculations. Of note, we found that some of the initially predicted interactions from docking experiments were not stable during molecular dynamics simulations, but that configurational entropy loss was similar in all three cases. Our results suggest that for compound 10a, docking experiments alone are not sufficient for the adequate description of interaction details in terms of target binding, which makes subsequent scaffold optimization more difficult and ultimately hinders drug design. Taken together, these results could help shape novel potent antiproliferative compounds with pyrrolo-fused heterocyclic cores, especially from an in silico methodological perspective.

Hybrid Azine Derivatives: A Useful Approach for Antimicrobial Therapy

Nowadays, infectious diseases caused by microorganisms are a major threat to human health, mostly because of drug resistance, multi-drug resistance and extensive-drug-resistance phenomena to microbial pathogens. During the last few years, obtaining hybrid azaheterocyclic drugs represents a powerful and attractive approach in modern antimicrobial therapy with very promising results including overcoming microbial drug resistance. The emphasis of this review is to notify the scientific community about the latest recent advances from the last five years in the field of hybrid azine derivatives with antimicrobial activity. The review is divided according to the main series of six-member ring azaheterocycles with one nitrogen atom and their fused analogs. In each case, the main essential data concerning synthesis and antimicrobial activity are presented.