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Wang Y, Shao L, Kang X, Zhang H, Lü F, He P. A critical review on odor measurement and prediction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117651. [PMID: 36878058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Odor pollution has become a global environmental issue of increasing concern in recent years. Odor measurements are the basis of assessing and solving odor problems. Olfactory and chemical analysis can be used for odor and odorant measurements. Olfactory analysis reflects the subjective perception of human, and chemical analysis reveals the chemical composition of odors. As an alternative to olfactory analysis, odor prediction methods have been developed based on chemical and olfactory analysis results. The combination of olfactory and chemical analysis is the best way to control odor pollution, evaluate the performances of the technologies, and predict odor. However, there are still some limitations and obstacles for each method, their combination, and the prediction. Here, we present an overview of odor measurement and prediction. Different olfactory analysis methods (namely, the dynamic olfactometry method and the triangle odor bag method) are compared in detail, the latest revisions of the standard olfactometry methods are summarized, and the uncertainties of olfactory measurement results (i.e., the odor thresholds) are analyzed. The researches, applications, and limitations of chemical analysis and odor prediction are introduced and discussed. Finally, the development and application of odor databases and algorithms for optimizing odor measurement and prediction methods are prospected, and a preliminary framework for an odor database is proposed. This review is expected to provide insights into odor measurement and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Wang
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Liming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xinyue Kang
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fan Lü
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Pinjing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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2
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Zarra T, Galang MGK, Oliva G, Belgiorno V. Smart instrumental Odour Monitoring Station for the efficient odour emission management and control in wastewater treatment plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136665. [PMID: 36191767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Odour emission assessment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is a key aspect that needs to be improved in the plant management to avoid complaints and guarantee a sustainable environment. The research presents a smart instrumental odour monitoring station (SiOMS) composed of an advanced instrumental odour monitoring system (IOMS) integrated with other measurement units, for the continuous characterization and measurement of the odour emissions, with the aim of managing the potential odour annoyance causes in real time, in order to avoid negative effects. The application and on-site validation procedure of the trained IOMS is discussed. Experimental studies have been conducted at a large-scale WWTP. Fingerprint analysis has been applied to analyze and identify the principal gaseous compounds responsible for the odour annoyance. The artificial neural network has been adopted to elaborate and dynamically update the odour monitoring classification and quantification models (OMMs) of the IOMS. The results highlight the usefulness of a real-time measurement and control system to provide continuous and different information to the plant operators, thus allowing the identification of the odour sources and the most appropriate mitigation actions to be implemented. The paper provides important information for WWTP operators, as well as for the regulating bodies, authorities, manufacturers and end-users of odour monitoring systems involved in environmental odour impact management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Zarra
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Mark Gino K Galang
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Oliva
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Belgiorno
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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3
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González D, Colón J, Sánchez A, Gabriel D. Multipoint characterization of the emission of odour, volatile organic compounds and greenhouse gases from a full-scale membrane-based municipal WWTP. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 313:115002. [PMID: 35390658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Different environmental and social concerns can arise due to the generation of gaseous emissions during the treatment of urban wastewater. However, there is not an extensive knowledge about which are the main potential odour and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission sources in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and their variability. In this study, a multipoint characterization of the gaseous emissions generated in a full-scale municipal WWTP located in Barcelona was conducted, aiming at identifying the main odour and GHG emission sources. The WWTP under study treats an average inlet flow of 33,000 m3 d-1 using a Ludzack-Ettinger system with Membrane BioReactor (MBR) technology, and it has installed a gas caption and treatment system consisting of a biotrickling filter followed by a conventional biofilter to treat part of the off-gases produced during the wastewater treatment. For this work, gaseous emissions characterization campaigns were conducted to assess the proper performance of the gas treatment unit and to estimate the emission factors referred to odorants and GHGs for the different emission sources and to assess the proper performance of the gas treatment system. Besides, a chemical characterization of the different volatile organic compounds (VOC) present in the gaseous emissions was performed through TD-GC/MS. The main potential odour sources were the reception tank, the barscreens building and the primary settler, where odour concentrations were in the range of 1300 and 2600 ou·m-3. Moreover, GHG emissions were found during the primary treatment and in the MBR units, ranging from 2.21 to 68,217.13 mg CO2eq·m-3. Different VOCs such as aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes and ketones were found in the gaseous emissions with a high variability among all the emission sources. The results obtained are valuable indicators that can be used to develop odour and GHG mitigation strategies in WWTPs and to estimate the environmental impact of these facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González
- Composting Research Group (GICOM) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Group of Biological Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effluents (GENOCOV) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Colón
- BETA Technology Centre: "U Science Tech", University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- Composting Research Group (GICOM) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Gabriel
- Group of Biological Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effluents (GENOCOV) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Huang D, Du Y, Xu Q, Ko JH. Quantification and control of gaseous emissions from solid waste landfill surfaces. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114001. [PMID: 34731706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Landfilling is the most common option for solid waste disposal worldwide. Landfill sites can emit significant quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs; e.g., methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide) and release toxic and odorous compounds (e.g., sulfides). Due to the complex composition and characteristics of landfill surface gas emissions, the quantification and control of landfill emissions are challenging. This review attempts to comprehensively understand landfill emission quantification and control options by primarily focusing on GHGs and odor compounds. Landfill emission quantification was highlighted by combining different emissions monitoring approaches to improve the quality of landfill emission data. Also, landfill emission control requires a specific approach that targets emission compounds or a systematic approach that reduces overall emissions by combining different control methods since the diverse factors dominate the emissions of various compounds and their transformation. This integrated knowledge of emission quantification and control options for GHGs and odor compounds is beneficial for establishing field monitoring campaigns and incorporating mitigation strategies to quantify and control multiple landfill emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yue Du
- Key Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Qiyong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jae Hac Ko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Ocean Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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5
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The Use of Chemical Sensors to Monitor Odour Emissions at Municipal Waste Biogas Plants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11093916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Municipal waste treatment plants are an important element of the urban area infrastructure, but also, they are a potential source of odour nuisance. Odour impact from municipal waste processing plants raises social concerns regarding the well-being of employees operating the plants and residents of nearby areas. Chemical methods involve the determination of the quantitative composition of compounds comprising odour. These methods are less costly than olfactometry, and their efficiency is not dependent on human response. The relationship between the concentration of a single odorant and its odour threshold (OT) is determined by the odour activity value (OAV) parameter. The research involved the application of a multi-gas detector, MultiRae Pro. Measurements by means of the device were conducted at three municipal waste biogas plants located in Poland. In this paper we describe the results obtained when using a detector during the technological processes, the unitary procedures conducted at the plants, and the technological regime. The determination of these relationships could be useful in the development of odour nuisance minimization procedures at treatment plants and the adjustment to them. This is of paramount importance from the viewpoint of the safety and hygiene of the employees operating the installations and the comfort of residents in the areas surrounding biogas plants. Monitoring of expressed odorant emissions allows the course of technological processes and conducted unit operations to be controlled.
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6
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Márquez P, Benítez A, Caballero Á, Siles JA, Martín MA. Integral evaluation of granular activated carbon at four stages of a full-scale WWTP deodorization system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142237. [PMID: 33254922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Odor emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have always been a public concern. In this work, the physico-chemical, olfactometric and textural characterization of granular active carbon (GAC) used by an urban WWTP as a deodorization system, as well as the chromatographic quantification of the retained odoriferous compounds, have been carried out. These techniques have allowed an integral evaluation of the contaminated GAC and the characterization of the retained gaseous emission from four different stages of the wastewater treatment (pretreatment header: GAC-1; sand and fat removal: GAC-2; sludge thickening: GAC-3; sludge dehydration: GAC-4). A larger amount and variety of retained odoriferous compounds were found in GAC samples from the wastewater line deodorization (GAC-1 and GAC-2) after the same operation time (one year), GAC-1 being the adsorbent bed that retained the highest mass of volatile compounds (approximately 150μg/g GAC). Furthermore, some variables such as the removed specific odor concentration and free micropore volume were inversely correlated (R2=0.9945). The analysis of odor contribution showed that sulfur-containing compounds were the major odor contributors (61-97%). However, hydrogen sulfide cannot be considered a key odorant in this particular WWTP, since the elimination of this compound does not reduce the significant contribution of other (organic) sulfur compounds to the global odor (especially dimethyl disulfide). Consequently, multi-technical analysis might be a suitable alternative to better understand odor removal by GAC adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Márquez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Benítez
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Á Caballero
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - J A Siles
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M A Martín
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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7
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Duan Z, Scheutz C, Kjeldsen P. Trace gas emissions from municipal solid waste landfills: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:39-62. [PMID: 33039980 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace gas emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills have received increasing attention in recent years. This paper reviews literature published between 1983 and 2019, focusing on (i) the origin and fate of trace gas in MSW landfills, (ii) sampling and analytical techniques, (iii) quantitative emission measurement techniques, (iv) concentration and surface emission rates of common trace compounds at different landfill units and (v) the environmental and health concerns associated with trace gas emissions from MSW landfills. Trace gases can be produced from waste degradation, direct volatilisation of chemicals in waste products or from conversions/reactions between other compounds. Different chemical groups dominate the different waste decomposition stages. In general, organic sulphur compounds and oxygenated compounds are connected with fresh waste, while abundant hydrogen sulphide, aromatics and aliphatic hydrocarbons are usually found during the methane fermentation stage. Selection of different sampling, analytical and emission rate measurement techniques might generate different results when quantifying trace gas emission from landfills, and validation tests are needed to evaluate the reliability of current methods. The concentrations of trace gases and their surface emission rates vary largely from site to site, and fresh waste dumping areas and uncovered waste surfaces are the most important fugitive emission sources. The adverse effects of trace gas emission are not fully understood, and more emission data are required in future studies to assess quantitatively their environmental impacts as well as health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Duan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Scheutz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kjeldsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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8
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Avidov R, Sudharsan Varma V, Saadi I, Hanan A, Yoselevich I, Lublin A, Chen Y, Laor Y. Physical and chemical indicators of transformations of poultry carcass parts and broiler litter during short term thermophilic composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:202-214. [PMID: 33070090 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short-term on-site composting of poultry carcasses and broiler litter (BL) is considered as a feasible technology for pathogen elimination during events of mass mortality in poultry houses. However, factors related to mass losses and physical transformation of the poultry carcass, and associated emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odors, have not been thoroughly evaluated. This study aims to characterize the degradation of separated carcass parts co-composted with BL and the associated air emissions during 30 days of enclosed composting at 50 °C with constant aeration. The study was carried out in lab-scale simulators using five mixtures containing feathers, rib bones, skins, breast muscles, and hearts and livers, prepared at a 1:2 volumetric ratio (carcass:BL). Dry mass losses reached 59.5, 41.1, 60.8 and 103.5% (based on weight) or 48.4, 29.6, 49.7, and 94.8% (based on CO2-C and NH3-N emissions), for rib bones, skins, breast muscles, and hearts and livers, respectively. Visually, most of the carcass parts were degraded, and the typical carcass odor had disappeared by the end of the 30 days. Out of 24 VOCs, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) contributed 80.7-88.3% of the total VOC flux, considering the partial contribution of each part to the emissions involved with the whole carcass. DMDS, DMTS, benzaldehyde, methanethiol, pentanoic acid, and NH3, contributed 90.5-97.9% of the odor activity values during composting. DMDS/DMTS ratio is suggested as a potential biomarker of stabilization and readiness of the compost for transportation toward further treatment or safe burial.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Avidov
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel; Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - V Sudharsan Varma
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - I Saadi
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - A Hanan
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - I Yoselevich
- Agricultural Extension Service of Israel (Shaham), Israel
| | - A Lublin
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Y Chen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Laor
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel.
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9
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Sustainable Reduction of the Odor Impact of Painting Wooden Products for Interior Design. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10228124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The construction and building field represents a key sector for the recent Circular Economy Action Plan (March 2020). Therefore, the production of low impact materials represents an essential step towards the implementation of a sustainable market. In this regard, the present paper focused on the production of painting wooden products for interior design. These industrial processes include an essential phase consisting of the reduction of odor emissions, which produce negative impacts on the environment and a persistent annoyance for the population close to the facilities. The main cause of the odor emissions in wood painting manufacturing is the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this context, the present research aimed to develop an innovative process able to combine the use of lower impact paints with a more efficient UV system for the abatement of the emissions.
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10
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Shuvo SN, Ulloa Gomez AM, Mishra A, Chen WY, Dongare AM, Stanciu LA. Sulfur-Doped Titanium Carbide MXenes for Room-Temperature Gas Sensing. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2915-2924. [PMID: 32786375 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional titanium carbide MXenes, Ti3C2Tx, possess high surface area coupled with metallic conductivity and potential for functionalization. These properties make them especially attractive for the highly sensitive room-temperature electrochemical detection of gas analytes. However, these extraordinary materials have not been thoroughly investigated for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), many of which hold high relevance for disease diagnostics and environmental protection. Furthermore, the insufficient interlayer spacing between MXene nanoflakes could limit their applicability and the use of heteroatoms as dopants could help overcome this challenge. Here, we report that S-doping of Ti3C2Tx MXene leads to a greater gas-sensing performance to VOCs compared to their undoped counterparts, with unique selectivity to toluene. After S-doped and pristine materials were synthesized, characterized, and used as electrode materials, the as-fabricated sensors were subjected to room-temperature dynamic impedimetric testing in the presence of VOCs with different functional groups (ethanol, hexane, toluene, and hexyl-acetate). Unique selectivity to toluene was obtained by both undoped and doped Ti3C2Tx MXenes, but an enhancement of response in the range of ∼214% at 1 ppm to ∼312% at 50 ppm (3-4 folds increase) was obtained for the sulfur-doped sensing material. A clear notable response to 500 ppb toluene was also obtained with sulfur-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene sensors along with excellent long-term stability. Our experimental measurements and density functional theory analysis offer insight into the mechanisms through which S-doping influences VOC analyte sensing capabilities of Ti3C2Tx MXenes, thus opening up future investigations on the development of high-performance room-temperature gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Avanish Mishra
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | | | | | - Lia A. Stanciu
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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The Impact of Technological Processes on Odorant Emissions at Municipal Waste Biogas Plants. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Municipal waste treatment is inherently associated with odour emissions. The compounds characteristic of the processes used for this purpose, and at the same time causing a negative olfactory sensation, are organic and inorganic sulphur and nitrogen compounds. The tests were carried out at the waste management plant, which in the biological part, uses the methane fermentation process and is also equipped with an installation for the collection, treatment, and energetic use of biogas. The tests include measurements of the four odorant concentrations and emissions, i.e., volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and methanethiol (CH3SH). Measurements were made using a MultiRae Pro portable gas detector sensor. The tests were carried out in ten series for twenty measurement points in each series. The results show a significant impact of technological processes on odorant emissions. The types of waste going to the plant are also important in shaping this emission. On the one hand, it relates to the waste collection system and, on the other hand, the season of year. In addition, it has been proved that the detector used during the research is a valuable tool enabling the control of technological processes in municipal waste processing plants.
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12
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Abstract
Control of gaseous emissions from livestock operations is needed to ensure compliance with environmental regulations and sustainability of the industry. The focus of this research was to mitigate livestock odor emissions with UV light. Effects of the UV dose, wavelength, TiO2 catalyst, air temperature, and relative humidity were tested at lab scale on a synthetic mixture of nine odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and real poultry manure offgas. Results show that it was feasible to control odorous VOCs with both photolysis and photocatalysis (synthetic VOCs mixture) and with photocatalysis (manure offgas). The treatment effectiveness R (defined as % conversion), was proportional to the light intensity for synthetic VOCs mixtures and followed an order of UV185+254 + TiO2 > UV254 + TiO2 > UV185+254; no catalyst > UV254; no catalyst. VOC conversion R > 80% was achieved when light energy was >~60 J L−1. The use of deep UV (UV185+254) improved the R, particularly when photolysis was the primary treatment. Odor removal up to ~80% was also observed for a synthetic VOCs mixture, and actual poultry manure offgas. Scale-up studies are warranted.
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13
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Ravina M, Panepinto D, Mejia Estrada J, De Giorgio L, Salizzoni P, Zanetti M, Meucci L. Integrated model for estimating odor emissions from civil wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3992-4007. [PMID: 31823259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research project was the design and development of an integrated model for odor emission estimation in wastewater treatment plants. The SMAT's plant, the largest wastewater treatment facility in Italy, was used as a case study. This article reports the results of the characterization phase that led to the definition and design of the proposed conceptual model for odor emission estimation. In this phase, concentrations of odor chemical tracers (VOC, H2S, NH3) and odor concentrations were monitored repeatedly. VOC screening with GC-MS analysis was also performed. VOC concentrations showed significant variability in space and magnitude. NH3 and H2S were also detected at considerable concentrations. Results were elaborated to define a spatially variable linear relationship between the sum of odor activity values (SOAV) and odor concentrations. Based on the results, a conceptual operational model was presented and discussed. The proposed system is composed by a network of continuous measurement stations, a set of algorithms for data elaboration and synchronization, and emission dispersion modeling with the application of Lagrangian atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ravina
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
| | - Deborah Panepinto
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Jheyson Mejia Estrada
- Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d'Acoustique, UMR CNRS 5509, University of Lyon - École Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 36, Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134, Écully CEDEX, France
| | - Luca De Giorgio
- SMAT Research Centre, Corso XI Febbraio 14, 10152, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Salizzoni
- Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d'Acoustique, UMR CNRS 5509, University of Lyon - École Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 36, Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134, Écully CEDEX, France
| | - Mariachiara Zanetti
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenza Meucci
- SMAT Research Centre, Corso XI Febbraio 14, 10152, Turin, Italy
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14
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Invernizzi M, Teramo E, Busini V, Sironi S. A model for the evaluation of organic compounds emission from aerated liquid surfaces. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124923. [PMID: 31726605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to deepen the knowledge of the various emission phenomena present in aerated tanks, widely used systems for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. In order to investigate the emission mechanism, a specific model was developed. The theoretical model proposes to consider three different contributions to the emission of organic compounds from aerated wastewater tanks: the convection due to the sweep air flow rate, the rising bubbles stripping and the aerosol formation and successive evaporation. To compare the modeled results, an experimental campaign was conducted with two different solutes, acetone and butanol. The sampling was carried out with a Wind Tunnel system and the outflow gas samples were analysed with gas chromatographic technique. Moreover, this study investigates the dependence of the concentration in the gaseous phase from the speed of the air on the surface (1-5 cm/s) and from the flow of air diffused inside the liquid body (50-200 L/h). The empirical data were compared with theoretical curves. The results confirm two facts: the gas solute concentration decreases as the air velocity increases and, instead, increases with the air flow diffused through the tank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzio Invernizzi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dep. CMIC, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisa Teramo
- Politecnico di Milano, Dep. CMIC, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Busini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dep. CMIC, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Selena Sironi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dep. CMIC, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
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15
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Zarra T, Galang MG, Ballesteros F, Belgiorno V, Naddeo V. Environmental odour management by artificial neural network - A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105189. [PMID: 31675561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unwanted odour emissions are considered air pollutants that may cause detrimental impacts to the environment as well as an indicator of unhealthy air to the affected individuals resulting in annoyance and health related issues. These pollutants are challenging to handle due to their invisibility to the naked eye and can only be felt by the human olfactory stimuli. A strategy to address this issue is by introducing an intelligent processing system to odour monitoring instrument such as artificial neural network to achieve a robust result. In this paper, a review on the application of artificial neural network for the management of environmental odours is presented. The principal factors in developing an optimum artificial neural network were identified as elements, structure and learning algorithms. The management of environmental odour has been distinguished into four aspects such as measurement, characterization, control and treatment and continuous monitoring. For each aspect, the performance of the neural network is critically evaluated emphasizing the strengths and weaknesses. This work aims to address the scarcity of information by addressing the gaps from existing studies in terms of the selection of the most suitable configuration, the benefits and consequences. Adopting this technique could provide a new avenue in the management of environmental odours through the use of a powerful mathematical computing tool for a more efficient and reliable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Zarra
- SEED - Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Mark Gino Galang
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Florencio Ballesteros
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Vincenzo Belgiorno
- SEED - Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Naddeo
- SEED - Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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16
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Duan Y, Awasthi SK, Liu T, Zhang Z, Awasthi MK. Response of bamboo biochar amendment on volatile fatty acids accumulation reduction and humification during chicken manure composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121845. [PMID: 31349175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Present study was focused on to evaluate the effectiveness of increasing bamboo biochar (BB) (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) amendment on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) degradation and humification, as well as correlation with interrelated physicochemical parameters during chicken manure (CM) composting. The results showed that the extended thermophilic period and higher humic acid/fulvic acid ratio as well as richness bacteria community during CM composting. In addition, lower quantities of VFAs and odor generation with elevated biochar concentration. Redundancy analysis also supported that 10% BB has strong correlation with physicochemical parameters than other treatments. Overall, the 10% BB amendment could stimulate microbial activities to accelerate the organic waste degradation, reduced VFAs and odor emission so that improve hygiene and end product quality. It is notably assessed that application of 10% BB additive were optimal feasible and effectively channel for disposal of manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Duan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden.
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17
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Bydder C, Demetriou J. Establishing the extent of odour plumes and buffers for waste handling facilities. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 95:356-364. [PMID: 31351621 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Odour is a significant challenge for regulators of waste handling facilities due to the increasing demand for land surrounding these facilities. Many sites, including landfills, composters, abattoirs and rendering plants, that were once isolated are now close to residential areas. In some cases, this has contributed to odour impacts on residents living in those areas. Authorities have been reliant on odour modelling and odour design criteria to predict or estimate the distance at which impacts are likely to occur on sensitive land use. However, it is increasingly evident that reliance on modelling tools, and the estimated odour emission rates used in modelling, are not reflecting ground level observations. Environment Protection Authority Victoria ("EPA") conducted six in-field odour monitoring campaigns between 2007 and 2017. We studied these six campaigns to understand the extent of odour plumes from waste handling facilities. The campaigns used odour surveillance methodology developed by EPA. They consisted of in-field odour assessments around common waste handling facilities such as composters, landfills, abattoirs and rendering plants. We used the results of surveillance in conjunction with reverse trajectory plotting to estimate the typical extent and frequency of odour plumes as a function of distance. The study showed that the application of consistent in-field odour assessment methodologies improved understanding of odour plumes, and hence increases the options available to manage impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bydder
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia.
| | - Jim Demetriou
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia
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18
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Wiśniewska M, Kulig A, Lelicińska-Serafin K. Comparative analysis of preliminary identification and characteristic of odour sources in biogas plants processing municipal waste in Poland. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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19
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Wysocka I, Gębicki J, Namieśnik J. Technologies for deodorization of malodorous gases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9409-9434. [PMID: 30715695 PMCID: PMC6469639 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing number of citizens' complaints about odor nuisance due to production or service activity. High social awareness imposes pressure on entrepreneurs and service providers forcing them to undertake effective steps aimed at minimization of the effects of their activity, also with respect to emission of malodorous substances. The article presents information about various technologies used for gas deodorization. Known solutions can be included into two groups: technologies offering prevention of emissions, and methodological solutions that enable removal of malodorous substances from the stream of emitted gases. It is obvious that the selection of deodorization technologies is conditioned by many factors, and it should be preceded by an in-depth analysis of possibilities and limitations offered by various solutions. The aim of the article is presentation of the available gas deodorization technologies as to facilitate the potential investors with selection of the method of malodorous gases emission limitation, suitable for particular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Wysocka
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 117 Warszawska St., 10-701 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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20
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Rincón CA, De Guardia A, Couvert A, Le Roux S, Soutrel I, Daumoin M, Benoist JC. Chemical and odor characterization of gas emissions released during composting of solid wastes and digestates. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 233:39-53. [PMID: 30554023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous and odorous gas emissions from composting and methanization plants are an issue of public concern. Odor and chemical monitoring are thus critical steps in providing suitable strategies for air pollution control at waste treatment units. In this study, 141 gas samples were extensively analyzed to characterize the odor and chemical emissions released upon the aerobic treatment of 10 raw substrates and five digestates. For this purpose, agricultural wastes, biowastes, green wastes, sewage sludge, and municipal solid waste (MSW) were composted in 300 L pilots under forced aeration. Gas exhausts were evaluated through dynamic olfactometry and analytical methods (i.e., GC/MS) to determine their odor concentration (OC in OUE m-3) and chemical composition. A total of 60 chemical compounds belonging to 9 chemical families were identified and quantified. Terpenes, oxygenated compounds, and ammonia exhibited the largest cumulative mass emission. Odor emission rates (OUE h-1) were computed based on OC measurements and related to the initial amount of organic matter composted and the process time to provide odor emission factors (OEFs in OUE g-1OM0). The composting process of solid wastes accounted for OEFs ranging from 65 to 3089 OUE g-1OM0, whereas digestates composting showed a lower odor emission potential with OEF fluctuating from 8.6 to 30.5 OUE g-1OM0. Moreover, chemical concentrations of single compounds were weighted with their corresponding odor detection thresholds (ODTs) to yield odor activities values (OAVs) and odor contribution (POi, %). Volatile sulfur compounds were the main odorants (POi = 54-99%) regardless of the operational composting conditions or substrate treated. Notably, methanethiol was the leading odorant for 73% of the composting experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amaury De Guardia
- Irstea, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044, Rennes, France.
| | - Annabelle Couvert
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Sophie Le Roux
- Irstea, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044, Rennes, France.
| | - Isabelle Soutrel
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Mylène Daumoin
- Irstea, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044, Rennes, France.
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21
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Stöckel S, Cordes J, Stoffels B, Wildanger D. Scents in the stack: olfactometric proficiency testing with an emission simulation apparatus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24787-24797. [PMID: 29926329 PMCID: PMC6133125 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Olfactometry is globally acknowledged as a technique to determine odor concentrations, which are used to characterize odors for regulatory purposes, e.g., to protect the general public against harmful effects of air pollution. Although the determination procedure for odor concentrations is standardized in some countries, continued research is required to understand uncertainties of odor monitoring and prediction. In this respect, the present paper strives to provide answers of paramount importance in olfactometry. To do so, a wealth of measurement data originating from six large-scale olfactometric stack emission proficiency tests conducted from 2015 to 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. The tests were hosted at a unique emission simulation apparatus-a replica of an industry chimney with 23 m in height-so that for the first time, conventional proficiency testing (no sampling) with real measurements (no reference concentrations) was combined. Surprisingly, highly variable recovery rates of the odorants were observed-no matter, which of the very different odorants was analyzed. Extended measurement uncertainties with roughly 30-300% up to 20-520% around a single olfactometric measurement value were calculated, which are way beyond the 95% confidence interval given by the widely used standard EN 13725 (45-220%) for assessment and control of odor emissions. Also, no evidence has been found that mixtures of odorants could be determined more precisely than single-component odorants. This is an important argument in the intensely discussed topic, whether n-butanol as current reference substance in olfactometry should be replaced by multi-component odorants. However, based on our data, resorting to an alternative reference substance will not solve the inherent problem of high uncertainty levels in dynamic olfactometry. Finally, robust statistics allowed to calculate reliable odor thresholds, which are an important prerequisite to convert mass concentrations to odor concentrations and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Stöckel
- Department I3 (Air Pollution Control, Emission), Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jens Cordes
- Department I3 (Air Pollution Control, Emission), Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Kassel, Germany
| | - Benno Stoffels
- Department I3 (Air Pollution Control, Emission), Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Kassel, Germany
| | - Dominik Wildanger
- Department I3 (Air Pollution Control, Emission), Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Kassel, Germany.
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Varma VS, Shabtay A, Yishay M, Mizrahi I, Shterzer N, Freilich S, Medina S, Agmon R, Laor Y. Diet Supplementation With Pomegranate Peel Extract Altered Odorants Emission From Fresh and Incubated Calves' Feces. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Avidov R, Saadi I, Krassnovsky A, Hanan A, Medina S, Raviv M, Chen Y, Laor Y. Composting municipal biosolids in polyethylene sleeves with forced aeration: Process control, air emissions, sanitary and agronomic aspects. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 67:32-42. [PMID: 28595805 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Composting in polyethylene sleeves with forced aeration may minimize odor emissions, vectors attraction and leachates associated with open windrows. A disadvantage of this technology is the lack of mixing during composting, potentially leading to non-uniform products. In two pilot experiments using biosolids and green waste (1:1; v:v), thermophilic conditions (>45°C) were maintained for two months, with successful control of oxygen levels and sufficient moisture. Emitted odors declined from 1.5-3.8×105 to 5.9×103-2.3×104 odor units m-3-air in the first 3weeks of the process, emphasizing the need of odor control primarily during this period. Therefore, composting might be managed in two phases: (i) a closed sleeve for 6-8weeks during which the odor is treated; (ii) an open pile (odor control is not necessary). Reduction of salmonella, E. coli and coliforms was effective initially, meeting the standards of "Class A" biosolids; however, total and fecal coliforms density increased after opening the second sleeve and exceeded the standard of 1000 most probable number (MPN) per g dry matter. Compost maturity was achieved in the open piles following the two sleeves and the final compost was non-phytotoxic and beneficial as a soil additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Avidov
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel; Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - I Saadi
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - A Krassnovsky
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - A Hanan
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - Sh Medina
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - M Raviv
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - Y Chen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Laor
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel.
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Godke MM, Stuetz R, Wang X, Hoinaski L, Guillot JM, de Melo Lisboa H. Preselection test of jury for improvement of olfactometric certification efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:1580-1584. [PMID: 27677208 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1237559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To certificate an olfactometric jury, laboratories usually follow up the panelist screening methodology described in the European Standard EN 13725/2003. The procedure takes a lot of time, labour and money. In laboratory routine of LCQAr - Laboratory of Air Quality Control, of Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, it was found that the efficiency of jury approvals used to be as low as around 30%. In order to improve the efficiency, a quick preselection test was proposed and tried for late certification recommended by EN 13725. The methodology to create the preselection test was based on the conceptions of the standards EN 13725 (CEN, 2003), ASTM 679 (2011) and ASTM 544 (2010). In the trial test, 31 volunteers participated and then screened according to the EN13725 standard. It was verified that the efficiency increased to 46% from about 30% after the introduction of the preselection test. The experiments were conducted at LCQAr, with the contribution of Water Research Centre of University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mota Godke
- a Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental , Centro Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis-SC , Brazil
| | - Richard Stuetz
- b Water Research Centre of University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Xinguang Wang
- b Water Research Centre of University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Leonardo Hoinaski
- a Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental , Centro Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis-SC , Brazil
| | | | - Henrique de Melo Lisboa
- a Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental , Centro Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis-SC , Brazil
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Brancher M, Griffiths KD, Franco D, de Melo Lisboa H. A review of odour impact criteria in selected countries around the world. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:1531-1570. [PMID: 27939667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental odour can result in annoyance, health effects and depreciation of property values. Therefore, many jurisdictions classify odour as an atmospheric pollutant and regulate emissions and/or impacts from odour generating activities at a national, state or municipal level. In this work, a critical review of odour regulations in selected jurisdictions of 28 countries is presented. Individual approaches were identified as: comparing ambient air odour concentration and individual chemicals statistics against impact criteria (maximum impact standard); using fixed and variable separation distances (separation distance standard); maximum emission rate for mixtures of odorants and individual chemical species (maximum emission standard); number of complaints received or annoyance level determined via community surveys (maximum annoyance standard); and requiring use of best available technologies (BAT) to minimize odour emissions (technology standard). The comparison of model-predicted odour concentration statistics against odour impact criteria (OIC) is identified as one of the most common tools used by regulators to evaluate the risk of odour impacts in planning stage assessments and is also used to inform assessment of odour impacts of existing facilities. Special emphasis is given to summarizing OIC (concentration percentile and threshold) and the manner in which they are applied. The way short term odour peak to model time-step mean (peak-to-mean) effects is also captured. Furthermore, the fundamentals of odorant properties, dimensions of nuisance odour, odour sampling and analysis methods and dispersion modelling guidance are provided. Common elements of mature and effective odour regulation frameworks are identified and an integrated multi-tool strategy is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Brancher
- Laboratory of Air Quality Control (LCQAr), Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (ENS), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - K David Griffiths
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Davide Franco
- Laboratory of Air Quality Control (LCQAr), Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (ENS), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Henrique de Melo Lisboa
- Laboratory of Air Quality Control (LCQAr), Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (ENS), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Potyrailo RA. Multivariable Sensors for Ubiquitous Monitoring of Gases in the Era of Internet of Things and Industrial Internet. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11877-11923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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