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Luo S, Huang C, Hua J, Jing S, Teng L, Tang T, Liu Y, Li S. Defensive Specialized Metabolites from the Latex of Euphorbia jolkinii. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:287-298. [PMID: 36847993 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant latex is sequestered in laticiferous structures and exuded immediately from damaged plant tissues. The primary function of plant latex is related to defense responses to their natural enemies. Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss. is a perennial herbaceous plant that greatly threaten the biodiversity and ecological integrity of northwest Yunnan, China. Nine triterpenes (1-9), four non-protein amino acids (10-13) and three glycosides (14-16) including a new isopentenyl disaccharide (14), were isolated and identified from the latex of E. jolkinii. Their structures were established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analyses. Bioassay revealed that meta-tyrosine (10) showed significant phytotoxic activity, inhibiting root and shoot growth of Zea mays, Medicago sativa, Brassica campestris, and Arabidopsis thaliana, with EC50 values ranging from 4.41 ± 1.08 to 37.60 ± 3.59 µg/mL. Interestingly, meta-tyrosine inhibited the root growth of Oryza sativa, but promoted their shoot growth at the concentrations below 20 µg/mL. meta-Tyrosine was found to be the predominant constituent in polar part of the latex extract from both stems and roots of E. jolkinii, but undetectable in the rhizosphere soil. In addition, some triterpenes showed antibacterial and nematicidal effects. The results suggested that meta-tyrosine and triterpenes in the latex might function as defensive substances for E. jolkinii against other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshuai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shenghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.
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Zer H, Mizrahi H, Malchenko N, Avin-Wittenberg T, Klipcan L, Ostersetzer-Biran O. The Phytotoxicity of Meta-Tyrosine Is Associated With Altered Phenylalanine Metabolism and Misincorporation of This Non-Proteinogenic Phe-Analog to the Plant's Proteome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:140. [PMID: 32210982 PMCID: PMC7069529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a myriad of specialized (secondary) metabolites that are highly diverse chemically, and exhibit distinct biological functions. Here, we focus on meta-tyrosine (m-tyrosine), a non-proteinogenic byproduct that is often formed by a direct oxidation of phenylalanine (Phe). Some plant species (e.g., Euphorbia myrsinites and Festuca rubra) produce and accumulate high levels of m-tyrosine in their root-tips via enzymatic pathways. Upon its release to soil, the Phe-analog, m-tyrosine, affects early post-germination development (i.e., altered root development, cotyledon or leaf chlorosis, and retarded growth) of nearby plant life. However, the molecular basis of m-tyrosine-mediated (phyto)toxicity remains, to date, insufficiently understood and are still awaiting their functional characterization. It is anticipated that upon its uptake, m-tyrosine impairs key metabolic processes, or affects essential cellular activities in the plant. Here, we provide evidences that the phytotoxic effects of m-tyrosine involve two distinct molecular pathways. These include reduced steady state levels of several amino acids, and in particularly altered biosynthesis of the phenylalanine (Phe), an essential α-amino acid, which is also required for the folding and activities of proteins. In addition, proteomic studies indicate that m-tyrosine is misincorporated in place of Phe, mainly into the plant organellar proteomes. These data are supported by analyses of adt mutants, which are affected in Phe-metabolism, as well as of var2 mutants, which lack FtsH2, a major component of the chloroplast FtsH proteolytic machinery, which show higher sensitivity to m-tyrosine. Plants treated with m-tyrosine show organellar biogenesis defects, reduced respiration and photosynthetic activities and growth and developmental defect phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Zer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Mizrahi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nikol Malchenko
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liron Klipcan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, the Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Negev, Israel
- *Correspondence: Liron Klipcan, ; Oren Ostersetzer-Biran,
| | - Oren Ostersetzer-Biran
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Liron Klipcan, ; Oren Ostersetzer-Biran,
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Ipson BR, Fisher AL. Roles of the tyrosine isomers meta-tyrosine and ortho-tyrosine in oxidative stress. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 27:93-107. [PMID: 27039887 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The damage to cellular components by reactive oxygen species, termed oxidative stress, both increases with age and likely contributes to age-related diseases including Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cataract formation. In the setting of oxidative stress, hydroxyl radicals can oxidize the benzyl ring of the amino acid phenylalanine, which then produces the abnormal tyrosine isomers meta-tyrosine or ortho-tyrosine. While elevations in m-tyrosine and o-tyrosine concentrations have been used as a biological marker of oxidative stress, there is emerging evidence from bacterial, plant, and mammalian studies demonstrating that these isomers, particularly m-tyrosine, directly produce adverse effects to cells and tissues. These new findings suggest that the abnormal tyrosine isomers could in fact represent mediators of the effects of oxidative stress. Consequently the accumulation of m- and o-tyrosine may disrupt cellular homeostasis and contribute to disease pathogenesis, and as result, effective defenses against oxidative stress can encompass not only the elimination of reactive oxygen species but also the metabolism and ultimately the removal of the abnormal tyrosine isomers from the cellular amino acid pool. Future research in this area is needed to clarify the biologic mechanisms by which the tyrosine isomers damage cells and disrupt the function of tissues and organs and to identify the metabolic pathways involved in removing the accumulated isomers after exposure to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Ipson
- MD/PhD Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Cell and Structural Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Center for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alfred L Fisher
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; GRECC, South Texas VA Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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Ardenne MV, Steinfelder K, Tümmler R. Beitrag zur Molekül-Massenspektrographie von Naturstoffen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zfch.19650050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Huang T, Tohge T, Lytovchenko A, Fernie AR, Jander G. Pleiotropic physiological consequences of feedback-insensitive phenylalanine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:823-35. [PMID: 20598094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A large proportion of plant carbon flow passes through the shikimate pathway to phenylalanine, which serves as a precursor for numerous secondary metabolites. To identify new regulatory mechanisms affecting phenylalanine metabolism, we isolated Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that are resistant to the phytotoxic amino acid m-tyrosine, a structural analog of phenylalanine. Map-based cloning identified adt2-1D, a dominant point mutation causing a predicted serine to alanine change in the regulatory domain of ADT2 (arogenate dehydratase 2). Relaxed feedback inhibition and increased expression of the mutant enzyme caused up to 160-fold higher accumulation of free phenylalanine in rosette leaves, as well as altered accumulation of several other primary and secondary metabolites. In particular, abundance of 2-phenylethylglucosinolate, which is normally almost undetectable in leaves of the A. thaliana Columbia-0 accession, is increased more than 30-fold. Other observed phenotypes of the adt2-1D mutant include abnormal leaf development, resistance to 5-methyltryptophan, reduced growth of the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) and increased salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfang Huang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Liebisch HW, Bernasch H, Schütte HR. Zur Biosynthese der Tropanalkaloide; Die Biosynthese des Cochlearins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zfch.19730131004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bertin C, Weston LA, Huang T, Jander G, Owens T, Meinwald J, Schroeder FC. Grass roots chemistry: meta-tyrosine, an herbicidal nonprotein amino acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16964-9. [PMID: 17940026 PMCID: PMC2040483 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707198104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine fescue grasses displace neighboring plants by depositing large quantities of an aqueous phytotoxic root exudate in the soil rhizosphere. Via activity-guided fractionation, we have isolated and identified the nonprotein amino acid m-tyrosine as the major active component. m-Tyrosine is significantly more phytotoxic than its structural isomers o- and p-tyrosine. We show that m-tyrosine exposure results in growth inhibition for a wide range of plant species and propose that the release of this nonprotein amino acid interferes with root development of competing plants. Acid hydrolysis of total root protein from Arabidopsis thaliana showed incorporation of m-tyrosine, suggesting this as a possible mechanism of phytotoxicity. m-Tyrosine inhibition of A. thaliana root growth is counteracted by exogenous addition of protein amino acids, with phenylalanine having the most significant effect. The discovery of m-tyrosine, as well as a further understanding of its mode(s) of action, could lead to the development of biorational approaches to weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bertin
- Departments of Horticulture
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Tengfang Huang
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Nonprotein Amino Acids from Plants: Distribution, Biosynthesis, and Analog Functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-612408-8.50011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Studien zu Bildung und Stoffwechsel phenolischer Latexaminosäuren1)1) Unserem hochverehrten Lehrer, Herrn Prof. Dr. Drs. h. c. K. Mothes, zur 70. Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages in Dankbarkeit gewiamet.2)2) 19. Mitt. zur Biochemie und Physiologie des Milchsaftes; 18. Mitt. vgl. Müller, P., und Schütte, H. R, 1968b. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)31135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Antimetabolische Hemmung des Streckungswachstums von Haferkoleoptilsegmenten durch ortho- und meta-dl-Tyrosin. Naturwissenschaften 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00620815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gamborg OL. Transamination in plants. The specificity of an aminotransferase from mung bean. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1965; 43:723-30. [PMID: 5839211 DOI: 10.1139/o65-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A study has been made of the specificity of an aminotransferase from mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.). The enzyme was purified 40- to 60-fold by using Sephadex G-50, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose, and hydroxylapatite. In the presence of pyruvate the enzyme transaminated a number of cyclic and aliphatic amino acids. Some of the better substrates were lysine, arginine, ornithine, glutamine, methionine, leucine, 4-fiuorophenyl-alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and γ-phenylbutyrine. Threonine, serine, and glycine were not transaminated. Lysine, methionine, and glutamate were competitive inhibitors of the transamination of phenylalanine.
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