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Kaushik S, Paliwal SK, Iyer MR, Patil VM. Promising Schiff bases in antiviral drug design and discovery. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1063-1076. [PMID: 37305208 PMCID: PMC10171175 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging illnesses will probably present a new hazard of infectious diseases and have fostered the urge to research new antiviral agents. Most of the antiviral agents are analogs of nucleosides and only a few are non-nucleoside antiviral agents. There is quite a less percentage of marketed/clinically approved non-nucleoside antiviral medications. Schiff bases are organic compounds that possess a well-demonstrated profile against cancer, viruses, fungus, and bacteria, as well as in the management of diabetes, chemotherapy-resistant cases, and malarial infections. Schiff bases resemble aldehydes or ketones with an imine/azomethine group instead of a carbonyl ring. Schiff bases have a broad application profile not only in therapeutics/medicine but also in industrial applications. Researchers have synthesized and screened various Schiff base analogs for their antiviral potential. Some of the important heterocyclic compounds like istatin, thiosemicarbazide, quinazoline, quinoyl acetohydrazide, etc. have been used to derive novel Schiff base analogs. Keeping in view the outbreak of viral pandemics and epidemics, this manuscript compiles a review of Schiff base analogs concerning their antiviral properties and structural-activity relationship analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh India
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk, Rajasthan India
| | | | - Malliga R. Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIAAA/NIH, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Vaishali M. Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh India
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2
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Ezeh M, Okonkwo OE, Okpoli IN, Orji CE, Modozie BU, Onyema AC, Ezebuo FC. Chemoinformatic Design and Profiling of Derivatives of Dasabuvir, Efavirenz, and Tipranavir as Potential Inhibitors of Zika Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase and Methyltransferase. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33330-33348. [PMID: 36157724 PMCID: PMC9494688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is one of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses of human importance with more than 2 million suspected cases and more than 1 million people infected in about 30 countries. There are reported inhibitors of the zika virus replication machinery, but no approved effective antiviral therapy including vaccines directed against the virus for treatment or prevention is currently available. The study investigated the chemoinformatic design and profiling of derivatives of dasabuvir, efavirenz, and tipranavir as potential inhibitors of the zika virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and/or methyltransferase (MTase). The three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of dasabuvir, efavirenz, and tipranavir were obtained from the PubChem database, and their respective derivatives were designed with DataWarrior-5.2.1 using an evolutionary algorithm. Derivatives that were not mutagenic, tumorigenic, or irritant were selected; docked into RdRP and MTase; and further subjected to absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) evaluation with Swiss-ADME and pkCSM web tools. Some of the designed compounds are Lipinski's rule-of-five compliant, with good synthetic accessibilities. Compounds 20d, 21d, 22d, and 1e are nontoxic with the only limitation of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and/or CYP2C9 inhibition. Replacements of -CH3 and -NH- in the methanesulfonamide moiety of dasabuvir with -OH and -CH2- or -CH2CH2-, respectively, improved the safety/toxicity profile. Hepatotoxicity in 5d, 4d, and 18d is likely due to -NH- in their methanesulfonamide/sulfamic acid moieties. These compounds are potent inhibitors of N-7 and 2'-methylation activities of ZIKV methyltransferase and/or RNA synthesis through interactions with amino acid residues in the priming loop/"N-pocket" in the virus RdRP. Synthesis of these compounds and wet laboratory validation against ZIKV are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine
I. Ezeh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka 420110, Anambra
State, Nigeria
| | - Onyinyechi E. Okonkwo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka 420110, Anambra
State, Nigeria
| | - Innocent N. Okpoli
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka 420110, Anambra
State, Nigeria
- Drug
Design and Informatics Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka 420110, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chima E. Orji
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka 420110, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin U. Modozie
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka 420110, Anambra
State, Nigeria
| | - Augustine C. Onyema
- Department
of Biochemistry, Graduate Center, City University
of New York (CUNY), New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Fortunatus C. Ezebuo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka 420110, Anambra
State, Nigeria
- Drug
Design and Informatics Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka 420110, Anambra State, Nigeria
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Chen S, Gao Y, Lou X, Henry RF, Stolarik DF, Lipert MP, Sheikh AY, Zhang GGZ. Overcoming Bioavailability Challenges of Dasabuvir and Enabling a Triple-Combination Direct-Acting Antiviral HCV Regimen through a Salt of Very Weak Acid for Oral Delivery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2367-2379. [PMID: 35481355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dasabuvir is a non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. It is an extremely weak diacidic drug (pKa = 8.2 and 9.2) and a prolific solvate former. Due to its exceedingly low aqueous solubility (≤0.127 μg/mL at pH 1-6.8, dose number of 1.31 × 104), crystalline dasabuvir free acid exhibited poor oral bioavailability in initial animal pharmacokinetic (PK) assessment. This necessitated the development of enabling formulation for human clinical studies to achieve the required therapeutic in vivo concentration of dasabuvir. While salt formation has been widely used to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of solids, this approach has rarely been applied to develop oral solid dosage forms for acidic drugs as weak as dasabuvir due to concerns of rapid disproportionation and crystallization of its free acid. In this contribution, we detail our efforts in identifying dasabuvir monosodium monohydrate as a drug substance that is stable, manufacturable, and, most importantly, significantly enhances the dissolution and oral absorption of this poorly soluble drug. The oral delivery of dasabuvir through the salt approach has enabled the commercialization of the triple-combination direct-acting antiviral HCV regimen, Viekira Pak. The methodologies and solutions identified in targeted studies to overcome technical challenges encountered along the way (i.e., incorporation of polymers to inhibit crystallization and disproportionation and species mapping to enable salt manufacturing process, etc.) can be applied to other insoluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaochun Lou
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rodger F Henry
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - DeAnne F Stolarik
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Maya P Lipert
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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Regioselective
ortho
‐sulfonamidation: Exploration of Intrinsic Directing Property of β‐Carbolines and their Photophysical Studies. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are acute viral gastroenteritis pathogens that affect all age groups, yet no approved vaccines and drugs to treat HuNoV infection are available. In this study, we screened an antiviral compound library to identify compound(s) showing anti-HuNoV activity using a human intestinal enteroid (HIE) culture system in which HuNoVs are able to replicate reproducibly. Dasabuvir (DSB), which has been developed as an anti-hepatitis C virus agent, was found to inhibit HuNoV infection in HIEs at micromolar concentrations. Dasabuvir also inhibited severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human rotavirus A (RVA) infection in HIEs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to screen an antiviral compound library for HuNoV using HIEs, and we successfully identified dasabuvir as a novel anti-HuNoV inhibitor that warrants further investigation. IMPORTANCE Although there is an urgent need to develop effective antiviral therapy directed against HuNoV infection, compound screening to identify anti-HuNoV drug candidates has not been reported so far. Using a human HIE culture system, our compound screening successfully identified dasabuvir as a novel anti-HuNoV inhibitor. Dasabuvir's inhibitory effect was also demonstrated in the cases of SARS-CoV-2 and RVA infection, highlighting the usefulness of the HIE platform for screening antiviral agents against various viruses that target the intestines.
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Kumar R, Mishra S, Shreya, Maurya SK. Recent advances in the discovery of potent RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors targeting viruses. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:306-320. [PMID: 34046618 PMCID: PMC8130609 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO has declared COVID-19 a pandemic, which has affected the whole world and has caused unprecedented social and economic disruption. Since the emergence of the disease, several druggable targets have been suggested including 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), spike, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and the papain-like protease (PLpro) computational approach. From the beginning, viral replication has been the main focus for any antiviral drug development for viral diseases, including HCV, influenza virus, zika virus, norovirus, measles, dengue virus, and coronaviruses. This review lists the nucleoside, nucleotide, and non-nucleoside RdRp inhibitor analogues of various viral diseases that may be evaluated for drug development to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-HRDC Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
| | - Sahil Mishra
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
| | - Shreya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
| | - Sushil K Maurya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-HRDC Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
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Stefanik M, Valdes JJ, Ezebuo FC, Haviernik J, Uzochukwu IC, Fojtikova M, Salat J, Eyer L, Ruzek D. FDA-Approved Drugs Efavirenz, Tipranavir, and Dasabuvir Inhibit Replication of Multiple Flaviviruses in Vero Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040599. [PMID: 32326119 PMCID: PMC7232190 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne flaviviruses (VBFs) affect human health worldwide, but no approved drugs are available specifically to treat VBF-associated infections. Here, we performed in silico screening of a library of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral drugs for their interaction with Zika virus proteins. Twelve hit drugs were identified by the docking experiments and tested in cell-based antiviral assay systems. Efavirenz, tipranavir, and dasabuvir at micromolar concentrations were identified to inhibit all VBFs tested; i.e., two representatives of mosquito-borne flaviviruses (Zika and West Nile viruses) and one representative of flaviviruses transmitted by ticks (tick-borne encephalitis virus). The results warrant further research into these drugs, either individually or in combination, as possible pan-flavivirus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Stefanik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (J.J.V.); (J.H.); (M.F.); (J.S.); (L.E.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - James J. Valdes
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (J.J.V.); (J.H.); (M.F.); (J.S.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fortunatus C. Ezebuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025 Awka 420281, Nigeria; (F.C.E.); (I.C.U.)
| | - Jan Haviernik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (J.J.V.); (J.H.); (M.F.); (J.S.); (L.E.)
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ikemefuna C. Uzochukwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025 Awka 420281, Nigeria; (F.C.E.); (I.C.U.)
| | - Martina Fojtikova
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (J.J.V.); (J.H.); (M.F.); (J.S.); (L.E.)
| | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (J.J.V.); (J.H.); (M.F.); (J.S.); (L.E.)
| | - Ludek Eyer
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (J.J.V.); (J.H.); (M.F.); (J.S.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (J.J.V.); (J.H.); (M.F.); (J.S.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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8
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Jin G, Lee J, Lee K. Chemical genetics-based development of small molecules targeting hepatitis C virus. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1021-1036. [PMID: 28856597 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem that has emerged as one of the most significant diseases affecting humans. There are currently no vaccines or efficient therapies without side effects, despite today's advanced medical technology. Currently, the common therapy for most patients (i.e. genotype 1) is combination of HCV-specific direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Up to 2011, the standard of care (SOC) was a combination of peg-IFNα with ribavirin (RBV). After approval of NS3/4A protease inhibitor, SOC was peg-IFNα and RBV with either the first-generation DAAs boceprevir or telaprevir. In the past several years, various novel small molecules have been discovered and some of them (i.e., HCV polymerase, protease, helicase and entry inhibitors) have undergone clinical trials. Between 2013 and 2016, the second-generation DAA drugs simeprevir, asunaprevir, daclatasvir, dasabuvir, sofosbuvir, and elbasvir were approved, as well as the combinational drugs Harvoni®, Zepatier®, Technivie®, and Epclusa®. A number of reviews have been recently published describing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in the development of HCV inhibitors and outlining current therapeutic approaches to hepatitis C infection. Target identification involves studying a drug's mechanism of action (MOA), and a variety of target identification methods have been developed in the past few years. Chemical biology has emerged as a powerful tool for studying biological processes using small molecules. The use of chemical genetic methods is a valuable strategy for studying the molecular mechanisms of the viral lifecycle and screening for anti-viral agents. Two general screening approaches have been employed: forward and reverse chemical genetics. This review reveals information on the small molecules in HCV drug discovery by using chemical genetics for targeting the HCV protein and describes successful examples of targets identified with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghai Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Puenpatom A, Hull M, McPheeters J, Schwebke K. Treatment Discontinuation, Adherence, and Real-World Effectiveness Among Patients Treated with Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir in the United States. Infect Dis Ther 2017; 6:423-433. [PMID: 28677020 PMCID: PMC5595777 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-017-0163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment provides an oral interferon-free treatment regimen with high rates of sustained virologic response (SVR). This study assessed treatment discontinuation, factors associated with treatment completion, and real-world effectiveness. Methods Patients with HCV treated with LDV/SOF between October 2014 and June 2015 and enrolled in a large US health plan were identified. Expected treatment duration was calculated based on IDSA/AASLD treatment guidelines and US labels using data for genotype, initial treatment regimen, baseline cirrhosis, and prior treatments. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with treatment completion, controlling for patient characteristics. Results The study included 1483 LDV/SOF patients. Mean age was 59.7 years, most were male (63.9%), had commercial insurance (51.9%), and were treatment-naïve (85.6%). Cirrhosis or end stage liver disease was present in 46.1%. Among patients with an expected 8-week treatment regimen, 49.4% were treated for longer. Most patients (99.8%) with expected 12-week treatment durations were adherent to the expected treatment duration. Treatment-experienced patients [odds ratio (OR) 0.124, p < 0.001] and those on Medicare (OR 0.382, p = 0.039) had lower odds of completing the expected treatment regimen, while males were more likely to complete treatment than females (OR 3.235, p = 0.003). SVR12 in patients treated with LDV/SOF was 89.4% (n = 76/85). Conclusion Half of patients eligible for an 8-week treatment regimen with LDV/SOF were treated longer, while most patients with a 12-week regimen were adherent to the expected treatment duration. Prior HCV treatment, female gender, and Medicare Advantage insurance were associated with lower odds of treatment completion. Overall SVR12 was 89.4%. Funding Merck & Co. Inc. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40121-017-0163-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Puenpatom
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Hull
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Optum, Eden Prairie, MN, USA.
| | | | - Kay Schwebke
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Optum, Eden Prairie, MN, USA
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El Kassas M, Elbaz T, Hafez E, Wifi MN, Esmat G. Discovery and preclinical development of dasabuvir for the treatment of hepatitis C infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:635-642. [PMID: 28440681 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1322955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. Positively, the introduction of new directly-acting antivirals (DAAs) have led to dramatic improvements in response rates to antiviral therapy. Furthermore, newer generations of DAAs have demonstrated better safety profiles as well as efficacy than older generations. Current treatment recommendations are based on different combinations of DAAs. Current combination therapies rely on agents that target the different steps of viral replication by using different molecules from various DAAs families. Areas covered: In this review, the authors summarize data from of one of the recently developed NS5B polymerase inhibitors, dasabuvir, formerly known as ABT-333. Herein, the authors discuss the drug discovery data for dasabuvir including data from preclinical, toxicological resistance studies. The authors also review dasabuvir's clinical efficacy across various clinical challenges, in addition to its limitations in clinical practice. Expert opinion: Dasabuvir represents an important medical advance when used as a combination therapy for HCV. Unfortunately, it does present limitations like low genotypic coverage and further research is still required to address some of the lingering issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Kassas
- a Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine , Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Tamer Elbaz
- b Endemic Hepatogastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Enas Hafez
- c Clinical Pharmacy Unit, New Cairo Viral Hepatitis Treatment Unit , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Naguib Wifi
- d Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Gamal Esmat
- b Endemic Hepatogastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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Burhop A, Weck R, Atzrodt J, Derdau V. Hydrogen-Isotope Exchange (HIE) Reactions of Secondary and Tertiary Sulfonamides and Sulfonylureas with Iridium(I) Catalysts. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annina Burhop
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH; Integrated Drug Discovery; MedChem; Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis; Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH; Integrated Drug Discovery; MedChem; Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis; Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt Germany
| | - Jens Atzrodt
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH; Integrated Drug Discovery; MedChem; Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis; Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH; Integrated Drug Discovery; MedChem; Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis; Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt Germany
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12
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Bagwell A, Chastain CA. Hepatitis C Treatment in HIV Coinfection: Approaches, Challenges, and Future Opportunities. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-016-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Antiviral Nucleotide Incorporation by Recombinant Human Mitochondrial RNA Polymerase Is Predictive of Increased In Vivo Mitochondrial Toxicity Risk. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:7077-7085. [PMID: 27645237 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01253-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside or nucleotide inhibitors are a highly successful class of antivirals due to selectivity, potency, broad coverage, and high barrier to resistance. Nucleosides are the backbone of combination treatments for HIV, hepatitis B virus, and, since the FDA approval of sofosbuvir in 2013, also for hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, many promising nucleotide inhibitors have advanced to clinical trials only to be terminated due to unexpected toxicity. Here we describe the in vitro pharmacology of compound 1, a monophosphate prodrug of a 2'-ethynyluridine developed for the treatment of HCV. Compound 1 inhibits multiple HCV genotypes in vitro (50% effective concentration [EC50], 0.05 to 0.1 μM) with a selectivity index of >300 (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50], 30 μM in MT-4 cells). The active triphosphate metabolite of compound 1, compound 2, does not inhibit human α, β, or γ DNA polymerases but was a substrate for incorporation by the human mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT). In dog, the oral administration of compound 1 resulted in elevated serum liver enzymes and microscopic changes in the liver. Transmission electron microscopy showed significant mitochondrial swelling and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Gene expression analysis revealed dose-proportional gene signature changes linked to loss of hepatic function and increased mitochondrial dysfunction. The potential of in vivo toxicity through mitochondrial polymerase incorporation by nucleoside analogs has been previously shown. This study shows that even moderate levels of nucleotide analog incorporation by POLRMT increase the risk of in vivo mitochondrial dysfunction. Based on these results, further development of compound 1 as an anti-HCV compound was terminated.
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14
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Hathorn E, Elsharkawy AM. Management of hepatitis C genotype 4 in the directly acting antivirals era. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2016; 3:e000112. [PMID: 27752338 PMCID: PMC5051320 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2016-000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C (G4 HCV) accounts for 13% of worldwide HCV infections; with 10 million people infected with the virus across the world. Up to the end of 2013, the only treatment option for G4 HCV was treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin for 24-48 weeks. Since late 2013, treatment of G4 HCV has been transformed by the licensing of many directly acting antiviral agents (DAA). It is an exciting time to be involved in the management of HCV generally and G4 particularly. Interferon-free DAA regimens are now a reality for G4 HCV. This review will highlight these developments and discuss the data behind the use of these drugs. It will also highlight future regimens that are likely to be available over the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hathorn
- Liver Unit , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK
| | - Ahmed M Elsharkawy
- Liver Unit , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK
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15
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Wahyuni TS, Utsubo CA, Hotta H. Promising Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Compounds from Natural Resources. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem, which involves approximately 170 million people. High morbidity of patients is caused by chronic infection, which leads to liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and other HCV-related diseases. The sustained virological response (SVR) has been markedly improved to be >90% by the current standard interferon (IFN)-free treatment regimens with a combination of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) targeting the viral NS3 protease, NS5A multi-function protein and NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, compared with 50–70% of SVR rates achieved by the previous standard IFN-based treatment regimens with or without an NS3 protease inhibitor. However, the emergence of DAA-resistant HCV strains and the limited access to the DAAs due to their high cost could be major concerns. Also, the long-term prognosis of patients treated with DAAs, such as the possible development of hepatocellular carcinoma, still needs to be further evaluated. Natural resources are considered to be good candidates to develop anti-HCV agents. Here, we summarize anti-HCV compounds obtained from natural resources, including medicinal plant extracts, their isolated compounds and some of their derivatives that possess high antiviral potency against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutik Sri Wahyuni
- Division of Microbiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Jl. Dharmawangsa Dalam, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Chie Aoki Utsubo
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2, Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hak Hotta
- Division of Microbiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Oral Vaccine and Drug Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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16
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Court JJ, Poisson C, Ardzinski A, Bilimoria D, Chan L, Chandupatla K, Chauret N, Collier PN, Das SK, Denis F, Dorsch W, Iyer G, Lauffer D, L'Heureux L, Li P, Luisi BS, Mani N, Nanthakumar S, Nicolas O, Rao BG, Ronkin S, Selliah S, Shawgo RS, Tang Q, Waal ND, Yannopoulos CG, Green J. Discovery of Novel Thiophene-Based, Thumb Pocket 2 Allosteric Inhibitors of the Hepatitis C NS5B Polymerase with Improved Potency and Physicochemical Profiles. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6293-302. [PMID: 27366941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C viral proteins NS3/4A protease, NS5B polymerase, and NS5A are clinically validated targets for direct-acting antiviral therapies. The NS5B polymerase may be inhibited directly through the action of nucleosides or nucleotide analogues or allosterically at a number of well-defined sites. Herein we describe the further development of a series of thiophene carboxylate allosteric inhibitors of NS5B polymerase that act at the thumb pocket 2 site. Lomibuvir (1) is an allosteric HCV NS5B inhibitor that has demonstrated excellent antiviral activity and potential clinical utility in combination with other direct acting antiviral agents. Efforts to further explore and develop this series led to compound 23, a compound with comparable potency and improved physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Court
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Carl Poisson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated , 275 Boulevard Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Andrzej Ardzinski
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Darius Bilimoria
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated , 275 Boulevard Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Laval Chan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated , 275 Boulevard Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Kishan Chandupatla
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Nathalie Chauret
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated , 275 Boulevard Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Philip N Collier
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sanjoy Kumar Das
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated , 275 Boulevard Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Francois Denis
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated , 275 Boulevard Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Warren Dorsch
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ganesh Iyer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - David Lauffer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Lucille L'Heureux
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated , 275 Boulevard Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Pan Li
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Brian S Luisi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Nagraj Mani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Suganthi Nanthakumar
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Olivier Nicolas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated , 275 Boulevard Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - B Govinda Rao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Steven Ronkin
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Subajini Selliah
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated , 275 Boulevard Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Rebecca S Shawgo
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Qing Tang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Nathan D Waal
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Constantin G Yannopoulos
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated , 275 Boulevard Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Jeremy Green
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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