1
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Bozdag D, van Voorthuizen J, Korpel N, Lentz S, Gurer-Orhan H, Kamstra JH. Dysregulation of adipogenesis and disrupted lipid metabolism by the antidepressants citalopram and sertraline. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 486:116937. [PMID: 38643950 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used medications for the treatment of major depressive disorder. However, long-term SSRI use has been associated with weight gain and altered lipid profiles. These findings suggest that SSRIs may have negative effects on metabolism. Exposure to certain chemicals called 'obesogens' is known to promote lipid accumulation and obesity by modulating adipogenesis. Here, we investigated whether citalopram (CIT) and sertraline (SER) interfere with the process of adipogenesis, using human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a 2D and a 3D model. Assessment of intracellular lipid accumulation by fluorescence staining was used as a measure for enhanced adipogenesis. To explore possible mechanisms behind SSRIs' effects, receptor mediated activity was studied using responsive cell lines for various nuclear receptors. Furthermore, RNA sequencing was performed in the 3D model, followed by differential gene expression and pathway analysis. A dose dependent increase in lipid accumulation was observed in both models with CIT and SER. For the 3D model, the effect was seen in a range close to reported steady-state plasma concentrations (0.065-0.65 μM for SER and 0.12-0.92 μM for CIT). Pathway analysis revealed unexpected results of downregulation in adipogenesis-related pathways and upregulation in phospholipids and lysosomal pathways. This was confirmed by an observed increase in lysosomes in the 2D model. Our findings suggest lysosomal dysfunction and disrupted lipid metabolism in mature adipocytes, leading to excessive phospholipid synthesis. Moreover, important adipogenic processes are inhibited, potentially leading to dysfunctional adipocytes, which might have implications in the maintenance of a healthy metabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bozdag
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Jeroen van Voorthuizen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nikita Korpel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Lentz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hande Gurer-Orhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Jorke H Kamstra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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2
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Lomuscio M, Abate C, Alberga D, Laghezza A, Corriero N, Colabufo NA, Saviano M, Delre P, Mangiatordi GF. AMALPHI: A Machine Learning Platform for Predicting Drug-Induced PhospholIpidosis. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:864-872. [PMID: 38134445 PMCID: PMC10853961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced phospholipidosis (PLD) involves the accumulation of phospholipids in cells of multiple tissues, particularly within lysosomes, and it is associated with prolonged exposure to druglike compounds, predominantly cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs). PLD affects a significant portion of drugs currently in development and has recently been proven to be responsible for confounding antiviral data during drug repurposing for SARS-CoV-2. In these scenarios, it has become crucial to identify potential safe drug candidates in advance and distinguish them from those that may lead to false in vitro antiviral activity. In this work, we developed a series of machine learning classifiers with the aim of predicting the PLD-inducing potential of drug candidates. The models were built on a high-quality chemical collection comprising 545 curated small molecules extracted from ChEMBL v30. The most effective model, obtained using the balanced random forest algorithm, achieved high performance, including an AUC value computed in validation as high as 0.90. The model was made freely available through a user-friendly web platform named AMALPHI (https://www.ba.ic.cnr.it/softwareic/amalphiportal/), which can represent a valuable tool for medicinal chemists interested in conducting an early evaluation of PLD inducer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Abate
- CNR—Institute
of Crystallography, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of the Studies of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E.Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Alberga
- CNR—Institute
of Crystallography, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Department
of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of the Studies of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E.Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Corriero
- CNR—Institute
of Crystallography, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonio Colabufo
- Department
of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of the Studies of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E.Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Saviano
- CNR—Institute
of Crystallography, Via
Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Pietro Delre
- CNR—Institute
of Crystallography, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
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3
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Hu H, Tjaden A, Knapp S, Antolin AA, Müller S. A machine learning and live-cell imaging tool kit uncovers small molecules induced phospholipidosis. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1634-1651.e6. [PMID: 37797617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced phospholipidosis (DIPL), characterized by excessive accumulation of phospholipids in lysosomes, can lead to clinical adverse effects. It may also alter phenotypic responses in functional studies using chemical probes. Therefore, robust methods are needed to predict and quantify phospholipidosis (PL) early in drug discovery and in chemical probe characterization. Here, we present a versatile high-content live-cell imaging approach, which was used to evaluate a chemogenomic and a lysosomal modulation library. We trained and evaluated several machine learning models using the most comprehensive set of publicly available compounds and interpreted the best model using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Analysis of high-quality chemical probes extracted from the Chemical Probes Portal using our algorithm revealed that closely related molecules, such as chemical probes and their matched negative controls can differ in their ability to induce PL, highlighting the importance of identifying PL for robust target validation in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Hu
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amelie Tjaden
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Albert A Antolin
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susanne Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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4
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Khan MQ, Hassan S, Lizaola-Mayo BC, Bhat M, Watt KD. Navigating the "specific etiology" steatohepatitis category: Evaluation and management of nonalcoholic/nonmetabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00637. [PMID: 37939197 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qasim Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Hassan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Blanca C Lizaola-Mayo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Mamatha Bhat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kymberly D Watt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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5
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Pauluhn J. Pathogenetic role of alveolar surfactant depleted by phosgene: Biophysical mechanisms and peak inhalation exposure metrics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 143:105441. [PMID: 37433368 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to water-soluble respiratory tract irritants in their gas phase, the physicochemical properties of 'hydrophilicity' vs. 'lipophilicity' are the preponderant factors that dictate the site of major retention of the gas at the portal of entry. The lipophilic physical properties of phosgene gas facilitate retention in the alveolar region lined with amphipathic pulmonary surfactant (PS). The relationship between exposure and adverse health outcomes is complex, may vary over time, and is dependent on the biokinetics, biophysics, and pool size of PS relative to the inhaled dose of phosgene. Kinetic PS depletion is hypothesized to occur as inhalation followed by inhaled dose-dependent PS depletion. A kinetic model was developed to better understand the variables characterizing the inhaled dose rates of phosgene vs. PS pool size reconstitution. Modeling and empirical data from published evidence revealed that phosgene gas unequivocally follows a concentration x exposure (C × t) metric, independent of the frequency of exposure. The modeled and empirical data support the hypothesis that the exposure standards of phosgene are described best by a C × t time-averaged metric. Modeled data favorably duplicate expert panel-derived standards. Peak exposures within a reasonable range are of no concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Pauluhn
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Global Phosgene Steering Group, 51365, Leverkusen, Germany.
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6
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Gould S, Templin MV. Off target toxicities and links with physicochemical properties of medicinal products, including antibiotics, oligonucleotides, lipid nanoparticles (with cationic and/or anionic charges). Data review suggests an emerging pattern. Toxicol Lett 2023; 384:14-29. [PMID: 37454775 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxicology is an essential part of any drug development plan. Circumnavigating the risk of failure because of a toxicity issue can be a challenge, and failure in late development is extremely costly. To identify potential risks, it requires more than just understanding the biological target. The toxicologist needs to consider a compound's structure, it's physicochemical properties (including the impact of the overall formulation), as well as the biological target (e.g., receptor interactions). Understanding the impact of the physicochemical properties can be used to predict potential toxicities in advance by incorporating key endpoints in early screening strategies and/or used to compare toxicity profiles across lead candidates. This review discussed the risks of off-target and/or non-specific toxicities that may be associated with the physicochemical properties of compounds, especially those carrying dominant positive or negative charges, including amphiphilic small molecules, peptides, oligonucleotides and lipids/liposomes/lipid nanoparticles. The latter of which are being seen more and more in drug development, including the recent Covid pandemic, where mRNA and lipid nanoparticle technology is playing more of a role in vaccine development. The translation between non-clinical and clinical data is also considered, questioning how a physicochemical driven toxicity may be more universal across species, which means that such toxicity may be reassuringly translatable between species and as such, this information may also be considered as a support to the 3 R's, particularly in the early screening stages of a drug development plan.
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7
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Ma Y, Chen X, Javeria H, Du Z. High-throughput screening of LogD by using a sample pooling approach based on the traditional shake flask method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1227:123804. [PMID: 37393793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for screening LogD is presented. The method is based on the shake flask method combined with rapid generic LC-MS/MS bioanalysis by using a sample pooling approach that enables high-throughput screening of LogD or LogP in the drug discovery stage. The method is evaluated by a comparison of measured LogD between single and pooled compounds for a test set of structurally diverse compounds with a wide range of LogD values (from -0.04 to 6.01). Test compounds include 10 commercially available drug standards along with 27 new chemical entities. A good correlation (RMSE = 0.21, R2 = 0.9879) of LogD between the single and pooled compounds was obtained, suggesting that at least 37 compounds can be simultaneously measured with acceptable accuracy. The sample pooling method significantly reduced the number of bioanalysis samples as compared to the single compound measurement by the conventional shake flask method. The impact of DMSO content on LogD measurement was also investigated and the result demonstrated that at least 0.5% DMSO was tolerated in this method. The current new development will facilitate the drug discovery process by more rapidly assessing the LogD or LogP of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfen Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 117004, Liaoning, China
| | - Huma Javeria
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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8
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Takahashi K, Morita Y, Udagawa S, Higashi E, Nakajima M, Miyamoto Y, Oshida K. Lysosomal trapping of 4-dimethylamino-1-{3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-yl)propanoyl}piperidine, a hydrophilic and weakly basic amine, in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 91:105614. [PMID: 37187212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Some weakly basic compounds lead to cell death accompanied by cellular vacuolation. The novel analgesic agent, 4-dimethylamino-1-{3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-yl)propanoyl}piperidine (DMIP), is a hydrophilic and weakly basic compound that induces vacuolation in the vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs. Here, we investigated the vacuolation mechanism and the potential cytotoxicity of DMIP using human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. When cells were treated with DMIP (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mM) for 6, 24, and 48 h, clear cytoplasmic vacuolation was observed at 1 mM after 24 and 48 h, along with an increase in the intracellular DMIP concentration. The vacuolation and intracellular DMIP were markedly reduced by bafilomycin A1, a vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor. The late endosome marker Rab7 and lysosome marker LAMP-2 were highly expressed but the early endosome marker Rab5 and autophagosome marker LC3 were not expressed specifically on the vacuolar membranes. These results suggested that the most vacuoles were enlarged late endosomes/lysosomes, resulting from the accumulation of DMIP by ion trapping. Moreover, DMIP did not affect lysosomal membrane integrity and was less cytotoxic than chloroquine, an inducer of phospholipidosis. The current study provides further insight into the mechanisms of vacuolation and lysosomal trapping induced by the hydrophilic and weakly basic amine DMIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morita
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Shuji Udagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Eriko Higashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nakajima
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyamoto
- Pharmaceutical Clinical Research Department, Toray Industries, Inc, 1-1, Nihonbashi muromachi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8666, Japan
| | - Keiyu Oshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan.
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9
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In Vitro Models for Studying Chronic Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911428. [PMID: 36232728 PMCID: PMC9569683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major clinical problem in terms of patient morbidity and mortality, cost to healthcare systems and failure of the development of new drugs. The need for consistent safety strategies capable of identifying a potential toxicity risk early in the drug discovery pipeline is key. Human DILI is poorly predicted in animals, probably due to the well-known interspecies differences in drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity targets. For this reason, distinct cellular models from primary human hepatocytes or hepatoma cell lines cultured as 2D monolayers to emerging 3D culture systems or the use of multi-cellular systems have been proposed for hepatotoxicity studies. In order to mimic long-term hepatotoxicity in vitro, cell models, which maintain hepatic phenotype for a suitably long period, should be used. On the other hand, repeated-dose administration is a more relevant scenario for therapeutics, providing information not only about toxicity, but also about cumulative effects and/or delayed responses. In this review, we evaluate the existing cell models for DILI prediction focusing on chronic hepatotoxicity, highlighting how better characterization and mechanistic studies could lead to advance DILI prediction.
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10
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Patel MV, Peltier HM, Matulenko MA, Koenig JR, C Scanio MJ, Gum RJ, El-Kouhen OF, Fricano MM, Lundgaard GL, Neelands T, Zhang XF, Zhan C, Pai M, Ghoreishi-Haack N, Hudzik T, Gintant G, Martin R, McGaraughty S, Xu J, Bow D, Kalvass JC, Kym PR, DeGoey DA, Kort ME. Discovery of (R)-(3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)(6-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)quinolin-2-yl)methanone (ABBV-318) and analogs as small molecule Na v1.7/ Nav1.8 blockers for the treatment of pain. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 63:116743. [PMID: 35436748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 is an attractive target for the treatment of pain based on the high level of target validation with genetic evidence linking Nav1.7 to pain in humans. Our effort to identify selective, CNS-penetrant Nav1.7 blockers with oral activity, improved selectivity, good drug-like properties, and safety led to the discovery of 2-substituted quinolines and quinolones as potent small molecule Nav1.7 blockers. The design of these molecules focused on maintaining potency at Nav1.7, improving selectivity over the hERG channel, and overcoming phospholipidosis observed with the initial leads. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies leading to the discovery of (R)-(3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)(6-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)quinolin-2-yl)methanone (ABBV-318) are described herein. ABBV-318 displayed robust in vivo efficacy in both inflammatory and neuropathic rodent models of pain. ABBV-318 also inhibited Nav1.8, another sodium channel isoform that is an active target for the development of new pain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena V Patel
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Hillary M Peltier
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Mark A Matulenko
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - John R Koenig
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Marc J C Scanio
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Rebecca J Gum
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Odile F El-Kouhen
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Meagan M Fricano
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Greta L Lundgaard
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Torben Neelands
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Xu-Feng Zhang
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Cenchen Zhan
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Madhavi Pai
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - Thomas Hudzik
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Gary Gintant
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Ruth Martin
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Steve McGaraughty
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Daniel Bow
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - John C Kalvass
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Philip R Kym
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - David A DeGoey
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Michael E Kort
- AbbVie, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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11
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Bik E, Orleanska J, Mateuszuk L, Baranska M, Majzner K, Chlopicki S. Raman and fluorescence imaging of phospholipidosis induced by cationic amphiphilic drugs in endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119186. [PMID: 34902479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) are known from lysosomotropism, drug-induced phospholipidosis (DIPL), activation of autophagy, and decreased cell viability, but the relationship between these events is not clear and little is known about DIPL in the endothelium. In this work, the effects of fluoxetine, amiodarone, clozapine, and risperidone on human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were studied using a combined methodology of label-free Raman imaging and fluorescence staining. Raman spectroscopy was applied to characterize biochemical changes in lipid profile and their distribution in the cellular compartments, while fluorescence staining (LysoTracker, LipidTOX, LC3B, and JC-1) was used to analyze lysosome volume expansion, activation of autophagy, lipid accumulation, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. We demonstrated that fluoxetine, amiodarone, and clozapine, but not risperidone, at non-toxic concentrations induced lipid accumulations in the perinuclear and cytoplasmic regions of endothelial cells. Spectroscopic markers of DIPL included a robust increase in the ratio (lipid/(protein + lipid)), an increase in choline-containing lipid, fatty acids, and the presence of cholesterol esters, while starvation-induced activated autophagy revealed a spectroscopic signature associated with subtle changes in the lipid profile only. Interestingly, lysosomal volume expansion, occurrence of DIPL, and activation of autophagy induced by selected CADs all depended on drug-accumulation in acidic pH of lysosome cellular compartments whereas reduced endothelial viability did not, and was attributed to mitochondrial mechanisms as evidenced by a decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In conclusion, drug-induced phospholipidosis in the endothelium did not reduce endothelial viability per se and can be efficiently assayed by Raman imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Bik
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jagoda Orleanska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Majzner
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Chair of Pharmacology, 16 Grzegorzecka Str., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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12
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Choung HYG, Jean-Gilles J, Goldman B. Myeloid bodies is not an uncommon ultrastructural finding. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:130-138. [PMID: 35100945 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.2022054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of myeloid bodies (MBs) is classically associated with Fabry disease (FD). However, MBs are also identified in patients without clinical evidence of FD. We attempt to further understand the clinicopathologic significance of incidental MBs in those without FD. Among the 4400 renal biopsies accessioned at the University of Rochester Medical Center from 2010 to 2021, we identified 32 cases showing MBs, 6 of which had FD. Medications were compared between a non-FG and a control-group of randomly selected cases without MBs (non-MBs). Both Fabry-group (FG) and non-Fabry-group (non-FG) were predominantly middle-aged (mean 48 years vs 56, respectively). Non-FG had slight female predominance (1:4), while all in FG were female. The majority of both non-FG and non-MBs cohort were on the same medications reported to cause phospholipidosis except sertraline and hydralazine (p = .04), which were more frequent in non-FG. Ultrastructurally, non-FG tended to show focal MBs in predominantly podocytes, while FG showed more extensive MBs in not only podocytes but also parietal, tubular, endothelial, and myocyte cells (p = .03). In addition, half of FG had another superimposed renal disease including kappa-light chain deposition disease, thin-basement membrane nephropathy, and lithium-related changes. MBs are encountered not only in FD but in other settings including CADs, toxins, and other inheritable diseases. Although secondary causes of MBs typically show less extensive involvement compared to FD, these features overlap. Given the challenges in diagnosing female carriers, the finding of MBs, though not specific to FD, may be the only clue that leads to further work-up and timely diagnosis, underscoring the importance of considering FD among other etiologies in differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Yoon Grace Choung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Renal Pathology and Electron Microscopy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jerome Jean-Gilles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Renal Pathology and Electron Microscopy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Goldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Renal Pathology and Electron Microscopy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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13
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Shinde AK, Badange RK, Reballi V, Achanta PK, Bojja K, Manchineella S, Rao Muddana N, Subramanian R, Choudary Palacharla R, Benade V, Jayarajan P, Thentu JB, Lingavarapu BB, Yarra S, Kagita N, Rao Doguparthi M, Mohammed AR, Nirogi R. 1-[2-(1-Cyclobutylpiperidin-4-yloxy)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]propan-1-one: a Histamine H 3 Receptor Inverse Agonist with Efficacy in Animal Models of Cognition. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100583. [PMID: 34761873 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of chemical optimizations, which was guided by in vitro affinity at histamine H3 receptor (H3 R), modulation of lipophilicity, ADME properties and preclinical efficacy resulted in the identification of 1-[2-(1-cyclobutylpiperidin-4-yloxy)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]propan-1-one (45 e) as a potent and selective (Ki =4.0 nM) H3 R inverse agonist. Dipsogenia induced by (R)-α-methylhistamine was dose dependently antagonized by 45 e, confirming its functional antagonism at H3 R. It is devoid of hERG and phospholipidosis issues. Compound 45 e has adequate oral exposures and favorable half-life in both rats and dogs. It has demonstrated high receptor occupancy (ED80 =0.22 mg/kg) and robust efficacy in object recognition task and, dose dependently increased acetylcholine levels in brain. The sub-therapeutic doses of 45 e in combination with donepezil significantly increased acetylcholine levels. The potent affinity, selectivity, in vivo efficacy and drug like properties together with safety, warrant for further development of this molecule for potential treatment of cognitive disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Karbhari Shinde
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Badange
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Veena Reballi
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Achanta
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Kumar Bojja
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Sravanthi Manchineella
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Muddana
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Ramkumar Subramanian
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Raghava Choudary Palacharla
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Vijay Benade
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Pradeep Jayarajan
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Thentu
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Bujji Babu Lingavarapu
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Sivasekhar Yarra
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Narendra Kagita
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Doguparthi
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Abdul Rasheed Mohammed
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
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14
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Garcia de Lomana M, Morger A, Norinder U, Buesen R, Landsiedel R, Volkamer A, Kirchmair J, Mathea M. ChemBioSim: Enhancing Conformal Prediction of In Vivo Toxicity by Use of Predicted Bioactivities. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3255-3272. [PMID: 34153183 PMCID: PMC8317154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Computational methods such as machine learning approaches have a strong track record of success in predicting the outcomes of in vitro assays. In contrast, their ability to predict in vivo endpoints is more limited due to the high number of parameters and processes that may influence the outcome. Recent studies have shown that the combination of chemical and biological data can yield better models for in vivo endpoints. The ChemBioSim approach presented in this work aims to enhance the performance of conformal prediction models for in vivo endpoints by combining chemical information with (predicted) bioactivity assay outcomes. Three in vivo toxicological endpoints, capturing genotoxic (MNT), hepatic (DILI), and cardiological (DICC) issues, were selected for this study due to their high relevance for the registration and authorization of new compounds. Since the sparsity of available biological assay data is challenging for predictive modeling, predicted bioactivity descriptors were introduced instead. Thus, a machine learning model for each of the 373 collected biological assays was trained and applied on the compounds of the in vivo toxicity data sets. Besides the chemical descriptors (molecular fingerprints and physicochemical properties), these predicted bioactivities served as descriptors for the models of the three in vivo endpoints. For this study, a workflow based on a conformal prediction framework (a method for confidence estimation) built on random forest models was developed. Furthermore, the most relevant chemical and bioactivity descriptors for each in vivo endpoint were preselected with lasso models. The incorporation of bioactivity descriptors increased the mean F1 scores of the MNT model from 0.61 to 0.70 and for the DICC model from 0.72 to 0.82 while the mean efficiencies increased by roughly 0.10 for both endpoints. In contrast, for the DILI endpoint, no significant improvement in model performance was observed. Besides pure performance improvements, an analysis of the most important bioactivity features allowed detection of novel and less intuitive relationships between the predicted biological assay outcomes used as descriptors and the in vivo endpoints. This study presents how the prediction of in vivo toxicity endpoints can be improved by the incorporation of biological information-which is not necessarily captured by chemical descriptors-in an automated workflow without the need for adding experimental workload for the generation of bioactivity descriptors as predicted outcomes of bioactivity assays were utilized. All bioactivity CP models for deriving the predicted bioactivities, as well as the in vivo toxicity CP models, can be freely downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Garcia de Lomana
- BASF
SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67063, Germany
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Andrea Morger
- In Silico
Toxicology and Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz
1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Ulf Norinder
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden
| | | | | | - Andrea Volkamer
- In Silico
Toxicology and Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz
1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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15
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Tsukimura T, Shiga T, Saito K, Ogawa Y, Sakuraba H, Togawa T. Does administration of hydroxychloroquine/amiodarone accelerate accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and globotriaosylsphingosine in Fabry mice? Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 28:100773. [PMID: 34136356 PMCID: PMC8178118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced lysosomal storage disease (DILSD) caused by cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs), which exhibits toxic manifestations and pathological findings mimicking Fabry disease (α-galactosidase A deficiency), has attracted the interests of clinicians and pathologists. Although the affected region is lysosomes in both the diseases, DILSD is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of phospholipids and Fabry disease that of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (Lyso-Gb3). However, it is unknown whether administration of CADs affects the catabolism of Gb3 and Lyso-Gb3 in Fabry disease. In this study, we independently administered hydroxychloroquine/amiodarone to wild-type and Fabry mice and examined the effects of the drugs on the enzyme activity and substrates accumulated in organs and tissues. The results revealed that the administration of the drugs induced accumulation of phosphatidylcholine in both the wild-type and Fabry mice. However, reduction of α-galactosidase A activity in the organs and tissues of the wild-type mice was not found, and the storage of Gb3 and Lyso-Gb3 was not accelerated by these drugs in the Fabry mice. This suggests that hydroxychloroquine/amiodarone do not have any significant impact on the catabolism of Gb3 and Lyso-Gb3 in organs and tissues of both wild-type and Fabry mice. Effects of cationic amphiphilic drugs on the catabolism of Gb3/Lyso-Gb3 were examined. The drugs induced phospholipidosis in the wild-type and Fabry mice. The drugs did not induce reduction of α-galactosidase A activity in the wild-type mice. The drugs did not accelerate accumulation of Gb3/Lyso-gb3 in the Fabry mice.
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Key Words
- Amiodarone
- CAD, cationic amphiphilic drug
- DILSD, drug-induced lysosomal storage disease
- Drug-induced lysosomal storage disease
- Fabry disease
- Gb3, globotriaosylceramide
- Globotriaosylceramide
- Globotriaosylsphingosine
- Hydroxychloroquine
- ILV, intralysosomal luminal vesicle
- LC, liquid chromatography
- Lyso-Gb3, globotriaosylsphingosine
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry
- PhC, phosphatidylcholine
- Phospholipid
- α-Gal, α-galactosidase A
- α-Galactosidase A
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsukimura
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shiga
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Koki Saito
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakuraba
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Tadayasu Togawa
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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16
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Wang J, Zhao X, Xu D, Lai L, Crommen J, Guo J, Jiang Z. Development of acidic phospholipid containing immobilized artificial membrane column to predict drug-induced phospholipidosis potency. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462147. [PMID: 33957347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced phospholipidosis (DIPLD) represents a big concern for both regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical companies in drug discovery. Many researches pointed out that the negatively charged intralysosomal lipids play an important role in the formation of DIPLD. To better mimic this negatively charged lipid surface, a novel immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) column was prepared via in situ copolymerization of 12-methacryloyl n-dodecylphosphocholine (MDPC) and 12-methacryloyl n-dodecylphosphoric acid (MDPA). By introducing MDPA, the surface of the resulting monolithic column can be maintained negatively charged over a broad pH range. Scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis and nano-HPLC experiments were carried out to characterize the physicochemical properties and chromatographic performance of the obtained monolithic IAM column. The results of ζ-potential and retention mechanism studies indicate that both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions contribute greatly to the retention of cation analytes owing to the existence of the negatively charged MDPA under acidic conditions. To better assess the DIPLD potency of drug, the molar ratio between MDPC and MDPA in the monolithic column was carefully optimized. The results show that the poly(MDPC70PA30-co-EDMA) column has the best predictability with only two false-positives (donepezil, flecainide) in qualitative analysis of 61 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xianglong Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liang Lai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jacques Crommen
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CIRM, University of Liege, CHU B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jialiang Guo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China.
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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17
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Pedro L, Rudewicz PJ. Analysis of Live Single Cells by Confocal Microscopy and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Study Drug Uptake, Metabolism, and Drug-Induced Phospholipidosis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16005-16015. [PMID: 33280372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of large numbers of cells from a population results in information that does not reflect differences in cell phenotypes. Individual variations in cellular drug uptake, metabolism, and response to drug treatment may have profound effects on cellular survival and lead to the development of certain disease states, drug persistence, and resistance. Herein, we present a method that combines live cell confocal microscopy imaging with high-resolution mass spectrometry to achieve absolute cell quantification of the drug amiodarone (AMIO) and its major metabolite, N-desethylamiodarone (NDEA), in single liver cells (HepG2 and HepaRG cells). The method uses a prototype system that integrates a confocal microscope with an XYZ stage robot to image and automatically sample selected cells from a sample compartment, which is kept under growth conditions, with nanospray tips. Besides obtaining the distributions of AMIO and NDEA cell concentrations across a population of individual cells, as well as variabilities in drug metabolism, the effect of these on phospholipidosis and cell morphology was studied. The method was suited to identify subpopulations of cells that metabolized less drug and to correlate cell drug concentrations with cell phospholipid content, cell volume, sphericity, and other cell phenotypic features. Using principal component analysis (PCA), the treated cells could be clearly distinguished from vehicle control cells (0 μM AMIO) and HepaRG cells from HepG2 cells. The potential of using multidimensional and multimodal information collected from single cells to build predictive models for cell classification is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Pedro
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Patrick J Rudewicz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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18
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Varalda M, Antona A, Bettio V, Roy K, Vachamaram A, Yellenki V, Massarotti A, Baldanzi G, Capello D. Psychotropic Drugs Show Anticancer Activity by Disrupting Mitochondrial and Lysosomal Function. Front Oncol 2020; 10:562196. [PMID: 33194631 PMCID: PMC7604408 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.562196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Drug repositioning is a promising strategy for discovering new therapeutic strategies for cancer therapy. We investigated psychotropic drugs for their antitumor activity because of several epidemiological studies reporting lower cancer incidence in individuals receiving long term drug treatment. Experimental Approach: We investigated 27 psychotropic drugs for their cytotoxic activity in colorectal carcinoma, glioblastoma and breast cancer cell lines. Consistent with the cationic amphiphilic structure of the most cytotoxic compounds, we investigated their effect on mitochondrial and lysosomal compartments. Results: Penfluridol, ebastine, pimozide and fluoxetine, fluspirilene and nefazodone showed significant cytotoxicity, in the low micromolar range, in all cell lines tested. In MCF7 cells these drugs caused mitochondrial membrane depolarization, increased the acidic vesicular compartments and induced phospholipidosis. Both penfluridol and spiperone induced AMPK activation and autophagy. Neither caspase nor autophagy inhibitors rescued cells from death induced by ebastine, fluoxetine, fluspirilene and nefazodone. Treatment with 3-methyladenine partially rescued cell death induced by pimozide and spiperone, whereas enhanced the cytotoxic activity of penfluridol. Conversely, inhibition of lysosomal cathepsins significantly reduced cell death induced by ebastin, penfluridol, pimozide, spiperone and mildly in fluoxetine treated cells. Lastly, Spiperone cytotoxicity was restricted to colorectal cancer and breast cancer and caused apoptotic cell death in MCF7 cells. Conclusions: The cytotoxicity of psychotropic drugs with cationic amphiphilic structures relied on simultaneous mitochondrial and lysosomal disruption and induction of cell death that not necessarily requires apoptosis. Since dual targeting of lysosomes and mitochondria constitutes a new promising therapeutic approach for cancer, particularly those in which the apoptotic machinery is defective, these data further support their clinical development for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Varalda
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Annamaria Antona
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bettio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Konkonika Roy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Ajay Vachamaram
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Vaibhav Yellenki
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Nithiyanandam
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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20
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Santos VSV, Pereira BB. Low toxicity and high efficacy in use of novel approaches to control Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:243-254. [PMID: 32515686 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1776655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses are a group of etiologic agents accounting for different incapacitating diseases that progress to severe and lethal forms in animal and human targets consequently representing a significant burden on public health and global economies. Although attempts were undertaken to combat Aedes aegypti, the primary urban mosquito vector of several life-threatening diseases, the misuse of chemical pesticides, development of resistance, and toxicity on non-target species still need to be overcome. In this context, it is imperative for development of long-lasting, novel approaches envisioning effective control of Aedes aegypti, mainly in endemic regions. Thus, the present review was undertaken to describe safe and eco-friendly approaches as potential weapons against Aedes aegypti. Accordingly, the findings discussed indicated that biological larvicides and genetic engineering technologies constitute noteworthy alternatives of future mosquito-borne arbovirus disease control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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21
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Gunesch AP, Zapatero-Belinchón FJ, Pinkert L, Steinmann E, Manns MP, Schneider G, Pietschmann T, Brönstrup M, von Hahn T. Filovirus Antiviral Activity of Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs Is Associated with Lipophilicity and Ability To Induce Phospholipidosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e00143-20. [PMID: 32513799 PMCID: PMC7526846 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00143-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) have been found to inhibit cell entry of filoviruses and other enveloped viruses. Structurally unrelated CADs may have antiviral activity, yet the underlying common mechanism and structure-activity relationship are incompletely understood. We aimed to understand how widespread antiviral activity is among CADs and which structural and physico-chemical properties are linked to entry inhibition. We measured inhibition of Marburg virus pseudoparticle (MARVpp) cell entry by 45 heterogeneous and mostly FDA-approved CADs and cytotoxicity in EA.hy926 cells. We analyzed correlation of antiviral activity with four chemical properties: pKa, hydrophobicity (octanol/water partitioning coefficient; ClogP), molecular weight, and distance between the basic group and hydrophobic ring structures. Additionally, we quantified drug-induced phospholipidosis (DIPL) of a CAD subset by flow cytometry. Structurally similar compounds (derivatives) and those with similar chemical properties but unrelated structures (analogues) to those of strong inhibitors were obtained by two in silico similarity search approaches and tested for antiviral activity. Overall, 11 out of 45 (24%) CADs inhibited MARVpp by 40% or more. The strongest antiviral compounds were dronedarone, triparanol, and quinacrine. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed highly significant correlations between antiviral activity, hydrophobicity (ClogP > 4), and DIPL. Moreover, pKa and intramolecular distance between hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties correlated with antiviral activity but to a lesser extent. We also showed that in contrast to analogues, derivatives had antiviral activity similar to that of the seed compound dronedarone. Overall, one-quarter of CADs inhibit MARVpp entry in vitro, and antiviral activity of CADs mostly relies on their hydrophobicity yet is promoted by the individual structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia P Gunesch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Francisco J Zapatero-Belinchón
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lukas Pinkert
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas von Hahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Interventional Endoscopy, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Semmelweis University, Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Cho MK, Seo MJ, Juvekar V, Jo JH, Kim W, Choi KS, Kim HM. Screening of Drug-Induced Steatosis and Phospholipidosis Using Lipid Droplet-Selective Two-Photon Probes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11223-11231. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Ki Cho
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Min Ji Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus Program, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Vinayak Juvekar
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Jo
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Wontae Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Kyeong Sook Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus Program, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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23
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Baldrick P, Cosenza ME, Alapatt T, Bolon B, Rhodes M, Waterson I. Toxicology Paradise: Sorting Out Adverse and Non-adverse Findings in Animal Toxicity Studies. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:365-378. [PMID: 32618214 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820935089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A challenge for all toxicologists is defining what study findings are actually adverse versus non-adverse in animal toxicity studies, and which ones are relevant for generating a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) to assess human risk. This article presents views on this challenge presented by toxicologists, toxicologic pathologists, and regulatory reviewers at the 2019 annual meeting of the American College of Toxicology during a workshop entitled "Toxicology Paradise: Sorting Out Adverse and Non-adverse Findings." The speakers noted that setting a NOAEL is not always straightforward, not only for small molecules but also for biopharmaceuticals, and that a "weight of evidence" approach often is more useful than a rigid threshold-setting algorithm. Regulators from the US Food and Drug Administration and European Union told how assessment of adverse nonclinical findings is undertaken to allow clinical studies to commence and drug marketing approvals to succeed, along with the process that allows successful dialogs with regulators. Nonclinical case studies of findings judged to be adverse versus non-adverse were presented in relation to the many factors that might halt or delay clinical development. The process of defining adverse findings and the NOAEL in final study reports was discussed, as well as who should be involved in the process.
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24
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Han X, Yang S, Kam WR, Sullivan DA, Liu Y. The Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Dorzolamide Stimulates the Differentiation of Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1604-1610. [PMID: 32434386 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1772832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical studies have indicated that the long-term use of topical antiglaucoma drugs, such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs), may lead to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). We hypothesize that these adverse effects involve a direct influence on human MG epithelial cells (HMGECs). The purpose our present investigation was to test our hypothesis and determine whether exposure to dorzolamide, a CAI, impacts the proliferation, intracellular signaling and differentiation of HMGECs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We cultured immortalized (i) HMGECs with vehicle or various concentrations of dorzolamide for 6 days. Cells were enumerated with a hemocytometer, and examined for their morphology, Akt signaling activity, accumulation of neutral lipids, phospholipids and lysosomes, and the expression of protein biomarkers for lipogenesis regulation, lysosomes and autophagosomes. RESULTS Our results show that a high, 500 µg/ml concentration of dorzolamide causes a significant decrease in Akt signaling and the proliferation of iHMGECs. However, the high dose of dorzolamide also promotes the differentiation of iHMGECs. This response features increases in the number of lysosomes, the accumulation of phospholipids, and the expression of the light chain 3A biomarker for autophagosomes. In contrast, the therapeutic amount (50 µg/ml) of dorzolamide has no impact on the proliferative or differentiative abilities of iHMGECs. CONCLUSIONS Our results support our hypothesis and demonstrate that the CAI dorzolamide does exert a direct influence on the proliferation and differentiation of iHMGECs. However, this effect is elicited only by a high, and not a therapeutic, amount of dorzolamide. Abbreviations: AKT: phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B; BPE: bovine pituitary extract; CAD: cationic amphiphilic drug; DED: dry eye disease; DMEM/F12: 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F-12; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FBS: fetal bovine serum; iHMGECs: immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells; KSFM: keratinocyte serum-free medium; LAMP-1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3A: light chain 3A; MGD: meibomian gland dysfunction; SREBP-1: sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Han
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China
| | - Wendy R Kam
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Use of 3D Human Liver Organoids to Predict Drug-Induced Phospholipidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082982. [PMID: 32340283 PMCID: PMC7216064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced phospholipidosis (PL) is a storage disorder caused by the formation of phospholipid-drug complexes in lysosomes. Because of the diversity of PL between species, human cell-based assays have been used to predict drug-induced PL in humans. We established three-dimensional (3D) human liver organoids as described previously and investigated their liver characteristics through multiple analyses. Drug-induced PL was initiated in these organoids and in monolayer HepG2 cultures, and cellular changes were systemically examined. Organoids that underwent differentiation showed characteristics of hepatocytes rather than HepG2 cells. The organoids also survived under PL-inducing drug conditions for 48 h and maintained a more stable albumin secretion level than the HepG2 cells. More cytoplasmic vacuoles were observed in organoids and HepG2 cells treated with more potent PL-induced drugs, but to a greater extent in organoids than in HepG2 cells. Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2, a marker of lysosome membranes, showed a stronger immunohistochemical signal in the organoids. PL-distinctive lamellar bodies were observed only in amiodarone-treated organoids by transmission electron microscopy. Human liver organoids are thus more sensitive to drug-induced PL and less affected by cytotoxicity than HepG2 cells. Since PL is a chronic condition, these results indicate that organoids better reflect metabolite-mediated hepatotoxicity in vivo and could be a valuable system for evaluating the phospholipidogenic effects of different compounds during drug development.
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26
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Foster JR, Semino-Beninel G, Melching-Kollmuss S. The Cumulative Risk Assessment of Hepatotoxic Chemicals: A Hepatic Histopathology Perspective. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:397-410. [PMID: 31933429 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319895481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The increased concern on the consequence of exposure to multiple chemical combinations has led national regulatory authorities to develop different concepts to conduct risk assessments on chemical mixtures. Pesticide residues were identified as "problem formulation" in the respective European regulations and in this context, the European Food and Safety Authority has suggested to group pesticidal active ingredients (AIs) into cumulative assessment groups (CAGs) based on the toxicological properties of each AI. One proposed CAG, on the liver, currently consists of 15 subgroups, each representing a specific hepatotoxic effect observed in toxicity studies. Dietary cumulative risk assessments would then have to be conducted assuming dose additivity of all members of each CAG subgroup. The purpose of this publication is to group AIs based upon the knowledge of the pathogenesis of liver effects to discriminate between primary end points (direct consequence of chemical interaction with a biological target) and secondary end points (which are a consequence of, or that arise out of, a previous pathological change). Focusing on the relevant primary end points strengthens and simplifies the selection of compounds for cumulative risk assessment regarding the liver and better rationalizes the basis for chemical grouping. Relevant dose additivity is to be expected at the level of the primary/leading pathological end points and not at the level of the secondary end points. We recognize, however, that special consideration is needed for substances provoking neoplasia, and this category is included in the group of primary end points for which chemicals inducing them are grouped for risk assessment. Using the pathological basis for defining the respective CAGs, 6 liver subgroups and 2 gallbladder/bile duct groups are proposed. This approach simplifies the cumulative assessment calculation without obviously affecting consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Foster
- Regulatory Science Associates, Kip Marina, Inverkip, Renfrewshire, United Kingdom
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27
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Fröhlich E, Öhlinger K, Meindl C, Corzo C, Lochmann D, Reyer S, Salar-Behzadi S. In vitro toxicity screening of polyglycerol esters of fatty acids as excipients for pulmonary formulations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 386:114833. [PMID: 31756429 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the main problems for the development of pulmonary formulations is the low availability of approved excipients. Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (PGFA) are promising molecules for acting as excipient for formulation development and drug delivery to the lung. However, their biocompatibility in the deep lung has not been studied so far. Main exposed cells include alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Due to the poor water-solubility of PGFAs, the exposure of alveolar macrophages is expected to be much higher than that of epithelial cells. In this study, two PGFAs and their mixture were tested regarding cytotoxicity to epithelial cells and cytotoxicity and functional impairment of macrophages. Cytotoxicity was assessed by dehydrogenase activity and lactate dehydrogenase release. Lysosome function, phospholipid accumulation, phagocytosis, nitric oxide production, and cytokine release were used to evaluate macrophage function. Cytotoxicity was increased with the increased polarity of PGFA molecules. At concentrations above 1 mg/ml accumulation in lysosomes, impairment of phagocytosis, secretion of nitric oxide, and increased release of cytokines were noted. The investigated PGFAs in concentrations up to 1 mg/ml can be considered as uncritical and are promising for advanced pulmonary delivery of high powder doses and drug targeting to alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kristin Öhlinger
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Meindl
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carolina Corzo
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Sharareh Salar-Behzadi
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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28
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Müller G, Lübow C, Weindl G. Lysosomotropic beta blockers induce oxidative stress and IL23A production in Langerhans cells. Autophagy 2019; 16:1380-1395. [PMID: 31668121 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1686728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and Th17 cytokines are important mediators of inflammation. Treatment with beta-adrenoceptor (ADRB) antagonists (beta-blockers) is associated with induction or aggravation of psoriasis-like skin inflammation, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, we identify lysosomotropic beta-blockers as critical inducers of IL23A in human monocyte-derived Langerhans-like cells under sterile-inflammatory conditions. Cytokine release was not mediated by cAMP, suggesting the involvement of ADRB-independent pathways. NFKB/NF-κB and MAPK14/p38 activation was required for propranolol-induced IL23A secretion whereas the NLRP3 inflammasome was dispensable. MAPK14 regulated recruitment of RELB to IL23A promoter regions. Without affecting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, propranolol increased lysosomal pH and induced a late-stage block in macroautophagy/autophagy. Propranolol specifically induced reactive oxygen species production, which was critical for IL23A secretion, in Langerhans-like cells. Our findings provide insight into a potentially crucial immunoregulatory mechanism in cutaneous dendritic cells that may explain how lysosomotropic drugs regulate inflammatory responses. ABBREVIATIONS ATF: activating transcription factor; DC: dendritic cell; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; gDNA: genomic DNA; IL: interleukin; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LC: Langerhans cell; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MoDC: monocyte-derived DC; MoLC: monocyte-derived Langerhans-like cell; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PI: propidium iodide; PYCARD/ASC: PYD and CARD domain containing; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; Ub: ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Lübow
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany.,Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Bonn, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany.,Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Bonn, Germany
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29
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Živanović V, Seifert S, Drescher D, Schrade P, Werner S, Guttmann P, Szekeres GP, Bachmann S, Schneider G, Arenz C, Kneipp J. Optical Nanosensing of Lipid Accumulation due to Enzyme Inhibition in Live Cells. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9363-9375. [PMID: 31314989 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that influence enzymes of lipid metabolism can cause pathological accumulation of lipids in animal cells. Here, gold nanoparticles, acting as nanosensors that deliver surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra from living cells provide molecular evidence of lipid accumulation in lysosomes after treatment of cultured cells with the three tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) desipramine, amitryptiline, and imipramine. The vibrational spectra elucidate to great detail and with very high sensitivity the composition of the drug-induced lipid accumulations, also observed in fixed samples by electron microscopy and X-ray nanotomography. The nanoprobes show that mostly sphingomyelin is accumulated in the lysosomes but also other lipids, in particular, cholesterol. The observation of sphingomyelin accumulation supports the impairment of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase. The SERS data were analyzed by random forest based approaches, in particular, by minimal depth variable selection and surrogate minimal depth (SMD), shown here to be particularly useful machine learning tools for the analysis of the lipid signals that contribute only weakly to SERS spectra of cells. SMD is used for the identification of molecular colocalization and interactions of the drug molecules with lipid membranes and for discriminating between the biochemical effects of the three different TCA molecules, in agreement with their different activity. The spectra also indicate that the protein composition is significantly changed in cells treated with the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Živanović
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 5-9 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Stephan Seifert
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics , Kiel University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , 24105 Kiel , Germany
| | - Daniela Drescher
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Petra Schrade
- Department of Anatomy , Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin 10117 , Germany
| | - Stephan Werner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Gergo Peter Szekeres
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 5-9 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian Bachmann
- Department of Anatomy , Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin 10117 , Germany
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Christoph Arenz
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 5-9 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 5-9 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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30
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Tancini B, Buratta S, Sagini K, Costanzi E, Delo F, Urbanelli L, Emiliani C. Insight into the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070510. [PMID: 31284546 PMCID: PMC6679199 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received increasing attention over the last two decades. Initially, they were considered as just a garbage disposal tool; however, it has progressively become clear that their protein, nucleic acid (namely miRNA and mRNA), and lipid contents have signaling functions. Besides, it has been established that cells release different types of vesicular structures for which characterization is still in its infancy. Many stress conditions, such as hypoxia, senescence, and oncogene activation have been associated with the release of higher levels of EVs. Further, evidence has shown that autophagic–lysosomal pathway abnormalities also affect EV release. In fact, in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of toxic proteins, although it has not become clear to what extent the intracellular storage of undigested materials itself has beneficial/adverse effects, these proteins have also been shown to be released extracellularly via EVs. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are characterized by accumulation of undigested substrates within the endosomal–lysosomal system, due either to genetic mutations in lysosomal proteins or to treatment with pharmacological agents. Here, we review studies investigating the role of lysosomal and autophagic dysfunction on the release of EVs, with a focus on studies exploring the release of EVs in LSD models of both genetic and pharmacological origin. A better knowledge of EV-releasing pathways activated in lysosomal stress conditions will provide information on the role of EVs in both alleviating intracellular storage of undigested materials and spreading the pathology to the neighboring tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Tancini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sandra Buratta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eva Costanzi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Delo
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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31
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Wang W, Zhang L, Morlock L, Williams NS, Shay JW, De Brabander JK. Design and Synthesis of TASIN Analogues Specifically Targeting Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines with Mutant Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC). J Med Chem 2019; 62:5217-5241. [PMID: 31070915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in targeted anticancer therapies, there are still no small-molecule-based therapies available that specifically target colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression, the second leading cause of cancer deaths. We previously disclosed the discovery of truncating adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-selective inhibitor 1 (TASIN-1), a small molecule that specifically targets colorectal cancer cells lines with truncating mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene through inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. Here, we report a medicinal chemistry evaluation of a collection of TASIN analogues and activity against colon cancer cell lines and an isogenic cell line pair reporting on the status of APC-dependent selectivity. A number of potent and selective analogues were identified, including compounds with good metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic properties. The compounds reported herein represent a first-in-class genotype-selective series that specifically target apc mutations present in the majority of CRC patients and serve as a translational platform toward a targeted therapy for colon cancer.
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32
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Grabner GF, Fawzy N, Pribasnig MA, Trieb M, Taschler U, Holzer M, Schweiger M, Wolinski H, Kolb D, Horvath A, Breinbauer R, Rülicke T, Rabl R, Lass A, Stadlbauer V, Hutter-Paier B, Stauber RE, Fickert P, Zechner R, Marsche G, Eichmann TO, Zimmermann R. Metabolic disease and ABHD6 alter the circulating bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate profile in mice and humans. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1020-1031. [PMID: 30894461 PMCID: PMC6495172 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP) is a phospholipid that is crucial for lipid degradation and sorting in acidic organelles. Genetic and drug-induced lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are associated with increased BMP concentrations in tissues and in the circulation. Data on BMP in disorders other than LSDs, however, are scarce, and key enzymes regulating BMP metabolism remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that common metabolic disorders and the intracellular BMP hydrolase α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) affect BMP metabolism in mice and humans. In mice, dietary lipid overload strongly affects BMP concentration and FA composition in the liver and plasma, similar to what has been observed in LSDs. Notably, distinct changes in the BMP FA profile enable a clear distinction between lipid overload and drug-induced LSDs. Global deletion of ABHD6 increases circulating BMP concentrations but does not cause LSDs. In humans, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver cirrhosis affect the serum BMP FA composition and concentration. Furthermore, we identified a patient with a loss-of-function mutation in the ABHD6 gene, leading to an altered circulating BMP profile. In conclusion, our results suggest that common metabolic diseases and ABHD6 affect BMP metabolism in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nermeen Fawzy
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Maria A Pribasnig
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Trieb
- Division of Pharmacology Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Holzer
- Division of Pharmacology Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Horvath
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Rudolf E Stauber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Center for Explorative Lipidomics Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria.
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria. robert.zimmermann@uni-graz
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Frazier KS, Ryan AM, Peterson RA, Obert LA. Kidney Pathology and Investigative Nephrotoxicology Strategies Across Species. Semin Nephrol 2019; 39:190-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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34
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Lenz B, Braendli-Baiocco A, Engelhardt J, Fant P, Fischer H, Francke S, Fukuda R, Gröters S, Harada T, Harleman H, Kaufmann W, Kustermann S, Nolte T, Palazzi X, Pohlmeyer-Esch G, Popp A, Romeike A, Schulte A, Lima BS, Tomlinson L, Willard J, Wood CE, Yoshida M. Characterizing Adversity of Lysosomal Accumulation in Nonclinical Toxicity Studies: Results from the 5th ESTP International Expert Workshop. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:224-246. [PMID: 29471779 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317749452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes have a central role in cellular catabolism, trafficking, and processing of foreign particles. Accumulation of endogenous and exogenous materials in lysosomes represents a common finding in nonclinical toxicity studies. Histologically, these accumulations often lack distinctive features indicative of lysosomal or cellular dysfunction, making it difficult to consistently interpret and assign adverse dose levels. To help address this issue, the European Society of Toxicologic Pathology organized a workshop where representative types of lysosomal accumulation induced by pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals were presented and discussed. The expert working group agreed that the diversity of lysosomal accumulations requires a case-by-case weight-of-evidence approach and outlined several factors to consider in the adversity assessment, including location and type of cell affected, lysosomal contents, severity of the accumulation, and related pathological effects as evidence of cellular or organ dysfunction. Lysosomal accumulations associated with cytotoxicity, inflammation, or fibrosis were generally considered to be adverse, while those found in isolation (without morphologic or functional consequences) were not. Workshop examples highlighted the importance of thoroughly characterizing the biological context of lysosomal effects, including mechanistic data and functional in vitro readouts if available. The information provided here should facilitate greater consistency and transparency in the interpretation of lysosomal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lenz
- 1 Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Braendli-Baiocco
- 1 Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Engelhardt
- 2 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - P Fant
- 3 Charles River Laboratories, Lyon, France
| | - H Fischer
- 1 Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Francke
- 4 Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - R Fukuda
- 5 Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - S Gröters
- 6 Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - T Harada
- 7 Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - H Harleman
- 8 Global Medical, Clinical and Regulatory Affairs, Global Preclinical Development and Management, Fresenius-Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | | | - S Kustermann
- 1 Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Nolte
- 10 Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - X Palazzi
- 11 Global Pathology, DSRD, Pfizer WRD, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - G Pohlmeyer-Esch
- 10 Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - A Popp
- 12 Global Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - A Romeike
- 13 Covance Laboratories, Inc., Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - A Schulte
- 14 Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Silva Lima
- 15 Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Tomlinson
- 11 Global Pathology, DSRD, Pfizer WRD, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - J Willard
- 16 CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - C E Wood
- 17 Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Yoshida
- 18 Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Tokyo, Japan
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Schmitt MV, Lienau P, Fricker G, Reichel A. Quantitation of Lysosomal Trapping of Basic Lipophilic Compounds Using In Vitro Assays and In Silico Predictions Based on the Determination of the Full pH Profile of the Endo-/Lysosomal System in Rat Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:49-57. [PMID: 30409837 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal sequestration may affect the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of new basic lipophilic drug candidates potentially impacting their intracellular concentrations and tissue distribution. It may also be involved in drug-drug interactions, drug resistance, and phospholipidosis. However, currently there are no assays to evaluate the lysosomotropic behavior of compounds in a setting fully meeting the needs of drug discovery. We have, therefore, integrated a set of methods to reliably rank order, quantify, and calculate the extent of lysosomal sequestration in rat hepatocytes. An indirect fluorescence-based assay monitors the displacement of the fluorescence probe LysoTracker Red by test compounds. Using a lysosomal-specific evaluation algorithm allows one to generate IC50 values at lower than previously reported concentrations. The concentration range directly agrees with the concentration dependency of the lysosomal drug content itself directly quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and thus permits a quantitative link between the indirect and the direct trapping assay. Furthermore, we have determined the full pH profile and corresponding volume fractions of the endo-/lysosomal system in plated rat hepatocytes, enabling a more accurate in silico prediction of the extent of lysosomal trapping based only on pK a values as input, allowing early predictions even prior to chemical synthesis. The concentration dependency-i.e., the saturability of the trapping-can then be determined by the IC50 values generated in vitro. Thereby, a more quantitative assessment of the susceptibility of basic lipophilic compounds for lysosomal trapping is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian V Schmitt
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Philip Lienau
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Gert Fricker
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Andreas Reichel
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
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An Expandable Mechanopharmaceutical Device (3): a Versatile Raman Spectral Cytometry Approach to Study the Drug Cargo Capacity of Individual Macrophages. Pharm Res 2018; 36:2. [PMID: 30402713 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve cytometric phenotyping abilities and better understand cell populations with high interindividual variability, a novel Raman-based microanalysis was developed to characterize macrophages on the basis of chemical composition, specifically to measure and characterize intracellular drug distribution and phase separation in relation to endogenous cellular biomolecules. METHODS The microanalysis was developed for the commercially-available WiTec alpha300R confocal Raman microscope. Alveolar macrophages were isolated and incubated in the presence of pharmaceutical compounds nilotinib, chloroquine, or etravirine. A Raman data processing algorithm was specifically developed to acquire the Raman signals emitted from single-cells and calculate the signal contributions from each of the major molecular components present in cell samples. RESULTS Our methodology enabled analysis of the most abundant biochemicals present in typical eukaryotic cells and clearly identified "foamy" lipid-laden macrophages throughout cell populations, indicating feasibility for cellular lipid content analysis in the context of different diseases. Single-cell imaging revealed differences in intracellular distribution behavior for each drug; nilotinib underwent phase separation and self-aggregation while chloroquine and etravirine accumulated primarily via lipid partitioning. CONCLUSIONS This methodology establishes a versatile cytometric analysis of drug cargo loading in macrophages requiring small numbers of cells with foreseeable applications in toxicology, disease pathology, and drug discovery.
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Ennulat D, Ringenberg M, Frazier KS. Toxicologic Pathology Forum Opinion Paper*: Recommendations for a Tiered Approach to Nonclinical Mechanistic Nephrotoxicity Evaluation. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:636-646. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318788302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is one of the more common causes of attrition in nonclinical drug development. Like most tissues, the kidney has a limited number of ways of responding to toxicological insults from diverse mechanistic pathways, which can limit the ability to determine mechanisms of renal injury using the assays routinely performed in preclinical toxicologic studies. In situations where the renal injury is unusual in morphology or if a therapeutic margin is low, additional investigative techniques may be needed to identify a potential mechanism of toxicity in order to inform clinical risk assessment or establish human relevance and translatability of the toxicity. While routine microscopic evaluation can suggest a specific pathogenesis, understanding the mechanism of renal injury often requires additional hypothesis-driven investigations and specialized techniques to obtain the data necessary to identify a nephrotoxic mechanism. Nonclinical mechanistic investigations can be resource-intensive and often yield limited new information. Although there are multiple avenues to investigate renal toxicity, no single mechanistic study or prescriptive battery of tests will identify the pathophysiologic basis for every potential mechanism of renal injury. To aid the nonclinical investigator, we outline a tiered approach for prioritizing investigations to provide a rational and linear road map for the exploration of mechanisms of drug-induced kidney injury. [Box: see text]
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Natale A, Boeckmans J, Desmae T, De Boe V, De Kock J, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Rodrigues RM. Hepatic cells derived from human skin progenitors show a typical phospholipidotic response upon exposure to amiodarone. Toxicol Lett 2018; 284:184-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yatsynovich Y, Souza D, Maroz N. Oxymorphone Hydrochloride Extended-Release (OPANA®) Associated With Acute Kidney Injury in a Chronic Pain Patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9:324-327. [DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Fusani L, Brown M, Chen H, Ahlberg E, Noeske T. Predicting the Risk of Phospholipidosis with in Silico Models and an Image-Based in Vitro Screen. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4346-4352. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Fusani
- Drug Safety & Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Martin Brown
- Discovery Sciences,
Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Hongming Chen
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech
Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Ernst Ahlberg
- Drug Safety & Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Tobias Noeske
- Drug Safety & Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
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41
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Assmus F, Houston JB, Galetin A. Incorporation of lysosomal sequestration in the mechanistic model for prediction of tissue distribution of basic drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:419-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Synthesis and phospholipidosis effect of a series of cationic amphiphilic compounds: a case study to evaluate in silico and in vitro assays. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Tomida T, Ishimura M, Iwaki M. A cell-based assay using HepaRG cells for predicting drug-induced phospholipidosis. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:641-650. [PMID: 28904299 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The utility of HepaRG cells as an in vitro cell-based assay system for predicting drug-induced phospholipidosis (PLD) was investigated. In experiment 1, 10 PLD-positive compounds and 11 PLD-negative compounds were selected. HepaRG cells were treated with each compound for 48 hr. In experiment 2, loratadine and desloratadine, a major metabolite of loratadine, were used to assess metabolic activation for PLD. HepaRG cells were treated with loratadine and desloratadine in the presence or absence of 500 μM 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a broad CYP inhibitor, for 48 hr. After treatment with compounds in experiments 1 and 2, the relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) was measured using LYSO-ID Red dye to assess the PLD induction. In experiment 1, our cell-based assay system using HepaRG cells exhibited 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for predicting drug-induced PLD. In experiment 2, loratadine increased the RFI in the PLD assay. However, the increase in the RFI was not observed in co-treatment with loratadine and ABT. In addition, desloratadine increased the RFI in the presence and absence of ABT. These results suggested that metabolic activation of loratadine may contribute to PLD in HepaRG cells. We newly demonstrated that HepaRG cells have a high ability for predicting drug-induced PLD. In addition, we newly showed that HepaRG cells may predict drug-induced PLD mediated by metabolic activation of loratadine. Thus, a cell-based assay system using HepaRG cells is a useful model for predicting drug-induced PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Tomida
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kyoto Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., LTD
| | - Masakazu Ishimura
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kyoto Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., LTD
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
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44
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Ma JY, Snook S, Garrovillo S, Johnson C, La D. An Immunohistochemical Investigation of Renal Phospholipidosis and Toxicity in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:386-394. [PMID: 28820006 DOI: 10.1177/1091581817726040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical staining for the lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2) has been proposed previously as an alternative to electron microscopy to identify hepatic phospholipidosis. This study used LAMP-2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) to diagnose phospholipidosis in rats exhibiting renal tubular injury. Rats were administered toreforant, a histamine H4 receptor antagonist by oral gavage at a dose of 3, 10, or 100 mg/kg/d for 6 months. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed renal tubular epithelial cell vacuolation, hypertrophy, degeneration, and luminal dilation in the 100 mg/kg/d group animals. Renal tubular injury was confirmed using kidney injury marker 1 (KIM-1) IHC. The involvement of phosopholipidosis in the renal injury was investigated by LAMP-2. Adipophilin IHC was included to differentiate phospholipidosis from lipidosis. Increased LAMP-2 staining was observed in the 100 mg/kg/d group animals when compared to vehicle group animals. Lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 staining was most prominent in the outer stripe of the outer medulla where KIM-1 staining was also most prominent. By contrast, adipophilin staining was not increased. Phospholipidosis was also confirmed by electron microscopy. These data support the use of LAMP-2 IHC as a diagnostic tool and suggest an association between phospholipidosis and the renal tubular injury caused by toreforant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ying Ma
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Snook
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David La
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
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45
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Smyej I, De Jonghe S, Looszova A, Mannens G, Verhaeghe T, Thijssen S, Starckx S, Lampo A, Rouan MC. Dose- and Time-dependency of the Toxicity and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Bedaquiline and Its N-desmethyl Metabolite in Dogs. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:663-675. [PMID: 28789609 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317723085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bedaquiline (BDQ) is an antibiotic to treat pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Studies up to 39 weeks were conducted orally in dogs to assess the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of BDQ and its N-desmethyl metabolite (D-BDQ). Phospholipidosis (PLD) seen in the monocytic phagocytic system was considered an adaptive change. Skeletal muscle, heart, stomach, liver, and pancreas toxicities with D-BDQ as the main contributor were associated with a less-than-dose-proportional increase in plasma exposure and an overproportional tissue uptake of BDQ and D-BDQ at high-dose levels. Tissue concentrations of BDQ and D-BDQ slowly decreased after lowering the dose, contributing to the recovery of the pathological findings. Treatment was better tolerated at mid-dose levels, characterized by a dose-proportional increase in plasma and tissue exposures. Treatment at a low dose, reaching exposures approximating therapeutic exposures, was without adverse effects and not associated with PLD. There was no evidence of delayed toxicities after treatment cessation. Intermittent dosing was better tolerated at high doses. Since MDR-TB patients are dosed within the linear plasma exposure range and plasma levels of BDQ and D-BDQ are similar or lower than in dogs, PLD and adverse findings related to tissue accumulation that occurred at high doses in dogs are unlikely to occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Smyej
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sandra De Jonghe
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Adriana Looszova
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Geert Mannens
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tom Verhaeghe
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sandy Thijssen
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sofie Starckx
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ann Lampo
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marie-Claude Rouan
- 1 Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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46
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Drug-induced corneal epithelial changes. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 62:286-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Ceccarelli M, Wagner B, Alvarez-Sánchez R, Cruciani G, Goracci L. Use of the Distribution Coefficient in Brain Polar Lipids for the Assessment of Drug-Induced Phospholipidosis Risk. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1145-1156. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ceccarelli
- Laboratory
for Chemoinformatics and Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry,
Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - B. Wagner
- pRED,
Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Research, Innovation
Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - R. Alvarez-Sánchez
- pRED,
Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Research, Innovation
Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - G. Cruciani
- Laboratory
for Chemoinformatics and Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry,
Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - L. Goracci
- Laboratory
for Chemoinformatics and Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry,
Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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48
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Lagorce D, Douguet D, Miteva MA, Villoutreix BO. Computational analysis of calculated physicochemical and ADMET properties of protein-protein interaction inhibitors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46277. [PMID: 28397808 PMCID: PMC5387685 DOI: 10.1038/srep46277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of PPIs by low molecular weight chemical compounds, particularly by orally bioavailable molecules, would be very valuable in numerous disease indications. However, it is known that PPI inhibitors (iPPIs) tend to have properties that are linked to poor Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) and in some cases to poor clinical outcomes. Previously reported in silico analyses of iPPIs have essentially focused on physicochemical properties but several other ADMET parameters would be important to assess. In order to gain new insights into the ADMET properties of iPPIs, computations were carried out on eight datasets collected from several databases. These datasets involve compounds targeting enzymes, GPCRs, ion channels, nuclear receptors, allosteric modulators, oral marketed drugs, oral natural product-derived marketed drugs and iPPIs. Several trends are reported that should assist the design and optimization of future PPI inhibitors, either for drug discovery endeavors or for chemical biology projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lagorce
- INSERM, U973, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Douguet
- CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Maria A. Miteva
- INSERM, U973, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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49
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Ufuk A, Assmus F, Francis L, Plumb J, Damian V, Gertz M, Houston JB, Galetin A. In Vitro and in Silico Tools To Assess Extent of Cellular Uptake and Lysosomal Sequestration of Respiratory Drugs in Human Alveolar Macrophages. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1033-1046. [PMID: 28252969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of respiratory drugs in human alveolar macrophages (AMs) has not been extensively studied in vitro and in silico despite its potential impact on therapeutic efficacy and/or occurrence of phospholipidosis. The current study aims to characterize the accumulation and subcellular distribution of drugs with respiratory indication in human AMs and to develop an in silico mechanistic AM model to predict lysosomal accumulation of investigated drugs. The data set included 9 drugs previously investigated in rat AM cell line NR8383. Cell-to-unbound medium concentration ratio (Kp,cell) of all drugs (5 μM) was determined to assess the magnitude of intracellular accumulation. The extent of lysosomal sequestration in freshly isolated human AMs from multiple donors (n = 5) was investigated for clarithromycin and imipramine (positive control) using an indirect in vitro method (±20 mM ammonium chloride, NH4Cl). The AM cell parameters and drug physicochemical data were collated to develop an in silico mechanistic AM model. Three in silico models differing in their description of drug membrane partitioning were evaluated; model (1) relied on octanol-water partitioning of drugs, model (2) used in vitro data to account for this process, and model (3) predicted membrane partitioning by incorporating AM phospholipid fractions. In vitro Kp,cell ranged >200-fold for respiratory drugs, with the highest accumulation seen for clarithromycin. A good agreement in Kp,cell was observed between human AMs and NR8383 (2.45-fold bias), highlighting NR8383 as a potentially useful in vitro surrogate tool to characterize drug accumulation in AMs. The mean Kp,cell of clarithromycin (81, CV = 51%) and imipramine (963, CV = 54%) were reduced in the presence of NH4Cl by up to 67% and 81%, respectively, suggesting substantial contribution of lysosomal sequestration and intracellular binding in the accumulation of these drugs in human AMs. The in vitro data showed variability in drug accumulation between individual human AM donors due to possible differences in lysosomal abundance, volume, and phospholipid content, which may have important clinical implications. Consideration of drug-acidic phospholipid interactions significantly improved the performance of the in silico models; use of in vitro Kp,cell obtained in the presence of NH4Cl as a surrogate for membrane partitioning (model (2)) captured the variability in clarithromycin and imipramine Kp,cell observed in vitro and showed the best ability to predict correctly positive and negative lysosomotropic properties. The developed mechanistic AM model represents a useful in silico tool to predict lysosomal and cellular drug concentrations based on drug physicochemical data and system specific properties, with potential application to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Ufuk
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K
| | - Frauke Assmus
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K
| | - Laura Francis
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K
| | - Jonathan Plumb
- Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester , Manchester, U.K
| | - Valeriu Damian
- Computational Modeling Sciences, DDS, GlaxoSmithKline , Upper Merion, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Michael Gertz
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K.,Pharmaceutical Sciences, pRED, Roche Innovation Center , Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K
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New insights into the intracellular distribution pattern of cationic amphiphilic drugs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44277. [PMID: 28281674 PMCID: PMC5345070 DOI: 10.1038/srep44277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) comprise a wide variety of different substance classes such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and antiarrhythmics. It is well recognized that CADs accumulate in certain intracellular compartments leading to specific morphological changes of cells. So far, no adequate technique exists allowing for ultrastructural analysis of CAD in intact cells. Azidobupramine, a recently described multifunctional antidepressant analogue, allows for the first time to perform high-resolution studies of CADs on distribution pattern and morphological changes in intact cells. We showed here that the intracellular distribution pattern of azidobupramine strongly depends on drug concentration and exposure time. The mitochondrial compartment (mDsRed) and the late endo-lysosomal compartment (CD63-GFP) were the preferred localization sites at low to intermediate concentrations (i.e. 1 μM, 5 μM). In contrast, the autophagosomal compartment (LC3-GFP) can only be reached at high concentrations (10 μM) and long exposure times (72 hrs). At the morphological level, LC3-clustering became only prominent at high concentrations (10 μM), while changes in CD63 pattern already occurred at intermediate concentrations (5 μM). To our knowledge, this is the first study that establishes a link between intracellular CAD distribution pattern and morphological changes. Therewith, our results allow for gaining deeper understanding of intracellular effects of CADs.
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