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Sharma A, Chhipa AS, Verma S, Parikh P, Patel S. Olsalazine pretreatment augments chemosensitivity of gemcitabine in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23737. [PMID: 38798245 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Recently, olsalazine a DNA hypomethylating agent was found to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of olsalazine pretreatment in the potentiation of chemosensitivity of gemcitabine for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In silico molecular docking was performed to analyze the interaction of olsalazine and gemcitabine with DNMT1 and DNA, respectively, using the AutoDock tools 1.5.6. Cytotoxicity of olsalazine, gemcitabine, and combination were measured on human HePG2 cells using MTT assay. Antiproliferative effects were assessed using animal model of N-nitrosodiethylamine and carbon tetrachloride-induced HCC. Treatment was initiated from 8th week of induction to 11th week and change in body weight, liver weight, and survival rate were measured. Following treatment, blood samples were collected for estimation serum biochemistry. Blood serum was used for the estimation of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein [CRP], lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and P53 levels. Oxidative stress markers were measured in liver tissue homogenates. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed on liver sections to detect the morphological changes and P53 expression. Docking analysis revealed the interactions between olsalazine and DNMT1 with a binding energy score of -5.34 and gemcitabine and DNA with a binding energy score of -5.93. Olsalazine pretreatment potentiated the antiproliferative effect of gemcitabine in cell line study. In the group receiving olsalazine pretreatment showed significant reductions in relative liver weight and improved survival rate of gemcitabine treatment group. Serum biochemical markers: serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin revealed improved liver functions. Olsalazine pretreatment also reduced the levels of inflammatory markers like CRP, LDH, TNF-α, and IL-6 and oxidative stress markers dose dependently. Histopathology and IHC showed improved liver morphology with potentiated the induction of P53 upon olsalazine pretreatment in combination with gemcitabine. In conclusion, sequential combination of olsalazine and gemcitabine improved the treatment outcomes during the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Abu Sufiyan Chhipa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Srashti Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Palak Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Snehal Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Borsa BA, Hernandez LI, Jiménez T, Tellapragada C, Giske CG, Hernandez FJ. Therapeutic-oligonucleotides activated by nucleases (TOUCAN): A nanocarrier system for the specific delivery of clinical nucleoside analogues. J Control Release 2023; 361:260-269. [PMID: 37541593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have been in clinical use since 1960s and they are still used as the first therapeutic option for several cancers and viral infections, due to their high therapeutic efficacy. However, their wide clinical acceptance has been limited due to their high toxicity and severe side effects to patients. Herein, we report on a nanocarrier system that delivers nucleosides analogues in a target-specific manner, making nucleoside-based therapeutics safer and with the possibility to be used in other human conditions. This system, named, Therapeutic OligonUCleotides Activated by Nucleases" (TOUCAN) combines: i) the recognition power of oligonucleotides as substrates, ii) the use of nucleases as enzymatic biomarkers and iii) the clinical efficacy of nucleoside analogues, in a single approach. As a proof-of-concept, we report on a TOUCAN that is activated by a specific nuclease produced by bacteria and releases a therapeutic nucleoside, floxuridine. We demonstrate, for the first time, that, by incorporating a therapeutic nucleoside analogue into oligonucleotide probes, we can specifically inhibit bacterial growth in cultures. In this study, Staphylococcus aureus was selected as the targeted bacteria and the TOUCAN strategy successfully inhibited its growth with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.62 to 40 mg/L across all tested strains. Moreover, our results indicate that the intravenous administration of TOUCANs at a dose of 20 mg/kg over a 24-h period is a highly effective method for treating bacterial infections in a mouse model of pyomyositis. Importantly, no signs of toxicity were observed in our in vitro and in vivo studies. This work can significantly impact the current management of bacterial infections, laying the grounds for the development of a different class of antibiotics. Furthermore, it can provide a safer delivery platform for clinical nucleoside therapeutics in any human conditions, such as cancer and viral infection, where specific nuclease activity has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris A Borsa
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Linköping, Sweden; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Sweden; Nucleic Acid Technologies Laboratory (NAT-Lab), Linköping, Sweden
| | - Luiza I Hernandez
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Linköping University, Sweden; SOMAprobes, Science and Technology Park of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Tania Jiménez
- SOMAprobes, Science and Technology Park of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Chaitanya Tellapragada
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian G Giske
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank J Hernandez
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Linköping, Sweden; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Sweden; Nucleic Acid Technologies Laboratory (NAT-Lab), Linköping, Sweden.
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Zapata-Cardona MI, Florez-Alvarez L, Guerra-Sandoval AL, Chvatal-Medina M, Guerra-Almonacid CM, Hincapie-Garcia J, Hernandez JC, Rugeles MT, Zapata-Builes W. In vitro and in silico evaluation of antiretrovirals against SARS-CoV-2: A drug repurposing approach. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:20-40. [PMID: 36891537 PMCID: PMC9988408 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug repurposing is a valuable strategy for rapidly developing drugs for treating COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral effect of six antiretrovirals against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in silico. Methods The cytotoxicity of lamivudine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, abacavir, efavirenz and raltegravir on Vero E6 was evaluated by MTT assay. The antiviral activity of each of these compounds was evaluated via a pre-post treatment strategy. The reduction in the viral titer was assessed by plaque assay. In addition, the affinities of the antiretroviral interaction with viral targets RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), ExoN-NSP10 (exoribonuclease and its cofactor, the non-structural protein 10) complex and 3CLpro (3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease) were evaluated by molecular docking. Results Lamivudine exhibited antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 at 200 µM (58.3%) and 100 µM (66.7%), while emtricitabine showed anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity at 100 µM (59.6%), 50 µM (43.4%) and 25 µM (33.3%). Raltegravir inhibited SARS-CoV-2 at 25, 12.5 and 6.3 µM (43.3%, 39.9% and 38.2%, respectively). The interaction between the antiretrovirals and SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, ExoN-NSP10 and 3CLpro yielded favorable binding energies (from -4.9 kcal/mol to -7.7 kcal/mol) using bioinformatics methods. Conclusion Lamivudine, emtricitabine and raltegravir showed in vitro antiviral effects against the D614G strain of SARS-CoV-2. Raltegravir was the compound with the greatest in vitro antiviral potential at low concentrations, and it showed the highest binding affinities with crucial SARS-CoV-2 proteins during the viral replication cycle. However, further studies on the therapeutic utility of raltegravir in patients with COVID-19 are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Zapata-Cardona
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lizdany Florez-Alvarez
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mateo Chvatal-Medina
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Jaime Hincapie-Garcia
- Grupo de investigacion, Promocion y prevencion farmaceutica, Facultad de ciencias farmaceuticas yalimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
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The Lipophilic Purine Nucleoside-Tdp1 Inhibitor-Enhances DNA Damage Induced by Topotecan In Vitro and Potentiates the Antitumor Effect of Topotecan In Vivo. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010323. [PMID: 36615517 PMCID: PMC9822400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cancer chemotherapy sensitizers is a promising approach to induce the effect of clinically used anticancer treatments. One of the interesting targets is Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1), a DNA-repair enzyme, that may prevent the action of clinical Topoisomerase 1 (Top1) inhibitors, such as topotecan (Tpc). Tdp1 eliminates covalent Top1-DNA (Top1c) complexes that appear under the action of topotecan and determines the cytotoxic effect of this drug. We hypothesize that Tdp1 inhibition would sensitize cells towards the effect of Tpc. Herein, we report the synthesis and study of lipophilic derivatives of purine nucleosides that efficiently suppress Tdp1 activity, with IC50 values in the 0.3-22.0 μM range. We also showed that this compound class can enhance DNA damage induced by topotecan in vitro by Comet assay on human cell lines HeLa and potentiate the antitumor effect of topotecan in vivo on a mice ascitic Krebs-2 carcinoma model. Thereby, this type of compound may be useful to develop drugs, that sensitize the effect of topotecan and reduce the required dose and, as a result, side effects.
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Huang S, Bian Y, Huang C, Miao L. Is Monitoring of the Intracellular Active Metabolite Levels of Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogs Ready for Precision Medicine Applications? Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:761-775. [PMID: 35915365 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleobase and nucleoside analogs (NAs) play important roles in cancer therapy. Although there are obvious individual differences in NA treatments, most NAs lack direct relationships between their plasma concentration and efficacy or adverse effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that the intracellular active metabolite levels of NAs predict patient outcomes. This article reviewed the relationships between NA intracellular active metabolite levels and their efficacy or adverse effects. The factors affecting the formation of intracellular active metabolites and combination regimens that elevate intracellular active metabolite levels were also reviewed. Given the mechanism of NA cytotoxicity, NA intracellular active metabolite levels may be predictive of clinical outcomes. Many clinical studies support this hypothesis. Therefore, the monitoring of intracellular active metabolite levels is beneficial for individualized NA treatment. However, to perform clinical monitoring in practice, well-designed studies are needed to explore the optimal threshold or range and the appropriate regimen adjustment strategies based on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjia Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yicong Bian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Yang M, Xu X. Important roles of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of anti-viral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:483-505. [PMID: 35975669 PMCID: PMC9506706 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nucleoside analogs are an important class of antiviral agents. Due to the high hydrophilicity and limited membrane permeability of antiviral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (AVNAs), transporters play critical roles in AVNA pharmacokinetics. Understanding the properties of these transporters is important to accelerate translational research for AVNAs. AREAS COVERED The roles of key transporters in the pharmacokinetics of 25 approved AVNAs were reviewed. Clinically relevant information that can be explained by the modulation of transporter functions is also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Although the roles of transporters in the intestinal absorption and renal excretion of AVNAs have been well identified, more research is warranted to understand their roles in the distribution of AVNAs, especially to immune privileged compartments where treatment of viral infection is challenging. P-gp, MRP4, BCRP, and nucleoside transporters have shown extensive impacts in the disposition of AVNAs. It is highly recommended that the role of transporters should be investigated during the development of novel AVNAs. Clinically, co-administered inhibitors and genetic polymorphism of transporters are the two most frequently reported factors altering AVNA pharmacokinetics. Physiopathology conditions also regulate transporter activities, while their effects on pharmacokinetics need further exploration. Pharmacokinetic models could be useful for elucidating these complicated factors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbi Yang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Division of Preclinical Innovation (DPI), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Division of Preclinical Innovation (DPI), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Ali SS, Raj R, Kaur T, Weadick B, Nayak D, No M, Protos J, Odom H, Desai K, Persaud AK, Wang J, Govindarajan R. Solute Carrier Nucleoside Transporters in Hematopoiesis and Hematological Drug Toxicities: A Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133113. [PMID: 35804885 PMCID: PMC9264962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anticancer nucleoside analogs are promising treatments that often result in damaging toxicities and therefore ineffective treatment. Mechanisms of this are not well-researched, but cellular nucleoside transport research in mice might provide additional insight given transport’s role in mammalian hematopoiesis. Cellular nucleoside transport is a notable component of mammalian hematopoiesis due to how mutations within it relate to hematological abnormities. This review encompasses nucleoside transporters, focusing on their inherent properties, hematopoietic role, and their interplay in nucleoside drug treatment side effects. We then propose potential mechanisms to explain nucleoside transport involvement in blood disorders. Finally, we point out and advocate for future research areas that would improve therapeutic outcomes for patients taking nucleoside analog therapies. Abstract Anticancer nucleoside analogs produce adverse, and at times, dose-limiting hematological toxicities that can compromise treatment efficacy, yet the mechanisms of such toxicities are poorly understood. Recently, cellular nucleoside transport has been implicated in normal blood cell formation with studies from nucleoside transporter-deficient mice providing additional insights into the regulation of mammalian hematopoiesis. Furthermore, several idiopathic human genetic disorders have revealed nucleoside transport as an important component of mammalian hematopoiesis because mutations in individual nucleoside transporter genes are linked to various hematological abnormalities, including anemia. Here, we review recent developments in nucleoside transporters, including their transport characteristics, their role in the regulation of hematopoiesis, and their potential involvement in the occurrence of adverse hematological side effects due to nucleoside drug treatment. Furthermore, we discuss the putative mechanisms by which aberrant nucleoside transport may contribute to hematological abnormalities and identify the knowledge gaps where future research may positively impact treatment outcomes for patients undergoing various nucleoside analog therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Saqib Ali
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Ruchika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Tejinder Kaur
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Brenna Weadick
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Minnsung No
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Jane Protos
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Hannah Odom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Kajal Desai
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Avinash K. Persaud
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
- Translational Therapeutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-247-8269; Fax: +1-614-292-2588
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Tarannum M, Vivero-Escoto JL. Nanoparticle-based therapeutic strategies targeting major clinical challenges in pancreatic cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114357. [PMID: 35605679 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers due to its aggressiveness and the challenges for early diagnosis and treatment. Recently, nanotechnology has demonstrated relevant strategies to overcome some of the major clinical issues in the treatment of PDAC. This review is focused on the pathological hallmarks of PDAC and the impact of nanotechnology to find solutions. It describes the use of nanoparticle-based systems designed for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and combinatorial alternatives that address the chemoresistance associated with PDAC, the development of combination therapies targeting the molecular heterogeneity in PDAC, the investigation of novel therapies dealing with the improvement of immunotherapy and handling the desmoplastic stroma in PDAC by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. A special section is dedicated to the design of nanoparticles for unique non-traditional modalities that could be promising in the future for the improvement in the dismal prognosis of PDAC.
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De Castro F, De Luca E, Girelli CR, Barca A, Romano A, Migoni D, Verri T, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. First evidence for N7-Platinated Guanosine derivatives cell uptake mediated by plasma membrane transport processes. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 226:111660. [PMID: 34801970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) belong to a family of compounds widely used in anticancer/antiviral treatments. They generally exhibit a cell toxicity limited by cellular uptake levels and the resulting nucleos(t)ides metabolism modifications, interfering with the cell machinery for nucleic acids synthesis. We previously synthesized purine nucleos(t)ide analogues N7-coordinated to a platinum centre with unaltered sugar moieties of the type: [Pt(dien)(N7-dGuo)]2+ (1; dien = diethylenetriamine; dGuo = 2'-deoxy-guanosine), [Pt(dien)(N7-dGMP)] (2; dGMP = 5'-(2'-deoxy)-guanosine monophosphate), and [Pt(dien)(N7-dGTP)]2- (3; dGTP = 5'-(2'-deoxy)-guanosine triphosphate), where the indicated electric charge is calculated at physiological pH (7.4). In this work, we specifically investigated the uptake of these complexes (1-3) at the plasma membrane level. Specific experiments on HeLa cervical cancer cells indicated a relevant cellular uptake of the model platinated deoxynucleos(t)ide 1 and 3 while complex 2 appeared unable to cross the cell plasma membrane. Obtained data buttress an uptake mechanism involving Na+-dependent concentrative transporters localized at the plasma membrane level. Consistently, 1 and 3 showed higher cytotoxicity with respect to complex 2 also suggesting selective possible applications as antiviral/antitumor drugs among the used model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Castro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Erik De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Chiara Roberta Girelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Divisione di Neuroscienze, Istituto di Neurologia Sperimentale, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, I-20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Danilo Migoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Michele Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Carter CJ, Mekkawy AH, Morris DL. Role of human nucleoside transporters in pancreatic cancer and chemoresistance. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6844-6860. [PMID: 34790010 PMCID: PMC8567477 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of pancreatic cancer is poor with the overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5% changing minimally over the past decades and future projections predicting it developing into the second leading cause of cancer related mortality within the next decade. Investigations into the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development, progression and acquired chemoresistance have been constant for the past few decades, thus resulting in the identification of human nucleoside transporters and factors affecting cytotoxic uptake via said transporters. This review summaries the aberrant expression and role of human nucleoside transports in pancreatic cancer, more specifically human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1/2 (hENT1, hENT2), and human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1/3 (hCNT1, hCNT3), while briefly discussing the connection and importance between these nucleoside transporters and mucins that have also been identified as being aberrantly expressed in pancreatic cancer. The review also discusses the incidence, current diagnostic techniques as well as the current therapeutic treatments for pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we address the importance of chemoresistance in nucleoside analogue drugs, in particular, gemcitabine and we discuss prospective therapeutic treatments and strategies for overcoming acquired chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer by the enhancement of human nucleoside transporters as well as the potential targeting of mucins using a combination of mucolytic compounds with cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Jade Carter
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
| | - Ahmed H Mekkawy
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
| | - David L Morris
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
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11
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Liatsos GD. Controversies’ clarification regarding ribavirin efficacy in measles and coronaviruses: Comprehensive therapeutic approach strictly tailored to COVID-19 disease stages. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:5135-5178. [PMID: 34307564 PMCID: PMC8283580 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum nucleoside antiviral drug with multimodal mechanisms of action, which supports its longevity and quality as a clinical resource. It has been widely administered for measles and coronavirus infections. Despite the large amount of data concerning the use of ribavirin alone or in combination for measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks, the conclusions of these studies have been contradictory. Underlying reasons for these discrepancies include possible study design inaccuracies and failures and misinterpretations of data, and these potential confounds should be addressed.
AIM To determine the confounding factors of ribavirin treatment studies and propose a therapeutic scheme for COVID-19.
METHODS PubMed database was searched over a period of five decades utilizing the terms “ribavirin” alone or combined with other compounds in measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19 infections. The literature search was performed and described according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles were considered eligible when they reported on ribavirin dose regimens and/or specified outcomes concerning its efficacy and/or possible adverse-effects. In vitro and animal studies were also retrieved. A chapter on ribavirin’s pharmacology was included as well.
RESULTS In addition to the difficulties and pressures of an emerging pandemic, there is the burden of designing and conducting well-organized, double-blind, randomized controlled trials. Many studies have succumbed to specific pitfalls, one of which was identified in naturally ribavirin-resistant Vero cell lines in in vitro studies. Other pitfalls include study design inconsistent with the well-established clinical course of disease; inappropriate pharmacology of applied treatments; and the misinterpretation of study results with misconceived generalizations. A comprehensive treatment for COVID-19 is proposed, documented by thorough, long-term investigation of ribavirin regimens in coronavirus infections.
CONCLUSION A comprehensive treatment strictly tailored to distinct disease stages was proposed based upon studies on ribavirin and coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Liatsos
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Athens 11527, Attiki, Greece
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12
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Sorrentino VG, Thota S, Gonzalez EA, Rameshwar P, Chang VT, Etchegaray JP. Hypomethylating Chemotherapeutic Agents as Therapy for Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Prevention of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:641. [PMID: 34358067 PMCID: PMC8308509 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDSs) affect the elderly and can progress to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation and chromatin modification may contribute to the initiation and progression of these malignancies. DNA hypomethylating agents such as decitabine and azacitidine are used as therapeutic treatments and have shown to promote expression of genes involved in tumor suppression, apoptosis, and immune response. Another anti-cancer drug, the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, is used as a chemotherapeutic treatment for multiple myeloma (MM). Phase III clinical trials of decitabine and azacitidine used alone and in combination with other chemotherapeutics demonstrated their capacity to treat hematological malignancies and prolong the survival of MDS and AML patients. Although phase III clinical trials examining bortezomib's role in MDS and AML patients are limited, its underlying mechanisms in MM highlight its potential as a chemotherapeutic for such malignancies. Further research is needed to better understand how the epigenetic mechanisms mediated by these chemotherapeutic agents and their targeted gene networks are associated with the development and progression of MDS into AML. This review discusses the mechanisms by which decitabine, azacitidine, and bortezomib alter epigenetic programs and their results from phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent G. Sorrentino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University—Newark, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (V.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.A.G.)
| | - Srijan Thota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University—Newark, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (V.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.A.G.)
| | - Edward A. Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University—Newark, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (V.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.A.G.)
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
| | - Victor T. Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
- Veteran Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA;
| | - Jean-Pierre Etchegaray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University—Newark, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (V.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.A.G.)
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Abstract
Nucleosides play central roles in all facets of life, from metabolism to cellular signaling. Because of their physiochemical properties, nucleosides are lipid bilayer impermeable and thus rely on dedicated transport systems to cross biological membranes. In humans, two unrelated protein families mediate nucleoside membrane transport: the concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families. The objective of this review is to provide a broad outlook on the current status of nucleoside transport research. We will discuss the role played by nucleoside transporters in human health and disease, with emphasis placed on recent structural advancements that have revealed detailed molecular principles of these important cellular transport systems and exploitable pharmacological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: S.-Y. Lee., , tel: 919-684-1005, fax: 919-684-8885
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14
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HIV Infection and Related Mental Disorders. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020248. [PMID: 33671125 PMCID: PMC7922767 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the more than thirty-year period of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic, many data have been accumulated indicating that HIV infection predisposes one to the development of mental pathologies. It has been proven that cognitive disorders in HIV-positive individuals are the result of the direct exposure of the virus to central nervous system (CNS) cells. The use of antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the number of cases of mental disorders among people infected with HIV. However, the incidence of moderate to mild cognitive impairment at all stages of HIV infection is still quite high. This review describes the most common forms of mental pathology that occur in people living with HIV and presents the current concepts on the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and its viral proteins on the cells of the CNS and the CNS’s functions. This review also provides the current state of knowledge on the impact of the antiretroviral therapy on the development of mental pathologies in people living with HIV, as well as current knowledge on the interactions between antiretroviral and psychotropic drugs that occur under their simultaneous administration.
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15
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Effective drugs used to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and the current status of vaccines. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111330. [PMID: 33550043 PMCID: PMC7843108 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causal factor of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug repurposing, portraying patented drugs as a successful drug development technique, could shorten the period and minimize costs relative to de novo drug exploration. Recently several drugs have been used as anti-SARS-CoV-2 such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Nafamostat mesylate and so on. Despite such efforts, there is currently no successful broad-spectrum antiviral countermeasures to combat SARS-CoV-2 or possibly potential CoVs pandemic. Therefore it is desperately important to recognize and test widely efficient, reliable anti-CoV therapies now and in the future. Remdesivir and Favipiravir were more promising despite having side effects; it had prominent efficacy and efficiency while still not yet approved as the official anti-viral drug for SARS CoV-2. In this review, we summarizes the current drug and vaccine discovery status against SARS-CoV-2, predicting that these efforts will help create effective drugs and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.
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16
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Gilmore JC, Serghides L, Bendayan R. Differential effects of antiretroviral drug toxicity in male versus female children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected. AIDS 2021; 35:1-14. [PMID: 33048885 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
: In recent years, widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy has been increasingly effective in reducing risk of vertical transmission of HIV, with over 80% of pregnant women living with HIV now accessing ART, and a 41% reduction in new infections in children between 2010 and 2018. Despite these strides, the developmental toxicity of widely administered antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) remains poorly described and existing literature often fails to account for fetal and infant sex as a variable. Recent reports have identified associations between in-utero exposure to commonly used antiretroviral regimens and alteration in neurodevelopment, growth, and metabolism amongst children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected, with findings of sex differences in the prevalence and severity of ARV toxicity. These differences are potentially explained by variable exposure to ARV drugs in utero or exacerbation of existing sex-linked risk factors. Fetal ARV exposure is mediated by placental and fetal drug transporters and metabolic enzymes, which may contribute to the manifestation of sex differences. Existing evidence of sex differences in ARV toxicity in fetal development is concerning, and demands further research to guide optimal treatment options for maternal health and prevention of vertical HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Serghides
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN)
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto
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17
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Cuthbertson CR, Guo H, Kyani A, Madak JT, Arabzada Z, Neamati N. The Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Brequinar Is Synergistic with ENT1/2 Inhibitors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1242-1252. [PMID: 33344900 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor brequinar failed all clinical trials for solid tumors. To investigate mechanisms to increase brequinar's efficacy, we employed a combination strategy to simultaneously inhibit the nucleotide salvage pathways. Brequinar is synergistic with the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) inhibitor dipyridamole, but not the concentrative nucleoside transporter inhibitor phlorizin. This synergy carries over to ENT1/2 inhibition, but not ENT4. Our previously described brequinar analogue 41 was also synergistic with dipyridamole as were the FDA-approved DHODH inhibitors leflunomide and teriflunomide but the latter required much higher concentrations than brequinar. Therefore, a combination of brequinar and ENT inhibitors presents a potential anti-cancer strategy in select tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Cuthbertson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Armita Kyani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph T Madak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zahra Arabzada
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Miller SR, Zhang X, Hau RK, Jilek JL, Jennings EQ, Galligan JJ, Foil DH, Zorn KM, Ekins S, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Predicting Drug Interactions with Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters 1 and 2 Using Functional Knockout Cell Lines and Bayesian Modeling. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 99:147-162. [PMID: 33262250 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) 1 and 2 facilitate nucleoside transport across the blood-testis barrier (BTB). Improving drug entry into the testes with drugs that use endogenous transport pathways may lead to more effective treatments for diseases within the reproductive tract. In this study, CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 was used to generate HeLa cell lines in which ENT expression was limited to ENT1 or ENT2. We characterized uridine transport in these cell lines and generated Bayesian models to predict interactions with the ENTs. Quantification of [3H]uridine uptake in the presence of the ENT-specific inhibitor S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) demonstrated functional loss of each transporter. Nine nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and 37 nucleoside/heterocycle analogs were evaluated to identify ENT interactions. Twenty-one compounds inhibited uridine uptake and abacavir, nevirapine, ticagrelor, and uridine triacetate had different IC50 values for ENT1 and ENT2. Total accumulation of four identified inhibitors was measured with and without NBMPR to determine whether there was ENT-mediated transport. Clofarabine and cladribine were ENT1 and ENT2 substrates, whereas nevirapine and lexibulin were ENT1 and ENT2 nontransported inhibitors. Bayesian models generated using Assay Central machine learning software yielded reasonably high internal validation performance (receiver operator characteristic > 0.7). ENT1 IC50-based models were generated from ChEMBL; subvalidations using this training data set correctly predicted 58% of inhibitors when analyzing activity by percent uptake and 63% when using estimated-IC50 values. Determining drug interactions with these transporters can be useful in identifying and predicting compounds that are ENT1 and ENT2 substrates and can thereby circumvent the BTB through this transepithelial transport pathway in Sertoli cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study is the first to predict drug interactions with equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 and ENT2 using Bayesian modeling. Novel CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 functional knockouts of ENT1 and ENT2 in HeLa S3 cells were generated and characterized. Determining drug interactions with these transporters can be useful in identifying and predicting compounds that are ENT1 and ENT2 substrates and can circumvent the blood-testis barrier through this transepithelial transport pathway in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siennah R Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Raymond K Hau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Joseph L Jilek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Erin Q Jennings
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Daniel H Foil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Kimberley M Zorn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Sean Ekins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
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19
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Pruijssers AJ, George AS, Schäfer A, Leist SR, Gralinksi LE, Dinnon KH, Yount BL, Agostini ML, Stevens LJ, Chappell JD, Lu X, Hughes TM, Gully K, Martinez DR, Brown AJ, Graham RL, Perry JK, Du Pont V, Pitts J, Ma B, Babusis D, Murakami E, Feng JY, Bilello JP, Porter DP, Cihlar T, Baric RS, Denison MR, Sheahan TP. Remdesivir Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Human Lung Cells and Chimeric SARS-CoV Expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RNA Polymerase in Mice. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107940. [PMID: 32668216 PMCID: PMC7340027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the novel viral disease COVID-19. With no approved therapies, this pandemic illustrates the urgent need for broad-spectrum antiviral countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging CoVs. We report that remdesivir (RDV) potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in human lung cells and primary human airway epithelial cultures (EC50 = 0.01 μM). Weaker activity is observed in Vero E6 cells (EC50 = 1.65 μM) because of their low capacity to metabolize RDV. To rapidly evaluate in vivo efficacy, we engineered a chimeric SARS-CoV encoding the viral target of RDV, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2. In mice infected with the chimeric virus, therapeutic RDV administration diminishes lung viral load and improves pulmonary function compared with vehicle-treated animals. These data demonstrate that RDV is potently active against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo, supporting its further clinical testing for treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Pruijssers
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Amelia S George
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinksi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kenneth H Dinnon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Maria L Agostini
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Laura J Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaotao Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Tia M Hughes
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kendra Gully
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ariane J Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel L Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Jared Pitts
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | | | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | | | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark R Denison
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Timothy P Sheahan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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20
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Pruijssers AJ, George AS, Schäfer A, Leist SR, Gralinksi LE, Dinnon KH, Yount BL, Agostini ML, Stevens LJ, Chappell JD, Lu X, Hughes TM, Gully K, Martinez DR, Brown AJ, Graham RL, Perry JK, Du Pont V, Pitts J, Ma B, Babusis D, Murakami E, Feng JY, Bilello JP, Porter DP, Cihlar T, Baric RS, Denison MR, Sheahan TP. Remdesivir potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells and chimeric SARS-CoV expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511392 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.27.064279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 as the causative agent of the novel pandemic viral disease COVID-19. With no approved therapies, this pandemic illustrates the urgent need for safe, broad-spectrum antiviral countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging CoVs. We report that remdesivir (RDV), a monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analog, potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in human lung cells and primary human airway epithelial cultures (EC 50 = 0.01 μM). Weaker activity was observed in Vero E6 cells (EC 50 = 1.65 μM) due to their low capacity to metabolize RDV. To rapidly evaluate in vivo efficacy, we engineered a chimeric SARS-CoV encoding the viral target of RDV, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, of SARS-CoV-2. In mice infected with chimeric virus, therapeutic RDV administration diminished lung viral load and improved pulmonary function as compared to vehicle treated animals. These data provide evidence that RDV is potently active against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo , supporting its further clinical testing for treatment of COVID-19.
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21
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Rehan S, Shahid S, Salminen TA, Jaakola VP, Paavilainen VO. Current Progress on Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter Function and Inhibitor Design. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:953-968. [PMID: 31503511 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219870123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological nucleosides are used for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and ATP in the cell and serve as universal mammalian signaling molecules that regulate physiological processes such as vasodilation and platelet aggregation by engaging with cell surface receptors. The same pathways that allow uptake of physiological nucleosides mediate the cellular import of synthetic nucleoside analogs used against cancer, HIV, and other viral diseases. Physiological nucleosides and nucleoside drugs are imported by two families of nucleoside transporters: the SLC28 concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) and SLC29 equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). The four human ENT paralogs are expressed in distinct tissues, localize to different subcellular sites, and transport a variety of different molecules. Here we provide an overview of the known structure-function relationships of the ENT family with a focus on ligand binding and transport in the context of a new hENT1 homology model. We provide a generic residue numbering system for the different ENTs to facilitate the interpretation of mutational data produced using different ENT homologs. The discovery of paralog-selective small-molecule modulators is highly relevant for the design of new therapies and for uncovering the functions of poorly characterized ENT family members. Here, we discuss recent developments in the discovery of new paralog-selective small-molecule ENT inhibitors, including new natural product-inspired compounds. Recent progress in the ability to heterologously produce functional ENTs will allow us to gain insight into the structure and functions of different ENT family members as well as the rational discovery of highly selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rehan
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saman Shahid
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Jaakola
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ville O Paavilainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Nyström K, Waldenström J, Tang KW, Lagging M. Ribavirin: pharmacology, multiple modes of action and possible future perspectives. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ribavirin is a unique guanosine analog with broad-spectrum activity against many RNA and DNA viruses. In addition to its mutational properties, ribavirin exerts extensive perturbation of cellular and viral gene expression. Furthermore, recent advances indicate that the impact of ribavirin on divergent cellular and viral pathways may be concentration dependent. This review aims at providing an overview of the pharmacology and multiple modes of action of ribavirin as well as pointing to possible novel future uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Nyström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Västra Götaland Region, Sweden
| | - Jesper Waldenström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Västra Götaland Region, Sweden
| | - Ka-Wei Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Västra Götaland Region, Sweden
| | - Martin Lagging
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Västra Götaland Region, Sweden
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23
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Florindo PR, Pereira DM, Borralho PM, Piedade MFM, Oliveira MC, Dias AM, Rodrigues CMP, Fernandes AC. Organoruthenium(ii) nucleoside conjugates as colon cytotoxic agents. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eleven organoruthenium(ii) nucleoside conjugates are reported, showing high cytotoxicity in HCT116 colon cancer cells and independent uptake of nucleoside transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R. Florindo
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Diane M. Pereira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Borralho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - M. F. M. Piedade
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Ana M. Dias
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Cecília M. P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Ana C. Fernandes
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
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24
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Dengue drug discovery: Progress, challenges and outlook. Antiviral Res 2018; 163:156-178. [PMID: 30597183 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the only available vaccine (DENGVAXIA) that was marketed in several countries, but poses higher risks to unexposed individuals, the development of antivirals for dengue virus (DENV), whilst challenging, would bring significant benefits to public health. Here recent progress in the field of DENV drug discovery made in academic laboratories and industry is reviewed. Characteristics of an ideal DENV antiviral molecule, given the specific immunopathology provoked by this acute viral infection, are described. New chemical classes identified from biochemical, biophysical and phenotypic screens that target viral (especially NS4B) and host proteins, offer promising opportunities for further development. In particular, new methodologies ("omics") can accelerate the discovery of much awaited flavivirus specific inhibitors. Challenges and opportunities in lead identification activities as well as the path to clinical development of dengue drugs are discussed. To galvanize DENV drug discovery, collaborative public-public partnerships and open-access resources will greatly benefit both the DENV research community and DENV patients.
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25
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Komarova AO, Drenichev MS, Dyrkheeva NS, Kulikova IV, Oslovsky VE, Zakharova OD, Zakharenko AL, Mikhailov SN, Lavrik OI. Novel group of tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors based on disaccharide nucleosides as drug prototypes for anti-cancer therapy. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1415-1429. [PMID: 30191738 PMCID: PMC6136360 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1509210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new class of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) inhibitors based on disaccharide nucleosides was identified. TDP1 plays an essential role in the resistance of cancer cells to currently used antitumour drugs based on Top1 inhibitors such as topotecan and irinotecan. The most effective inhibitors investigated in this study have IC50 values (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) in 0.4-18.5 µM range and demonstrate relatively low own cytotoxicity along with significant synergistic effect in combination with anti-cancer drug topotecan. Moreover, kinetic parameters of the enzymatic reaction and fluorescence anisotropy were measured using different types of DNA-biosensors to give a sufficient insight into the mechanism of inhibitor's action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia O. Komarova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail S. Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda S. Dyrkheeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Irina V. Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E. Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga D. Zakharova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra L. Zakharenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey N. Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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26
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Guo Z, Wang F, Di Y, Yao L, Yu X, Fu D, Li J, Jin C. Antitumor effect of gemcitabine-loaded albumin nanoparticle on gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer induced by low hENT1 expression. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4869-4880. [PMID: 30214194 PMCID: PMC6122898 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s166769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gemcitabine is currently the standard first-line chemotherapeutic drug for treating pancreatic cancer. However, many factors can contribute to gemcitabine resistance. One of the most important reasons is the low hENT1 expression. In this study, we tested the antitumor effect of gemcitabine-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticle (GEM-HSA-NP) on gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer induced by low hENT1 expression. Materials and methods S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine was utilized to inhibit the activity of hENT1 and simulate low hENT1 expression. Growth inhibition assays and cell cycle and apoptosis analyses were performed on human pancreatic cancer cell lines such as BxPC-3 and SW1990. The in vivo antitumor effect was studied by using patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. The in vivo toxicity assessment was performed on healthy Kunming mice. Results In in vitro studies, GEM-HSA-NP showed its ability to inhibit cell proliferation, arrest cell cycle and induce apoptosis when tumor cells were resistant to gemcitabine. In in vivo studies, GEM-HSA-NP was more effective than gemcitabine on inhibiting tumor growth whether the expression levels of hENT1 were high or low in PDX models. The in vivo toxicity assessment showed that the biotoxicity of GEM-HSA-NP did not increase compared with gemcitabine. Conclusion GEM-HSA-NP can overcome gemcitabine resistance induced by low hENT1 expression, which suggests its potential role for the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Pharmacy & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Di
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Lie Yao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Xinzhe Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Deliang Fu
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Ji Li
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
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27
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Vaskó B, Juhász V, Tóth B, Kurunczi A, Fekete Z, Krisjanis Zolnerciks J, Kis E, Magnan R, Bidon-Chanal Badia A, Pastor-Anglada M, Hazai E, Bikadi Z, Fülöp F, Krajcsi P. Inhibitor selectivity of CNTs and ENTs. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:840-851. [PMID: 30022699 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1501832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT; solute carrier family 28 (SLC28)) and the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT; solute carrier family 29 (SLC29)) are important therapeutic targets but may also mediate toxicity or adverse events. To explore the relative role of the base and the monosaccharide moiety in inhibitor selectivity we selected compounds that either harbor an arabinose moiety or a cytosine moiety, as these groups had several commercially available drug members. The screening data showed that more compounds harboring a cytosine moiety displayed potent interactions with the CNTs than compounds harboring the arabinose moiety. In contrast, ENTs showed a preference for compounds with an arabinose moiety. The correlation between CNT1 and CNT3 was good as five of six compounds displayed IC50 values within the threefold threshold and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. For CNT1 and CNT2 as well as for CNT2 and CNT3 only two of six IC50 values correlated and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. Interestingly, of the six compounds that potently interacted with both ENT1 and ENT2 only nelarabine displayed selectivity. Our data show differences between inhibitor selectivities of CNTs and ENTs as well as differences within the CNT family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beáta Tóth
- b SOLVO Biotechnology , Budaörs , Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Emese Kis
- a SOLVO Biotechnology , Szeged , Hungary
| | | | - Axel Bidon-Chanal Badia
- c Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera , Universitat de Barcelona , Santa Coloma de Gramenet , Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- d Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,e Oncology Program , National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | | | | | - Ferenc Fülöp
- g Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Peter Krajcsi
- a SOLVO Biotechnology , Szeged , Hungary.,h Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.,i Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics , Pázmány Péter Catholic University , Budapest , Hungary
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28
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Rahman MF, Raj R, Govindarajan R. Identification of Structural and Molecular Features Involved in the Transport of 3'-Deoxy-Nucleoside Analogs by Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 3. Drug Metab Dispos 2018. [PMID: 29530865 PMCID: PMC5896370 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral drug treatments depend on 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs such as 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2′3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI). Despite being effective in inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus replication, these drugs produce a range of toxicities, including myopathy, pancreatitis, neuropathy, and lactic acidosis, that are generally considered as sequelae to mitochondrial damage. Although cell surface–localized nucleoside transporters, such as human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hENT2) and human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hCNT1), are known to increase the carrier-mediated uptake of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs into cells, another ubiquitously expressed intracellular nucleoside transporter (namely, hENT3) has been implicated in the mitochondrial transport of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs. Using site-directed mutagenesis, generation of chimeric hENTs, and 3H-permeant flux measurements in mutant/chimeric RNA–injected Xenopus oocytes, here we identified the molecular determinants of hENT3 that dictate membrane translocation of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs. Our findings demonstrated that whereas hENT1 had no significant transport activity toward 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs, hENT3 was capable of transporting 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs similar to hENT2. Transport analyses of hENT3-hENT1 chimeric constructs demonstrated that the N-terminal half of hENT3 is primarily responsible for the hENT3–3′-deoxy-nucleoside analog interaction. In addition, mutagenic studies identified that 225D and 231L in the N-terminal half of hENT3 partially contribute to the ability of hENT3 to transport AZT and DDI. The identification of the transporter segment and amino acid residues that are important in hENT3 transport of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs may present a possible mechanism for overcoming the adverse toxicities associated with 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analog treatment and may guide rational development of novel nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fazlur Rahman
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Radhika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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29
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Rehan S, Paavilainen VO, Jaakola VP. Functional reconstitution of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 into styrene maleic acid co-polymer lipid particles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1059-1065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Grixti JM, O'Hagan S, Day PJ, Kell DB. Enhancing Drug Efficacy and Therapeutic Index through Cheminformatics-Based Selection of Small Molecule Binary Weapons That Improve Transporter-Mediated Targeting: A Cytotoxicity System Based on Gemcitabine. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:155. [PMID: 28396636 PMCID: PMC5366350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of drug molecules is mainly determined by the distribution of influx and efflux transporters for which they are substrates. To enable tissue targeting, we sought to develop the idea that we might affect the transporter-mediated disposition of small-molecule drugs via the addition of a second small molecule that of itself had no inhibitory pharmacological effect but that influenced the expression of transporters for the primary drug. We refer to this as a “binary weapon” strategy. The experimental system tested the ability of a molecule that on its own had no cytotoxic effect to increase the toxicity of the nucleoside analog gemcitabine to Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells. An initial phenotypic screen of a 500-member polar drug (fragment) library yielded three “hits.” The structures of 20 of the other 2,000 members of this library suite had a Tanimoto similarity greater than 0.7 to those of the initial hits, and each was itself a hit (the cheminformatics thus providing for a massive enrichment). We chose the top six representatives for further study. They fell into three clusters whose members bore reasonable structural similarities to each other (two were in fact isomers), lending strength to the self-consistency of both our conceptual and experimental strategies. Existing literature had suggested that indole-3-carbinol might play a similar role to that of our fragments, but in our hands it was without effect; nor was it structurally similar to any of our hits. As there was no evidence that the fragments could affect toxicity directly, we looked for effects on transporter transcript levels. In our hands, only the ENT1-3 uptake and ABCC2,3,4,5, and 10 efflux transporters displayed measurable transcripts in Panc1 cultures, along with a ribonucleoside reductase RRM1 known to affect gemcitabine toxicity. Very strikingly, the addition of gemcitabine alone increased the expression of the transcript for ABCC2 (MRP2) by more than 12-fold, and that of RRM1 by more than fourfold, and each of the fragment “hits” served to reverse this. However, an inhibitor of ABCC2 was without significant effect, implying that RRM1 was possibly the more significant player. These effects were somewhat selective for Panc cells. It seems, therefore, that while the effects we measured were here mediated more by efflux than influx transporters, and potentially by other means, the binary weapon idea is hereby fully confirmed: it is indeed possible to find molecules that manipulate the expression of transporters that are involved in the bioactivity of a pharmaceutical drug. This opens up an entirely new area, that of chemical genomics-based drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Grixti
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Steve O'Hagan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Philip J Day
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
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31
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Tamashevski AV, Harmaza YM, Slobozhanina EI, Svirnovski AI. The transport activity of P-glycoprotein upon a change of the redox balance in lymphocytes of patients with chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350916060257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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32
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Ribonuclease H1-dependent hepatotoxicity caused by locked nucleic acid-modified gapmer antisense oligonucleotides. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30377. [PMID: 27461380 PMCID: PMC4961955 DOI: 10.1038/srep30377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gapmer antisense oligonucleotides cleave target RNA effectively in vivo, and is considered as promising therapeutics. Especially, gapmers modified with locked nucleic acid (LNA) shows potent knockdown activity; however, they also cause hepatotoxic side effects. For developing safe and effective gapmer drugs, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity is required. Here, we investigated the cause of hepatotoxicity derived from LNA-modified gapmers. Chemical modification of gapmer’s gap region completely suppressed both knockdown activity and hepatotoxicity, indicating that the root cause of hepatotoxicity is related to intracellular gapmer activity. Gene silencing of hepatic ribonuclease H1 (RNaseH1), which catalyses gapmer-mediated RNA knockdown, strongly supressed hepatotoxic effects. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of a target mRNA did not result in any hepatotoxic effects, while the gapmer targeting the same position on mRNA as does the siRNA showed acute toxicity. Microarray analysis revealed that several pre-mRNAs containing a sequence similar to the gapmer target were also knocked down. These results suggest that hepatotoxicity of LNA gapmer is caused by RNAseH1 activity, presumably because of off-target cleavage of RNAs inside nuclei.
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33
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Perez DR, Smagley Y, Garcia M, Carter MB, Evangelisti A, Matlawska-Wasowska K, Winter SS, Sklar LA, Chigaev A. Cyclic AMP efflux inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 7:33960-82. [PMID: 27129155 PMCID: PMC5085131 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic evasion is a hallmark of cancer. We propose that some cancers may evade cell death by regulating 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is associated with pro-apoptotic signaling. We hypothesize that leukemic cells possess mechanisms that efflux cAMP from the cytoplasm, thus protecting them from apoptosis. Accordingly, cAMP efflux inhibition should result in: cAMP accumulation, activation of cAMP-dependent downstream signaling, viability loss, and apoptosis. We developed a novel assay to assess cAMP efflux and performed screens to identify inhibitors. In an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) model, several identified compounds reduced cAMP efflux, appropriately modulated pathways that are responsive to cAMP elevation (cAMP-responsive element-binding protein phosphorylation, and deactivation of Very Late Antigen-4 integrin), and induced mitochondrial depolarization and caspase activation. Blocking adenylyl cyclase activity was sufficient to reduce effects of the most potent compounds. These compounds also decreased cAMP efflux and viability of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cell lines and primary patient samples, but not of normal primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our data suggest that cAMP efflux is a functional feature that could be therapeutically targeted in leukemia. Furthermore, because some of the identified drugs are currently used for treating other illnesses, this work creates an opportunity for repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique R. Perez
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yelena Smagley
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew Garcia
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mark B. Carter
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Annette Evangelisti
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ksenia Matlawska-Wasowska
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Stuart S. Winter
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Larry A. Sklar
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Alexandre Chigaev
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Expression, purification and functional characterization of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter subtype-1 (hENT1) protein from Sf9 insect cells. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 114:99-107. [PMID: 26162242 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1) is the major plasma membrane transporter involved in transportation of natural nucleosides as well as nucleoside analog drugs, used in anti-cancer and anti-viral therapies. Despite extensive biochemical and pharmacological studies, little is known about the structure-function relationship of this protein. The major obstacles to purification include a low endogenous expression level, the lack of an efficient expression and purification protocol, and the hydrophobic nature of the protein. Here, we report protein expression, purification and functional characterization of hENT1 from Sf9 insect cells. hENT1 expressed by Sf9 cells is functionally active as demonstrated by saturation binding with a Kd of 1.2±0.2nM and Bmax of 110±5pmol/mg for [(3)H]nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside ([(3)H]NBMPR). We also demonstrate purification of hENT1 using FLAG antibody affinity resin in lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol detergent with a Kd of 4.3±0.7nM. The yield of hENT1 from Sf9 cells was ∼0.5mg active transporter per liter of culture. The purified protein is functionally active, stable, homogenous and appropriate for further biophysical and structural studies.
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Efremova AS, Shram SI, Drenichev MS, Posypanova GA, Myasoedov NF, Mikhailov SN. The selective toxic effect of dialdehyde derivatives of pyrimidine nucleosides on human ovarian cancer cells. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Efremova AS, Zakharenko AL, Shram SI, Kulikova IV, Drenichev MS, Sukhanova MV, Khodyreva SN, Myasoedov NF, Lavrik OI, Mikhailov SN. Disaccharide pyrimidine nucleosides and their derivatives: a novel group of cell-penetrating inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 32:510-28. [PMID: 24079274 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2013.827793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 30 synthetic nucleosides were tested with human recombinant poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 as potential inhibitors of this enzyme. The most active compounds were some disaccharide analogues of thymidine: 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyl-5-iodo-dUrd (2d; IC₅₀ = 45 μM), 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2'-deoxythymidine (2e; IC₅₀ = 38 μM), and 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2'-deoxythymidine oxidized (4; IC₅₀ = 25 μM). These compounds also reduced H₂O₂-induced synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) in cultured human ovarian carcinoma (SKOV-3) cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, compounds 2d or 2e until a concentration of 1 mM did not affect growth of SKOV-3 cells, whereas dialdehyde compound 4, as well as thymidine, exhibited a significant cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Efremova
- a Institute of Molecular Genetics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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Garcia-Diaz B, Garone C, Barca E, Mojahed H, Gutierrez P, Pizzorno G, Tanji K, Arias-Mendoza F, Quinzii CM, Hirano M. Deoxynucleoside stress exacerbates the phenotype of a mouse model of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1337-49. [PMID: 24727567 PMCID: PMC3999724 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Balanced pools of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors are required for DNA replication, and alterations of this balance are relevant to human mitochondrial diseases including mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy. In this disease, autosomal recessive TYMP mutations cause severe reductions of thymidine phosphorylase activity; marked elevations of the pyrimidine nucleosides thymidine and deoxyuridine in plasma and tissues, and somatic multiple deletions, depletion and site-specific point mutations of mitochondrial DNA. Thymidine phosphorylase and uridine phosphorylase double knockout mice recapitulated several features of these patients including thymidine phosphorylase activity deficiency, elevated thymidine and deoxyuridine in tissues, mitochondrial DNA depletion, respiratory chain defects and white matter changes. However, in contrast to patients with this disease, mutant mice showed mitochondrial alterations only in the brain. To test the hypothesis that elevated levels of nucleotides cause unbalanced deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and, in turn, pathogenic mitochondrial DNA instability, we have stressed double knockout mice with exogenous thymidine and deoxyuridine, and assessed clinical, neuroradiological, histological, molecular, and biochemical consequences. Mutant mice treated with exogenous thymidine and deoxyuridine showed reduced survival, body weight, and muscle strength, relative to untreated animals. Moreover, in treated mutants, leukoencephalopathy, a hallmark of the disease, was enhanced and the small intestine showed a reduction of smooth muscle cells and increased fibrosis. Levels of mitochondrial DNA were depleted not only in the brain but also in the small intestine, and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate imbalance was observed in the brain. The relative proportion, rather than the absolute amount of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, was critical for mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Thus, our results demonstrate that stress of exogenous pyrimidine nucleosides enhances the mitochondrial phenotype of our knockout mice. Our mouse studies provide insights into the pathogenic role of thymidine and deoxyuridine imbalance in mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy and an excellent model to study new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Diaz
- 1 Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Abstract
Members of the solute carrier (SLC) family of transporters are responsible for the cellular influx of a broad range of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics in multiple tissues. Many of these transporters are highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidney and are considered to be of particular importance in governing drug absorption, elimination, and cellular sensitivity of specific organs to a wide variety of oncology drugs. Although the majority of studies on the interaction of oncology drugs with SLC have been restricted to the use of exploratory in vitro model systems, emerging evidence suggests that several SLCs, including OCT2 and OATP1B1, contribute to clinically important phenotypes associated with those agents. Recent literature has indicated that modulation of SLC activity may result in drug-drug interactions, and genetic polymorphisms in SLC genes have been described that can affect the handling of substrates. Alteration of SLC function by either of these mechanisms has been demonstrated to contribute to interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics and toxicity associated with several oncology drugs. In this report, we provide an update on this rapidly emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Sprowl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Dueregger A, Guggenberger F, Barthelmes J, Stecher G, Schuh M, Intelmann D, Abel G, Haunschild J, Klocker H, Ramoner R, Sampson N. Attenuation of nucleoside and anti-cancer nucleoside analog drug uptake in prostate cancer cells by Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO-1055. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1306-1314. [PMID: 23972793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative effects of the ethanolic Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO-1055 on prostate cells and evaluate its therapeutic potential. BNO-1055 dose-dependently attenuated cellular uptake and incorporation of thymidine and BrdU and significantly inhibited cell growth after long-time exposure. Similar results were obtained using saponin-enriched sub-fractions of BNO-1055. These inhibitory effects of BNO-1055 could be mimicked using pharmacological inhibitors and isoform-specific siRNAs targeting the equilibrative nucleoside transporters ENT1 and ENT2. Moreover, BNO-1055 attenuated the uptake of clinically relevant nucleoside analogs, e.g. the anti-cancer drugs gemcitabine and fludarabine. Consistent with inhibition of the salvage nucleoside uptake pathway BNO-1055 potentiated the cytotoxicity of the de novo nucleotide synthesis inhibitor 5-FU without significantly altering its uptake. Collectively, these data show for the first time that the anti-proliferative effects of BNO-1055 result from hindered nucleoside uptake due to impaired ENT activity and demonstrate the potential therapeutic use of BNO-1055 for modulation of nucleoside transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dueregger
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Oncotyrol GmbH, Center for Personalized Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
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Maity A, Choi JS, Teets TS, Deligonul N, Berdis AJ, Gray TG. Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes with Deoxyribose Substituents. Chemistry 2013; 19:15924-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Koczor CA, Torres RA, Fields E, Qin Q, Park J, Ludaway T, Russ R, Lewis W. Transgenic mouse model with deficient mitochondrial polymerase exhibits reduced state IV respiration and enhanced cardiac fibrosis. J Transl Med 2013; 93:151-8. [PMID: 23090637 PMCID: PMC3556371 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria produce the energy required for proper cardiac contractile function, and cardiomyocytes that exhibit reduced mitochondrial electron transport will have reduced energy production and decreased contractility. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes the core subunits for the protein complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC). Reduced mtDNA abundance has been linked to reduced ETC and the development of heart failure in genetically engineered mice and in human diseases. Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors for HIV/AIDS are used in antiretroviral regimens, which cause decreased mtDNA abundance by inhibiting the mitochondrial polymerase, pol-γ, as a limiting side effect. We explored consequences of AZT (1-[(2R,4S,5S)-4-azido-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione) exposure on mtDNA abundance in an established transgenic mouse model (TG) in which a cardiac-targeted mutant form of pol-γ displays a dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) phenotype with increased left ventricle (LV)-mass and increased LV-end diastolic dimension. TG and wild-type littermate mice received 0.22 mg per day AZT or vehicle for 35 days, and were subsequently analyzed for physiological, histological, and molecular changes. After 35 days, Y955C TGs exhibited cardiac fibrosis independent of AZT. Reduced mtDNA abundance was observed in the Y955C mouse; AZT treatment had no effect on the depletion, suggesting that Y955C was sufficient to reduce mtDNA abundance maximally. Isolated mitochondria from AZT-treated Y955C hearts displayed reduced mitochondrial energetic function by oximetric measurement. AZT treatment of the Y955C mutation further reduced basal mitochondrial respiration and state IV(0) respiration. Together, these results demonstrate that defective pol-γ function promotes cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis, mtDNA depletion, and reduced mitochondrial energy production.
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