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King AP, Wilson JJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: an arising target for metal-based anticancer agents. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8113-8136. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metal anticancer agents are rapidly emerging as selective, potent therapeutics that exhibit anticancer activity by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Paden King
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
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Cupriphilic compounds to aid in proteasome inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3826-9. [PMID: 27311892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that tumor cells and tissues, compared to normal cells, have higher levels of copper and possibly other metal ions. This presents a potential vulnerability of tumor cells that can serve as a physiological difference between cancer cells and normal cells and allows design of compounds that selectively target tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Recently we have identified compounds that have potential to inhibit the proteasome in tumor cells and induce cell death by mobilizing endogenous tumor copper resulting in in cellulo activation of the compound. These compounds hence act as pro-drugs, becoming active drugs in tumor cells with high copper content but remaining essentially inactive in normal cells, thereby greatly reducing adverse effects in patients. Such use would be of significant benefit in early detection and treatment of cancers, in particular, aggressive cancers such as pancreatic cancer which is usually not detected until it has reached an advanced stage. Six compounds were identified following virtual screening of the NCI Diversity Set with our proteasome computer model followed by confirmation with a biochemical assay that showed significant inhibition of the proteasome by the compounds in the presence of copper ions. In a dose response assay, NSC 37408 (6,7-dihydroxy-1-benzofuran-3-one), our best compound, exhibited an IC50 of 3μM in the presence of 100nM copper.
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Metcalf R, Scott LM, Daniel KG, Dou QP. Proteasome inhibitor patents (2010 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:369-82. [PMID: 24450483 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.877444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 3 years, numerous patents and patent applications have been submitted and published involving compounds designed to inhibit the proteasome. Proteasome inhibition has been of great interest in cancer research since disruption of proteolysis leads to a significant buildup of cytotoxic proteins and activation of apoptotic pathways, particularly in rapidly proliferating cells. The current standards in proteasome inhibition are the only FDA-approved inhibitors, bortezomib and carfilzomib. Although these drugs are quite effective in treating multiple myeloma and other blood tumors, there are shortcomings, including toxicities and resistance. Most of the current patents attempt to improve on existing compounds, by increasing bioavailability and selectivity, while attempting to reduce toxicity. A general categorization of similar compounds was employed to evaluate and compare drug design strategies. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on novel compounds and subsequent analogs developed for proteasome inhibition, used in preventing and treating human cancers. A comprehensive description and categorization of patents related to each type of compound and its derivatives, as well as their uses and efficacies as anticancer agents is included. A review of combination therapy patents has also been included. EXPERT OPINION Although there are many diverse chemical scaffolds being published, there are few patented proteasome inhibitors whose method of inhibition is genuinely novel. Most patents utilize a destructive chemical warhead to attack the catalytic threonine residue of the proteasome active sites. Few patents try to depart from this, emphasizing the need for developing new mechanisms of action and specific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Metcalf
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Chemical Biology Core , 12902 Magnolia Dr SRB3, Tampa, FL 33612 , USA
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Pevzner Y, Metcalf R, Kantor M, Sagaro D, Daniel K. Recent advances in proteasome inhibitor discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:537-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.780020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zuo J, Bi C, Fan Y, Buac D, Nardon C, Daniel KG, Dou QP. Cellular and computational studies of proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction in human cancer cells by amino acid Schiff base-copper complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 118:83-93. [PMID: 23142973 PMCID: PMC3676669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation and apoptosis pathways are tightly regulated in a cell by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and alterations in the UPS may result in cellular transformation or other pathological conditions. Indeed, the proteasome is often found to be overactive in cancer cells. It has also been found that cancer cells are more sensitive to proteasome inhibition than normal cells, and therefore proteasome inhibitors are pursued as antitumor drugs. The use of the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib for treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma has proved this principle. Recent studies have suggested that copper complexes can inhibit proteasome activity and induce apoptosis in some human cancer cells. However, the involved molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study, we investigated the biological activities of four amino acid Schiff base-copper(II) complexes by using human breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cells. The complexes C1 and C3, but not their counterparts C2 and C4, inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of purified 20S proteasome and human cancer cellular 26S proteasome, cause accumulation of proteasome target proteins Bax and IκB-α, and induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Docking analysis shows that C1, but not C2 has hydrophobic, pi-pi, pi-cation and hydrogen bond interactions with the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like pocket and could stably fit into the S3 region, leading to specific inhibition. Our study has identified the mechanism of action of these copper complexes on inhibiting tumor cell proteasome and suggested their great potential as novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zuo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, People's Republic of China
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Caifeng Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniela Buac
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Chiara Nardon
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Kenyon G. Daniel
- Virtual Screening and Molecular Modeling Core, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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