1
|
Forberger S, Khan Z, Ahmad F, Ahmed F, Frense J, Kampfmann T, Ullah S, Dogar O, Siddiqi K, Zeeb H. Scoping Review of Existing Evaluations of Smokeless Tobacco Control Policies: What Is Known About Countries Covered, Level of Jurisdictions, Target Groups Studied, and Instruments Evaluated? Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1344-1354. [PMID: 35428887 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The implementation of smokeless tobacco control policies lags behind those for smoking. This scoping review summarizes the studies that evaluated public policies on smokeless tobacco regulation (SLT) and provides an overview of the jurisdictional level, target groups, and policy instruments. METHODS Seven databases were systematically searched for studies reporting on public policies regulating SLT. Two reviewers independently screened all studies. Data extraction was performed using a predefined extraction form. Extraction was replicated for 10% of the identified studies for quality assurance. A narrative synthesis of the included studies was used to analyze and interpret the data. The protocol was published beforehand with the Open Science Foundation (OSF). RESULTS Fourty articles comprising 41 studies were included. Most of the studies reported in the articles were conducted in the United States (n = 17) or India (n = 14). Most studies reported outcomes for students (n = 8), retailers/sellers (n = 8), and users/former users (n = 5). The impact of public policies on smokeless tobacco use, in general, was most frequently assessed (n = 9), followed by the impact of taxes (n = 7), product bans (n = 6), sales/advertising bans near educational institutions (n = 4), and health warnings (n = 3) on consumer behavior. CONCLUSIONS There are significant gaps in the evaluation of smokeless tobacco regulation studies that need to be filled by further research to understand the observed outcomes. WHO reporting on Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) implementation should be linked to studies evaluating smokeless tobacco control measures at all levels of jurisdictions and in countries not members of the WHO FCTC or do not provide data. IMPLICATION Large gaps in the evaluation of SLT control policies exist. For some countries, WHO FCTC evaluations are available for different levels of jurisdictions. In countries with a strong federal structure, there is a lack of data beyond the national level to provide a more detailed look at compliance, indirect effects, or implementation gaps. More research is needed at all levels of jurisdictions, which add to the work of the WHO to understand what works for which target group, how the different levels of jurisdiction interact, how the real-world context can be incorporated, and what indirect effects may occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Forberger
- Department Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstrasse 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Z Khan
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Khyber Medical University, Phase 5 Hayatabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - F Ahmad
- Faculty Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, F1 Phase-6 Rd, Phase 5 Hayatabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25100, Pakistan
| | - F Ahmed
- Department Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstrasse 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - J Frense
- Department Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstrasse 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - T Kampfmann
- Institute for Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Leuphana University Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - S Ullah
- Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, Khyber Medical University Peshawar; Phase 5 Hayatabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - O Dogar
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YLUK
| | - K Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Hull York Medical School, John Hughlings Jackson Building, University Rd, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - H Zeeb
- Department Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstrasse 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Health Sciences Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pavlikova B, van Dijk JP. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Slovakia and in Finland: one law, two different practices? BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2020; 20:26. [PMID: 32993626 PMCID: PMC7523304 DOI: 10.1186/s12914-020-00243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was ratified in 2004 in Slovakia and in 2005 in Finland. The aim of this study was to compare the implementation of the FCTC in the national laws and policies regarding smoking in Finland and Slovakia. METHODS In this case study the following areas are compared: the legal framework; the monitoring system and health promotion; treatment; and policies aimed at reducing tobacco consumption. We report on these in this order after a short historical introduction. RESULTS The legal frameworks are similar in Slovakia and in Finland. Finland far exceeds the minimum legal requirements. Slovakian regulations reflect the FCTC requirements; however, social tolerance is very high. In Finland the monitoring system and health promotion are aimed more at tobacco consumption. Slovakia does not follow the surveillance plans recommended by WHO so strictly; often there are no current data available. No additional documents regarding the FCTC have been adopted in Slovakia. The financial contribution to treatment is very low. Slovakian tobacco control policy is more focused on repression than on prevention, in contrast to Finland. Smoking bans meet European standards. Excise duties rise regularly in both countries. CONCLUSION Implementation of the FCTC is at different levels in the compared countries. Finland has a clear plan for achieving the goal of a smoking-free country. Slovakia meets only the minimum standard required for fulfillment of its international obligations. Its policy should become more transparent by making more up-to-date data available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pavlikova
- Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law, Faculty of Law, Comenius University, Šafárikovo námestie č. 6, P. O. BOX 313, 810 00, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jitse P van Dijk
- Department of Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Theological Faculty, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pavlikova B, Freel L, van Dijk JP. Compliance with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Slovakia and in Finland: Two Different Worlds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6661. [PMID: 32933121 PMCID: PMC7558294 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) developed by the State Parties to the World Health Organization was ratified in Slovakia in 2004 and in Finland in 2005. The aim of this study was to explore and compare compliance with the FCTC in Finland and Slovakia. This is a two-country comparative study of tobacco control policy based on implementation of the FCTC in Slovakia and Finland. Compliance with the FCTC was measured similarly in Slovakia and Finland in terms of their institutional structure supporting a smoking free environment and implementation of selected articles of the FCTC. In Finland the responsibilities for anti-tobacco policy are clearly assigned. Slovakia does not have specifically responsible institutions. Finland has a clear plan for achieving the goal of a smoking-free country based on empirical evidence. Slovakia meets only the minimum standard resulting from its commitment as ratified in the FCTC and data are out of date or missing completely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pavlikova
- Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law, Faculty of Law, Comenius University, 810 00 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Lenka Freel
- Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law, Faculty of Law, Comenius University, 810 00 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jitse P. van Dijk
- Department of Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Theological Faculty, Palacky University, 771 47 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kungskulniti N, Pitayarangsarit S, Hamann SL. Stakeholder's Assessment of the Awareness and Effectiveness of Smoke-free Law in Thailand. Int J Health Policy Manag 2018; 7:919-922. [PMID: 30316244 PMCID: PMC6186465 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2018.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study reports stakeholders’ ratings, and perceived gaps in World Health Organization’s (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Article 8 implementation in Thailand viewed against WHO’s Guidelines for Article 8 and to inform action in preparing the 2017 Tobacco Product Control Act.
Methods: Stakeholder ratings of Guideline provisions of Article 8 on a three-tiered scale of implementation from understanding to effectiveness and efficiency were used to identify gaps in enforcement and compliance important to success in meeting Article 8 goals. This stakeholder assessment occurred through a stakeholder meeting of 55 stakeholders in Bangkok, Thailand in June 2016.
Results: The average of all assessment ratings by stakeholders on an ascending 0-3 scale had a mean score of 1.67, which means the level of implementation for Article 8 in Thailand was rated less than effective for enforcement. The assessment shows that the public understanding of smoke-free principles is also poor at a mean of 1.28, that there is incomplete effectiveness of smoke-free measures with a mean of 1.75, and only a general effectiveness that smoke-free protections are adequately covering most places with a mean of 1.98. More needs to be done to make all places compliant through enforcement efforts rated with a mean of only 1, and that more is necessary for protection from tobacco-smoke exposure in other public places and in private vehicles with mean ratings of 1.71 and 1.14.
Conclusion: This stakeholder approach using a three-tiered rating scale found that the implementation of Article 8 in Thailand is still lacking. With this approach, stakeholders identified critical issues needing improvement and informed changes in the then-proposed Tobacco Product Control Act which later was adopted in 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nipapun Kungskulniti
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Pitayarangsarit
- Tobacco Control Research and Knowledge Management Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,International Health Policy Programme, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen L Hamann
- Tobacco Control Research and Knowledge Management Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Glahn A, Kyriakos CN, Loghin CR, Nguyen D, Starchenko P, Jimenez-Ruiz C, Faure M, Ward B. Tobacco control achievements and priority areas in the WHO Europe Region: A review. Tob Prev Cessat 2018; 4:15. [PMID: 32411843 PMCID: PMC7205061 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/89925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco control efforts have been advancing globally, including the adoption and entry into force of the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC), as well as the adoption of the European Union EU Tobacco Products Directive. With the present review, the European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention (ENSP) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) aim to provide a comprehensive overview on the status of WHO FCTC implementation, policy achievements and priority areas across countries in the WHO Europe Region. METHODS The review was conducted through a triangulation of data extracted from a survey administered to ENSP members, the WHO FCTC Implementation Database, Tobacco Control Laws and the Tobacco Control Scale 2016. RESULTS Using the WHO MPOWER measures as a framework, we report on the implementation status of nine FCTC articles across 47 countries in the WHO Europe Region. The average number of articles fully implemented was 3.58. FCTC articles least fully implemented were: Article 5.3 on Tobacco Industry Interference (25.5%, n=12), Article 20 on Research (34.0%, n=16), and Article 15 on Illicit trade (40.4%, n=19). The most commonly fully implemented articles were: Article 8 on Smoke-free legislation (63.8%, n=30), Article 16 on Underage sales (57.4%, n=27), and Article 6 on Price and tax measures (51.2%, n=24). Policy achievements and recommended priority areas for future national tobacco control activities varied greatly among countries. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the multitude of successes in tobacco control efforts across the region in recent years, but point out the need to address gaps in FCTC implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Glahn
- European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention, Brussels Belgium
| | | | | | - Dominick Nguyen
- European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention, Brussels Belgium
| | - Polina Starchenko
- European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention, Brussels Belgium
| | - Carlos Jimenez-Ruiz
- Smoking Cessation Service of Region Madrid, Spain
- European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marine Faure
- European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian Ward
- European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Charoenca N, Kungskulniti N, Sritabutra D, Pitayarangsarit S, Hamann SL. Using an Assessment Tool to Further Tobacco Control Accomplishment in Thailand. Tob Use Insights 2018. [PMID: 29531475 PMCID: PMC5843091 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x18759945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), a World Health Organization (WHO) treaty to reduce tobacco use, is an important goal of the 2015 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Thailand has sought to fully comply with all its articles, a multiperspective assessment was developed to ensure that any gaps in compliance with FCTC provisions were identified and addressed. Method One assessment mechanism of this multicomponent assessment was the development by experts and use by stakeholders of a 3-tiered rating of all major provisions of the main articles of the FCTC. The results of the performance ratings on FCTC articles by a diverse group of stakeholders were used to spotlight areas of local and regional implementation and compliance with FCTC provisions. Results Implementation ratings by stakeholders generally followed the chronology of WHO priorities as reflected in the development by WHO of guidelines for the various FCTC articles with highest ratings for articles 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, and 16. However, only 5 articles (Articles 6, 11, 12, 15, and 16) reached level 2 (effectiveness) of the 3-level rating; articles 6, 8, 11, 13, and 14 are discussed because they are the WHO priority articles of the MPOWER tobacco control policy. Importantly, stakeholders cited problems with lack of completeness of present Thai law and processes for enforcement, as well as lack of public understanding regarding tobacco control strategies and provisions. Conclusions Overall, the breadth and inclusiveness of the stakeholder approach devised for improving implementation by the Tobacco Control Research and Knowledge Management Center provided greater understanding about shortcomings of present policy and resource management which informed the Tobacco Products Control Act passed in 2017 and plans for advancing stronger Thai regulation by local and national government.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naowarut Charoenca
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nipapun Kungskulniti
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangkamon Sritabutra
- Tobacco Control Research and Knowledge Management Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Pitayarangsarit
- Tobacco Control Research and Knowledge Management Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Ministry of Public Health, International Health Policy Program, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen L Hamann
- Tobacco Control Research and Knowledge Management Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|