Gene Expression Analysis of Chondrogenic Markers in Hair Follicle Dermal Papillae Cells Under the Effect of Laser Photobiomodulation and the Synovial Fluid

Low-intensity photobiomodulation at 632.8 nm increases tgfβ3, col2a1, and sox9 gene expression in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro

The high incidence of cartilage destructions, as well as the social and economic importance of this pathology attracted great interest to the problem. At the present time, some data are available about the 632.8 nm low-intensity laser photobiomodulation positive effect on the cartilage tissue proliferation. The effect of this wavelength laser irradiation on the mesenchimal stem cell (MSC) differentiation in the chondrogenic direction was studied. The main aim of this work was to assess the low-intensity photobiomodulation effect on chondrogenesis. In this experiment, the cell model was used to compare the photobiomodulation and cytokine Tgfβ3 (transforming growth factor β 3) effects. Bone marrow MSCs were isolated from Wistar rats and cultured for the third passage. Chondrogenic effects of low-intensity He-Ne laser photobiomodulation and cytokine Tgfβ3 (10 ng/μL) were analyzed and compared after 21 days. The radiation source was the standard LGN-208 helium-neon (He-Ne) laser (632.8 nm, 1.7 mWt). Irradiation was performed cyclically for 15 min with 45-min pauses. The increase of the responsible for chondrogenesis (col2a1, tgfβ3, and sox9) main gene expression under the photobiomodulation at 632.8 nm was evaluated in comparison with Tgfβ3 effect. The tgfβ3, col2a1, and sox9 gene expression increase was obtained in two experimental groups: using the laser photobiomodulation and cytokine Tgfβ3 effect. Gene expression levels of tgfβ3, col2a1, and sox9 were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) according to the -ΔΔCt method. It was found that the responsible for chondrogenesis genes expression (tgfβ3, col2a1, sox9) increased under the action of specific laser photobiomodulation during the observation period (from 0 to 21 days). The chondrogenic differentiation effect under the laser irradiation is less significant than Tgfβ3 cytokine effect.

Cerebrospinal Fluid and Photobiomodulation Effects on Neural Gene Expression in Dental Pulp Stem Cells

Introduction: Dental pulp cells, a unique source of ectomesenchymal pluripotent stem cells, are originated from the skull neural crest. They are considered as one ideal source of cells for the regenerative medicine applications. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a transparent fluid found in the brain and spinal cord, is enriched with electrolytes, proteins, and growth factors such as EGF, bFGF, BDNF, GDNF, and neuropeptides and can be utilized as a trigger in order to induce the neural differentiation. On the other hand, photobiomodulation (PBM), with the ability to prevent cell apoptosis, can induce cell proliferation by means of increasing the ATP synthesis in mitochondria and facilitating the secretion of the growth factors. In this research, we first aimed to isolate and culture the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and subsequently to investigate their potential for neural differentiation. Methods: Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were isolated from the pulp tissues using an outgrowth method and subsequently cultured. In order to access the cells' differentiation potential, cells were firstly classified into four groups which were treated with CSF, gallium aluminum arsenide diode laser irradiation (808 nm; 30 mW power output) and a combination of both, while the fourth group was considered as the control. MTT assay was then used to examine the viability of cells following the treatments. After 4, 7, and 14 days the cell morphology in the treated groups was evaluated while RT-PCR was used in order to evaluate the Nestin and β-tubulinIII neural gene marker expressions. Results: It was shown that PBM has the ability to elevate the proliferation of DPSCs. Also, the differentiated morphology was obvious in the CSF treated group, especially on day 14 with the formation of three-dimensional (3D) structures. The results of gene expression analysis showed that on the fourth day of post-treatment, Nestin and β-tubulinIII gene expressions were reduced in all groups while a rising trend in their expression was observed subsequently on days 7 and 14. Conclusion: In accordance with previous studies, including functional and protein base researches, it has been demonstrated that CSF has a direct role in neural induction. Although past works have been significant, none of them shows a 3D structure. In this article, we investigated the dual effect of PBM and CSF. Initial results confirmed the upregulation of neural-related transcription factors. The 3D organization of the formed tissue could imply the initiation of organogenesis which has not been reported before. In sum, the dual effect of CSF and PBM has been shown to have the potential for contributing to the initiation of neurogenesis and organogenesis.