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Nuzzo JL. Muscle Strength Preservation During Repeated Sets of Fatiguing Resistance Exercise: A Secondary Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1149-1156. [PMID: 38781472 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nuzzo, JL. Muscle strength preservation during repeated sets of fatiguing resistance exercise: A secondary analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1149-1156, 2024-During sustained or repeated maximal voluntary efforts, muscle fatigue (acute strength loss) is not linear. After a large initial decrease, muscle strength plateaus at approximately 40% of baseline. This plateau, which likely reflects muscle strength preservation, has been observed in sustained maximal isometric and repeated maximal isokinetic contractions. Whether this pattern of fatigue occurs with traditional resistance exercise repetitions with free weights and weight stack machines has not been overviewed. Here, the aim was to determine whether the number of repetitions completed across 4 or more consecutive repetitions-to-failure tests exhibits the same nonlinear pattern of muscle fatigue. A secondary analysis was applied to data extracted as part of a recent meta-analysis on repetitions-to-failure tests. Studies were eligible if they reported mean number of repetitions completed in 4-6 consecutive repetitions-to-failure tests at a given relative load. Twenty-nine studies were included. Overall, the results show that the number of repetitions completed in consecutive repetitions-to-failure tests at a given load generally decreases curvilinearly. The numbers of repetitions completed in sets 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were equal to approximately 70, 55, 50, 45, and 45% of the number of repetitions completed in set 1, respectively. Longer interset rest intervals typically attenuated repetition loss, but the curvilinear pattern remained. From the results, a chart was created to predict the number of repetitions across 6 sets of resistance exercise taken to failure based on the number of repetitions completed in set 1. The chart is a general guide and educational tool. It should be used cautiously. More data from a variety of exercises, relative loads, and interset rest intervals are needed for more precise estimates of number of repetitions completed during repeated sets of fatiguing resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K, Steele J. Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise. Sports Med 2024; 54:303-321. [PMID: 37792272 PMCID: PMC10933212 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The maximal number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of the one repetition maximum (1RM) [REPS ~ %1RM relationship] is foundational knowledge in resistance exercise programming. The current REPS ~ %1RM relationship is based on few studies and has not incorporated uncertainty into estimations or accounted for between-individuals variation. Therefore, we conducted a meta-regression to estimate the mean and between-individuals standard deviation of the number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of 1RM. We also explored if the REPS ~ %1RM relationship is moderated by sex, age, training status, and/or exercise. A total of 952 repetitions-to-failure tests, completed by 7289 individuals in 452 groups from 269 studies, were identified. Study groups were predominantly male (66%), healthy (97%), < 59 years of age (92%), and resistance trained (60%). The bench press (42%) and leg press (14%) were the most commonly studied exercises. The REPS ~ %1RM relationship for mean repetitions and standard deviation of repetitions were best described using natural cubic splines and a linear model, respectively, with mean and standard deviation for repetitions decreasing with increasing %1RM. More repetitions were evident in the leg press than bench press across the loading spectrum, thus separate REPS ~ %1RM tables were developed for these two exercises. Analysis of moderators suggested little influences of sex, age, or training status on the REPS ~ %1RM relationship, thus the general main model REPS ~ %1RM table can be applied to all individuals and to all exercises other than the bench press and leg press. More data are needed to develop REPS ~ %1RM tables for other exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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Okinaka M, Wada T. The effect of static stretching on key hits and subjective fatigue in eSports. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:891-897. [PMID: 34873369 PMCID: PMC8636918 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To explore the effects of static stretching for 20 s on key hits and
subjective fatigue in an eSports-like setting. [Participants and Methods] The participants
comprised of 15 healthy males who were instructed to hit a particular key on a computer
keyboard using the left ring finger to achieve the maximum number of hits possible over a
period of 30 s. Subjective fatigue of the forearm was assessed using a visual analog scale
(VAS) before the experiment and after each trial. Trials 1, 2, and 3 were conducted in
succession, with an inter-trial interval of 60 s to ensure a loaded state. Static
stretching for 20 s preceded Trial 4. [Results] Over the first three trials, the number of
key hits in the first 10 s gradually decreased, while the feeling of subjective fatigue
gradually increased. After stretching, the number of key hits in the first 10 s of Trial 4
was similar to that observed in Trial 1, and there was no increase in subjective fatigue.
[Conclusion] Static stretching for 20 s restored the number of key hits for 10 s after
stretching to that before the load application and suppressed the increase in subjective
fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyono Okinaka
- Degree Programs in Comprehensive Human Sciences, Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba: 1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Wada
- Degree Programs in Comprehensive Human Sciences, Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba: 1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan
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Visconti LM, Cotter JA, Schick EE, Daniels N, Viray FE, Purcell CA, Brotman CB, Ruhman KE, Escobar KA. Impact of varying doses of omega-3 supplementation on muscle damage and recovery after eccentric resistance exercise. Metabol Open 2021; 12:100133. [PMID: 34693240 PMCID: PMC8515381 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) commonly occurs following intense resistance exercise and is associated with decrements in exercise performance and delayed muscle recovery. Thus, practical methods to attenuate EIMD would prove useful to both training and athletic populations. Omega-3 (n-3) supplementation has been shown to mitigate EIMD with evidence of increasing efficacy at higher doses (up to 6 g/day). However, data of its efficacy in trained individuals is limited. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of 6 and 8 g of n-3 supplementation on markers of muscle damage and muscle recovery after eccentric resistance exercise in resistance-trained males. METHODS Using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, 26 resistance trained males (23 ± 4 years; 173.6 ± 20.5 cm; 81.9 ± 9.7 kg; 14.2 ± 3.7% body fat) supplemented with 6 (n=10) or 8 g (n=7) of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, or placebo (n=9) for 33 days. On day 30, participants performed a lower body muscle-damaging eccentric resistance exercise bout. Measures of muscle performance, soreness, and damage were taken pre-exercise on day 30 as well as on days 31-33, including vertical jump height (VJH), perceived muscle soreness (PMS), hip and knee range of motion (ROM), repetitions to fatigue (RTF) at 70% 1-RM, and serum creatine kinase (CK) while participants continued to supplement until day 33. RESULTS There were significant differences in VJH, PMS, and serum CK following the muscle-damaging exercise bout compared to pre-exercise (p<0.05). However, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences between supplementation groups (6 g, 8 g, and placebo) at any time point post-exercise (day 31-33). There were no changes in hip and knee ROM or RTF at any time point or between groups. Vertical jump height and PMS returned to pre-exercise levels despite CK remaining elevated post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS Thirty-three days of 6 and 8 g of n-3 supplementation did not attenuate EIMD or enhance muscle recovery following muscle-damaging eccentric resistance exercise in resistance-trained males. Further research using various n-3 supplementation durations, doses, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations may be needed to establish its efficacy in attenuating EIMD, which may vary between trained and untrained individuals. Furthermore, while circulating CK is commonly used to assess muscle damage, elevated CK levels may not reflect muscle recovery status following muscle-damaging exercise.
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Key Words
- Athletic performance
- CK, creatine kinase
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- DOMS, delayed-onset muscle soreness
- Dietary supplements
- EIMD, exercise-induced muscle damage
- EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid
- Fatty acids
- Omega-3
- PMS, perceived muscle soreness
- ROM, range of motion
- RTF, repetitions to fatigue
- Resistance training
- Sports nutritional sciences
- VJH, vertical jump height
- n-3, omega-3
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Visconti
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
- Southern California University of Health Sciences, Whittier, CA, 90604, USA
| | - Joshua A. Cotter
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Evan E. Schick
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Noah Daniels
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Frederick E. Viray
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Carson A. Purcell
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Cate B.R. Brotman
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Karen E. Ruhman
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Kurt A. Escobar
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
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Bertolaccini AL, da Silva AA, Teixeira EL, Schoenfeld BJ, de Salles Painelli V. Does the Expectancy on the Static Stretching Effect Interfere With Strength-Endurance Performance? J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2439-2443. [PMID: 31009438 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bertolaccini, AL, da Silva, AA, Teixeira, EL, Schoenfeld, BJ, and de Salles Painelli, V. Does the expectancy on the static stretching effect interfere with strength-endurance performance? J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2439-2443, 2021-Static stretching (SS) may interfere with strength performance. Such interference, however, may be partially attributed to the subjects' or researcher's expectancy about the SS effects. We aimed to examine whether the manipulation of subjects' expectancy of SS on force production could influence strength-endurance during unilateral knee extension exercise. Eighteen strength-trained men were randomly divided into positively biased (PB; N = 9) or negatively biased (N = 9) groups on the possible effects of SS on performance. Subjects' total number of repetitions and total volume of exercise were assessed during strength-endurance tests (4 sets performed to failure at 70% of 1 repetition maximum) performed under 2 different conditions on separate days: Control-no stretching (CON); or SS. Static stretching consisted of 3 sets of 3 stretching exercises, lasting 30 seconds each. Data were analyzed using mixed models. Neither the total number of repetitions nor the total volume was significantly different between the CON and SS conditions, nor for type of bias (all p > 0.05). However, the number of repetitions in the last set of exercise was greater during SS compared with CON for the PB group (p = 0.01). Although previous negative or positive information about SS did not interfere with the total number of repetitions and total volume of exercise, previous positive information about SS improved performance in the last set of exercise. Expectancy therefore may have played a partial role influencing strength-endurance in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Bertolaccini
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Alves da Silva
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson L Teixeira
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York; and
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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da Silva AA, Teixeira EL, de Salles Painelli V. Does the duration of static stretching acutely interferes on the strength endurance performance? ACTA GYMNICA 2019. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2019.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Paz G, Maia M, Whinchester J, Miranda H. Strength performance parameters and muscle activation adopting two antagonist stretching methods before and between sets. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lopes CR, Soares EG, Santos ALR, Aoki MS, Marchetti PH. Efeitos do alongamento passivo no desempenho de séries múltiplas no treinamento de força. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220152103145780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Recentemente, a prática de exercícios de alongamento tem sido relacionada a déficit no desempenho de atividades força-dependentes. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito ao longo de séries múltiplas no treinamento de força. OBJETIVO: Determinar o efeito do alongamento passivo extensivo no desempenho de séries múltiplas e da dor percebida no treinamento de força. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta de 12 homens experientes com treinamento de força. O protocolo consistiu de três sessões. A primeira serviu como familiarização e determinação de 10 repetições máximas no supino reto (T10RM). A segunda e terceira condições foram aleatorizadas entre os sujeitos, sendo uma realizada com a avaliação do supino reto (SR) sem alongamento prévio (SEMA), e a outra com alongamento prévio (COMA). O protocolo de alongamento consistiu de seis séries de 45 seg de alongamento por 15 seg de intervalo visando o músculo peitoral maior. A intensidade do alongamento foi mantida entre 70 e 90% da percepção subjetiva de desconforto. Antes e após o exercício, a dor local foi avaliada por meio de breve alongamento e palpação. A Análise de Variância ANOVA (2x6) com medidas repetidas foi utilizada para comparar o número de repetições. One-way ANOVA foi utilizada para comparar a carga da primeira série de cada condição (T10RM/SEMA/COMA). O teste-t de Student foi utilizado para comparar a carga total com a dor. RESULTADOS: Observou-se decréscimo no número de repetições ao longo das séries em ambas as condições, sem diferenças entre as mesmas, para a carga da primeira série, a carga total e a dor. CONCLUSÃO: O número de repetições em séries múltiplas é diminuído na mesma magnitude com e sem a realização do alongamento prévio, além de não alterar a carga total e a dor percebida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ricardo Lopes
- Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba, Brasil; Faculdade Adventista de Hortolândia, Brasil
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