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Zheng AC, He CS, Lu CC, Hung BL, Chou KM, Fang SH. The Cognitive Function and Taekwondo-Specific Kick Performance of Taekwondo Athletes at Different Hydration Statuses. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38702046 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful participation in taekwondo (TKD) requires athletes to possess quick decision-making abilities and demonstrate technical proficiency during competition. Dehydration, occurring during both training and competition, is widely recognized to have various negative effects. METHODS This study investigated the impact of different levels of dehydration on cognitive function, as measured by the Vienna Test System, and the specific performance of kicking techniques among TKD athletes. Using a randomized crossover design, 12 participants were involved in the study. Before and after 1 hour of training at 80% of maximal heart rate, participants were weighed and provided urine samples. All participants were randomly assigned to 3 different hydration conditions: the euhydrated (EUH) group had unrestricted access to fluid consumption, while the hypohydrated (HYP) and severely HYP (S-HYP) groups experienced reductions of 2.0% and 4.0% of their initial body weight, respectively. RESULTS The EUH group exhibited better reaction speed in reaction-time test-form S1 than the HYP and S-HYP groups. Notably, the EUH group demonstrated a significantly higher success rate in the front-side kick (EUH 98%, HYP 90%, S-HYP 88%; P < .05). However, the success rates of back roundhouse kick and free head kick were similar among the 3 statuses. Furthermore, postexercise heart rates were found to be significantly higher in the HYP and S-HYP groups compared with the EUH group. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insight into the negative effects of dehydration on cognitive function and TKD-specific performance. It is recommended that TKD athletes maintain optimal hydration levels during training and competition to ensure optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Chi Zheng
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Shiun He
- Department of Athletic Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Lien Hung
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Ming Chou
- Department of Combat Sports, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
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Beduhn B, Roe G, Furst W, Lewno A. Head Pain in the Competitive Aquatic Athlete-An Approach to a Differential Diagnosis and Management. Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:398-404. [PMID: 36342394 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aquatic athletes not only face common headache etiologies similar to the general population and land-based athletes but also experience their own unique pathology. Posture, aquatic pressure, equipment, and even marine animals pose as unique causes to head pain in the aquatic athlete. Common head pain pathologies seen in the aquatic athlete include tension-type headaches, migraines, cluster headaches, and compressive headaches, including supraorbital neuralgia. Creating a thorough but focused differential diagnosis for head pain in the aquatic athlete can be a difficult and overwhelming task for some. We review both the common and not-so-common etiologies of head pain in the aquatic athlete and suggest a simple framework for assessment and treatment to diagnose and treat head pain in this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Beduhn
- Swedish Health, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rehabilitative Performance Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Garrett Roe
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Wendy Furst
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Adam Lewno
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Hydration Status and Fluid Replacement Strategies of High-Performance Adolescent Athletes: An Application of Machine Learning to Distinguish Hydration Characteristics. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114073. [PMID: 34836328 PMCID: PMC8625246 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited data on the fluid balance characteristics and fluid replenishment behaviors of high-performance adolescent athletes. The heterogeneity of hydration status and practices of adolescent athletes warrant efficient approaches to individualizing hydration strategies. This study aimed to evaluate and characterize the hydration status and fluid balance characteristics of high-performance adolescent athletes and examine the differences in fluid consumption behaviors during training. In total, 105 high-performance adolescent athletes (male: 66, female: 39; age 14.1 ± 1.0 y) across 11 sports had their hydration status assessed on three separate occasions—upon rising and before a low and a high-intensity training session (pre-training). The results showed that 20–44% of athletes were identified as hypohydrated, with 21–44% and 15–34% of athletes commencing low- and high-intensity training in a hypohydrated state, respectively. Linear mixed model (LMM) analyses revealed that athletes who were hypohydrated consumed more fluid (F (1.183.85)) = 5.91, (p = 0.016). Additional K-means cluster analyses performed highlighted three clusters: “Heavy sweaters with sufficient compensatory hydration habits,” “Heavy sweaters with insufficient compensatory hydration habits” and “Light sweaters with sufficient compensatory hydration habits”. Our results highlight that high-performance adolescent athletes with ad libitum drinking have compensatory mechanisms to replenish fluids lost from training. The approach to distinguish athletes by hydration characteristics could assist practitioners in prioritizing future hydration intervention protocols.
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Short-Term Stability of Urine Electrolytes: Effect of Time and Storage Conditions. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 32:111-113. [PMID: 34758459 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the effects of storage temperature and duration on the assessment of urine electrolytes. Twenty-one separate human urine specimens were analyzed as baseline and with the remaining specimen separated into eight vials, two in each of the following four temperatures: 22, 7, -20, and -80 °C. Each specimen was analyzed for urine electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride) after 24 and 48 hr. After 24 hr, no significant difference was detected from baseline in urine sodium, potassium, and chloride at all four storage temperatures (p > .05). Similarly, after 48 hr, urine sodium, potassium, and chloride were not significantly different from baseline in all four storage temperatures (p > .05). In conclusion, these data show that urine specimens analyzed for urine sodium, chloride, and potassium are stable up to 48 hr in temperatures ranging from deep freezing to room temperature.
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Wiśniewski D, Śliwicka E, Malik J, Durkalec-Michalski K. Evaluation of Fluid Loss and Customary Fluid Intake among a Selected Group of Young Swimmers: A Preliminary Field Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063205. [PMID: 33808826 PMCID: PMC8003718 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess fluid loss (FL) and customary fluid intake (FI) during a training session, and the relationship between FL and total body water (TBW) content in a selected group of young swimmers. The study involved 17 (seven females, 10 males) individuals whose anthropometric and body composition analyses and FI during training units were carried out. The total average FI and total actual FL oscillated around 531 mL and −513 mL for the whole study group (469 mL and −284 mL for females, 574 mL and −674 mL for males). The dependent and independent sample t-tests, the Cohen’s d effect size and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were analysed. Significant differences were observed between pre-workout and post-workout body weights after training without FI in the whole group (66.5 kg vs. 66.0 kg, p < 0.001, d = 0.06), in females (61.2 kg vs. 60.9 kg, p = 0.015, d = 0.04) and males (70.3 kg vs. 69.6 kg, p < 0.001, d = 0.9). For the TBW content and fat-free mass (FFM) before and after training, significant differences were observed only in males (TBW: 43.8 L vs. 43.2 L, p = 0.002, d = 0.14; and 62.4% vs. 61.7%, p < 0.001, d = 0.36; FFM: 59.8 kg vs. 59.1 kg, p = 0.002, d = 0.12). Moreover, the relationship between the actual FL and TBW before training was observed in the whole (mL vs. %: r = −0.64, p = 0.006; mL vs. L: r = −0.84, p < 0.001) and the male group (mL vs. L: r = −0.73, p = 0.017). These results indicated FL in young swimmers during training and the relationship between FL and pre-training TBW content, which suggests that it is important to also pay special attention to effective hydration procedures before and during training in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Wiśniewski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Ewa Śliwicka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jakub Malik
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-835-52-87
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Abed MEF, Deshayes TA, Claveau P, Jeker D, Thénault F, Goulet ED. Impact of Mild Hypohydration on 100 m Front Crawl Performance and Starting Block Peak Force Production in Competitive University-Level Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8100133. [PMID: 33066345 PMCID: PMC7602092 DOI: 10.3390/sports8100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unstructured, ad libitum drinking may predispose some athletes to start exercise already slightly hypohydrated (decreased body water). The impact of pre-exercise mild hypohydration on subsequent swimming performance is still unknown. Hence, the goal of this study was to examine its effect on peak force production on the starting block and 100 m front crawl swimming performance in competitive university-level swimmers. At least one hour after having been passively exposed to heat where a body mass loss of 1.5% was induced or euhydration (normal body water) maintained, nine participants (age: 22 ± 2 years) underwent an assessment of their peak force production on the starting block and 100 m front crawl performance. One hour following hypohydration, rectal temperature had returned to baseline in each condition. Urine osmolality and specific gravity were higher (p < 0.05) with hypohydration than euhydration (995 ± 65 vs. 428 ± 345 mOsmol/kg; 1.027 ± 0.003 vs. 1.016 ± 0.007 g/mL) prior to exercise testing, as was perceived thirst. Swimming performance (p = 0.86) and peak force production (p = 0.72) on the starting block did not differ between the hypohydration and euhydrated condition (63.00 ± 4.26 vs. 63.09 ± 4.52 s; 1322 ± 236 vs. 1315 ± 230 N). The current results indicate that mild hypohydration, which may occur with ad libitum drinking, does not impede peak force production on the starting block and 100 m front crawl performance in university-level competitive swimmers. Planned drinking is not required prior to such an event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Fethi Abed
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.); (P.C.); (D.J.); (F.T.)
| | - Thomas A. Deshayes
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.); (P.C.); (D.J.); (F.T.)
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Pascale Claveau
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.); (P.C.); (D.J.); (F.T.)
| | - David Jeker
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.); (P.C.); (D.J.); (F.T.)
| | - François Thénault
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.); (P.C.); (D.J.); (F.T.)
| | - Eric D.B. Goulet
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.); (P.C.); (D.J.); (F.T.)
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-819-821-8000 (ext. 62728)
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Klimešová I, Krejčí J, Botek M, Neuls F, Sládečková B, Valenta M, Panská S. Hydration status and the differences between perceived beverage consumption and objective hydration status indicator in the Czech elite deaf athletes. ACTA GYMNICA 2019. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2019.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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Kalligerou F, Ntanasi E, Voskou P, Velonakis G, Karavasilis E, Mamalaki E, Kyrozis A, Sigala E, Economou NT, Patas K, Yannakoulia M, Scarmeas N. Aiginition Longitudinal Biomarker Investigation Of Neurodegeneration (ALBION): study design, cohort description, and preliminary data. Postgrad Med 2019; 131:501-508. [PMID: 31483196 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1663708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Aiginition Longitudinal Biomarker Investigation Of Neurodegeneration (ALBION) is a longitudinal ongoing study initiated in 2018 that takes place in the Cognitive Disorders Clinic of Aiginition Hospital of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Its aim is to address several research questions concerning the preclinical and prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease and explore potential markers for early detection, prediction, and primary prevention of dementia. Methods: We here present the design and the preliminary baseline characteristics of ALBION. The sample of our study consists of people aged over 50 who are concerned about their memory but are cognitively normal (CN) or have mild cognitive deficits. Each participant undergoes an extensive assessment including several demographic, medical, social, environmental, clinical, nutritional, neuropsychological determinants and lifestyle activities. Furthermore, we are collecting data from portable devices, neuroimaging techniques and biological samples (blood, stools, CSF). All participants are assessed annually for a period of 10 years. Results: In total, 47 participants have completed the initial evaluation up to date and are divided in two groups, CN individuals (N = 26) and MCI patients (N = 21), based on their cognitive status. The participants are, on average, 64 years old, 46.3% of the sample is male with an average of 12.73 years of education. MCI patients report more comorbidities and have a lower score in the MMSE test. Regarding APOE status, 2 participants are ε4 homozygotes and 10 ε4 heterozygotes. CSF analyses (Aβ42, Τ-tau, P-tau) revealed no differences between the two groups. Conclusion: The ALBION study offers an opportunity to explore preclinical dementia and identify new and tailored markers, particularly relating to lifestyle. Further investigation of these populations may provide a wider profile of the changes taking place in the preclinical phase of dementia, leading to potentially effective therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kalligerou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School , Athens , Greece
| | - E Ntanasi
- Department of Nutrition and Diatetics, Harokopio University , Athens , Greece
| | - P Voskou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School , Athens , Greece
| | - G Velonakis
- 2nd department of Radliology, University General Hospital "Attikon", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School , Athens , Greece
| | - E Karavasilis
- 2nd department of Radliology, University General Hospital "Attikon", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School , Athens , Greece
| | - E Mamalaki
- Department of Nutrition and Diatetics, Harokopio University , Athens , Greece
| | - A Kyrozis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School , Athens , Greece
| | - E Sigala
- Department of Nutrition and Diatetics, Harokopio University , Athens , Greece
| | - N T Economou
- Sleep Study Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School , Athens , Greece
| | - K Patas
- Laboratory of Biopathology, Aiginition Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - M Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Diatetics, Harokopio University , Athens , Greece
| | - N Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School , Athens , Greece
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Nutritional Principles of Adolescent Swimmers. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2019.1-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Sekiguchi Y, Adams WM, Curtis RM, Benjamin CL, Casa DJ. Factors influencing hydration status during a National Collegiate Athletics Association division 1 soccer preseason. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:624-628. [PMID: 30587437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the roles that training load and environmental conditions have on fluid balance during a collegiate men's soccer preseason. DESIGN Observational study. METHODS Twenty-eight male collegiate soccer players (mean±SD; age, 20±1.7y; body mass (BM), 79.9±7.3kg; height, 180.9±6.8cm; body fat, 12.7±3.1%; VO2max, 50.7±4.3ml·kg-1·min-1) participated in this study. Prior to (PRE) and following (POST) each team session, BM, percent BM loss (%BML) and hydration status was measured. Participants donned a heart rate and GPS enabled monitor to measure training load. For all team activities, ambient temperature (TAMB) and relative humidity (RH) were obtained from the nearest local weather station. Participants consumed 500mL of water as part of the team-based hydration strategy before and after training session. Stepwise linear regression was used to identify the variables that predicted %BML. Significance was set a-priori p<0.05. RESULTS Total distance covered predicted %BML during all preseason activities (r2=0.253, p<0.001), with TAMB and RH further adding to the model (r2=0.302, p<0.001). %BML never exceeded 2% of BM during any one session and daily variation in BM was <1% from baseline measures. Urine specific gravity was greater than 1.020 on 12/15days and UCOL was above 4 on 13/15days, indicating a state of hypohydration. CONCLUSIONS Total distance covered was the best predictor for the extent of body water losses during a collegiate preseason. While the team-based hydration strategy during preseason was successful in minimizing fluid losses during activity, participants arrived hypohydrated 80% of the time, necessitating a greater focus on daily fluid needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, USA.
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
| | - Ryan M Curtis
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, USA
| | - Courteney L Benjamin
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, USA
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, USA
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Hew-Butler TD, Eskin C, Bickham J, Rusnak M, VanderMeulen M. Dehydration is how you define it: comparison of 318 blood and urine athlete spot checks. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000297. [PMID: 29464103 PMCID: PMC5812394 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical medicine defines dehydration using blood markers that confirm hypertonicity (serum sodium concentration ([Na+])>145 mmol/L) and intracellular dehydration. Sports medicine equates dehydration with a concentrated urine as defined by any urine osmolality (UOsm) ≥700 mOsmol/kgH2O or urine specific gravity (USG) ≥1.020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D Hew-Butler
- Department of Human Movement Science, Exercise Science Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher Eskin
- Department of Human Movement Science, Exercise Science Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Jordan Bickham
- Department of Human Movement Science, Exercise Science Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Mario Rusnak
- Department of Human Movement Science, Exercise Science Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Melissa VanderMeulen
- Department of Human Movement Science, Exercise Science Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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12
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Abstract
Athletes have specific needs based on sex, size, sport, exercise intensity, duration of activity, phase of training, and the season in which the sport is played. Nutritionally, the female athlete is unique, with needs that may vary based on hormonal fluctuations related to the menstrual cycle. This article provides an overview of the distinct nutritional needs and concerns of the physically active female, including energy availability, macronutrient needs, micronutrient needs, hydration, supplements, and other nutritional issues. Although there is some research focusing specifically on the female athlete and her exceptional nutritional concerns, further gender-specific exploration is needed in all areas.
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13
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Bardis CN, Kavouras SA, Adams JD, Geladas ND, Panagiotakos DB, Sidossis LS. Prescribed Drinking Leads to Better Cycling Performance than Ad Libitum Drinking. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1244-1251. [PMID: 28079705 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drinking ad libitum during exercise often leads to dehydration ranging from -1% to -3% of body weight. PURPOSE This article aimed to study the effect of a prescribed hydration protocol matching fluid losses on a simulated 30-km criterium-like cycling performance in the heat (31.6°C ± 0.5°C). METHODS Ten elite heat-acclimatized male endurance cyclists (30 ± 5 yr, 76.5 ± 7.2 kg, 1.81 ± 0.07 m, V˙O2peak = 61.3 ± 5.2 mL·min·kg, body fat = 10.5% ± 3.3%, Powermax = 392 ± 33 W) performed three sets of criterium-like cycling, which consisted of a 5-km cycling at 50% power max followed by a 5-km cycling all out at 3% grade (total 30 km). Participants rode the course on two separate occasions and in a counterbalanced order, during either ad libitum drinking (AD; drink water as much as they wished) or prescribed drinking (PD; drink water every 1 km to much fluid losses). To design the fluid intake during PD, participants performed a familiarization trial to calculate fluid losses. RESULTS After the exercise protocol, the cyclist dehydrated by -0.5% ± 0.3% and -1.8% ± 0.7% of their body weight for the PD and AD trial, respectively. The mean cycling speed for the third bout of the 5-km hill cycling was greater in the PD trial (30.2 ± 2.4 km·h) compared with the AD trial (28.8 ± 2.6 km·h) by 5.1% ± 4.8% (P < 0.05). Gastrointestinal, mean skin, and mean body temperatures immediately after the last hill climbing were greater in the AD compared with the PD trial (P < 0.05). Overall, sweat sensitivity during the three climbing bouts was lower in the AD (15.6 ± 5.7 g·W·m) compared with the PD trial (22.8 ± 3.4 g·W·m, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The data suggested that PD to match fluid losses during exercise in the heat provided a performance advantage because of lower thermoregulatory strain and greater sweating responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas N Bardis
- 1Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, GREECE; 2Hydration Science Lab, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; 3Section of Sport Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, GREECE; and 4Department of Kinesiology and Health and Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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