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Lamberts RP, van Erp T, Javaloyes A, Eken MM, Langerak NG, Tam N. Reliability of recovery heart rate variability measurements as part of the Lamberts Submaximal Cycle Test and the relationship with training status in trained to elite cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1659-1668. [PMID: 38198009 PMCID: PMC11130066 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if post-exercise heart rate variability, in the form of logged transformed root mean square of successive differences of the R-R intervals (LnRMSSD) can be measured reliably during the recovery from a submaximal cycle test and what the relationship of LnRMSSD is with training status of the cyclists. METHODS Fourteen male cyclists participated in the reliability part for the study, which included performing six Lamberts Submaximal Cycle Test (LSCT), during which recovery LnRMSSD was measured over 30 s (LnRMSSD30 s), 60 s LnRMSSD60 s)and 90 s LnRMSSD90 s). In addition, fifty male and twenty female cyclists completed a peak power output (PPO) test (including VO2peak) and 40 km time trial (40 km TT) before which they performed the LSCT as a standardized warm-up. Relationships between the LnRMSSD and PPO, VO2peak and 40 km TT time were studied. RESULTS Due to the design of the LSCT, submaximal heart and breathing rate were similar at the end of stage 3 of the LSCT, as well as during the recovery periods. The highest reliability was found in LnRMSSD60 s (ICC: 0.97) with a typical error of the measurement (TEM: 5.8%). In line with this the strongest correlations were found between LnRMSSD60 s and PPO (r = 0.93[male]; 0.85[female]), VO2peak (r = 0.71[male]; 0.63[female];) and 40 km TT (r = - 0.83[male]; - 0.63[female]). CONCLUSIONS LnRMSSD60 s can be measured reliably after the LSCT and can predict PPO, VO2peak and 40 km TT performance well in trained-to-elite cyclists. These findings suggest that recovery LnRMSSD can potentially play an important role in monitoring and fine-tuning training prescriptions in trained-to-elite cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Lamberts
- Division of Movement Science and Exercise Therapy (MSET), Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Suidwal Road, Stellenbosch, 7601, South Africa.
| | - Teun van Erp
- Division of Movement Science and Exercise Therapy (MSET), Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Suidwal Road, Stellenbosch, 7601, South Africa
| | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Department of Sport Science, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maaike M Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nelleke G Langerak
- Department of Research, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Institute and Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Tam
- On AG, Sport Science Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland
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Fitzgerald H, Fitzgerald DA, Selvadurai H. Exercise testing for young athletes. Paediatr Respir Rev 2023:S1526-0542(23)00082-9. [PMID: 38176989 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
With increasing competitiveness across the sporting landscape, there is a need for more research into monitoring and managing the young athlete, as the needs of a young athlete are vastly different to those of an older athlete who is already established in their respective sport. As the age of sports specialisation seems to decrease, exercise testing in the younger cohort of athletes is crucial for safety and long-term success. This article provides a comprehensive summary of available testing and monitoring methods that can be used to assist young athletes as they mature and attempt to excel in their chosen sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - D A Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - H Selvadurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Dobiasch M, Krenn B, Lamberts RP, Baca A. The Effects of Visual Feedback on Performance in Heart Rate- and Power-Based-Tasks during a Constant Load Cycling Test. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:49-57. [PMID: 35250333 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Performance feedback can be essential for cyclists to help with pacing their efforts during competitions and also during standardized performance tests. However, the choice of feedback options on modern bike computers is limited. Moreover, little research on the effectiveness of the currently used feedback methods is available. In this study, two novel feedback variants using a bar or a tacho to visualize targets and deviation from targets were compared to a classic design using only numbers. Participants (6 female and 25 male trained to well-trained athletes) completed a protocol consisting of three heart rate-based tasks and one power-based task. The displays were compared with respect to their ability to guide athletes during their trials. Results showed lower root mean square error (RMSE) of the novel variants, but no significant effect of feedback variant on RMSE was found for both tasks (p > 0.05). However, when comparing the feedback variants on a person to person basis, significant differences were found for all investigated scenarios (p < 0.001). This leads to the conclusion that novel feedback variants can improve athletes' ability to follow heart rate-based and power-based protocols, but even better results might be achieved by individualizing the feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dobiasch
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Björn Krenn
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Sociology of Sport and Sport Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert P Lamberts
- Division of Biokinetics, Department of Sport Science Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Arnold Baca
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Austria
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Shushan T, McLaren SJ, Buchheit M, Scott TJ, Barrett S, Lovell R. Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State. Sports Med 2022; 52:2605-2626. [PMID: 35817993 PMCID: PMC9584880 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Team-sports staff often administer non-exhaustive exercise assessments with a view to evaluating physiological state, to inform decision making on athlete management (e.g., future training or recovery). Submaximal fitness tests have become prominent in team-sports settings for observing responses to a standardized physical stimulus, likely because of their time-efficient nature, relative ease of administration, and physiological rationale. It is evident, however, that many variations of submaximal fitness test characteristics, response measures, and monitoring purposes exist. The aim of this scoping review is to provide a theoretical framework of submaximal fitness tests and a detailed summary of their use as proxy indicators of training effects in team sports. Using a review of the literature stemming from a systematic search strategy, we identified five distinct submaximal fitness test protocols characterized in their combinations of exercise regimen (continuous or intermittent) and the progression of exercise intensity (fixed, incremental, or variable). Heart rate-derived indices were the most studied outcome measures in submaximal fitness tests and included exercise (exercise heart rate) and recovery (heart rate recovery and vagal-related heart rate variability) responses. Despite the disparity between studies, these measures appear more relevant to detect positive chronic endurance-oriented training effects, whereas their role in detecting negative transient effects associated with variations in autonomic nervous system function is not yet clear. Subjective outcome measures such as ratings of perceived exertion were less common in team sports, but their potential utility when collected alongside objective measures (e.g., exercise heart rate) has been advocated. Mechanical outcome measures either included global positioning system-derived locomotor outputs such as distance covered, primarily during standardized training drills (e.g., small-sided games) to monitor exercise performance, or responses derived from inertial measurement units to make inferences about lower limb neuromuscular function. Whilst there is an emerging interest regarding the utility of these mechanical measures, their measurement properties and underpinning mechanisms are yet to be fully established. Here, we provide a deeper synthesis of the available literature, culminating with evidence-based practical recommendations and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzlil Shushan
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Shaun J. McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,grid.8250.f0000 0000 8700 0572Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Martin Buchheit
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC Canada ,grid.418501.90000 0001 2163 2398French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France ,Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland ,grid.1019.90000 0001 0396 9544Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Tannath J. Scott
- Netball Australia, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Steve Barrett
- Department of Sport Science Innovation, Playermaker, London, UK
| | - Ric Lovell
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Tsekouras YE, Tambalis KD, Sarras SE, Antoniou AK, Kokkinos P, Sidossis LS. Validity and Reliability of the New Portable Metabolic Analyzer PNOE. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:24. [PMID: 33344948 PMCID: PMC7739780 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of expired air during exercise is critical for determining cardiorespiratory status. The purpose of this study was to compare the new portable metabolic analyzer PNOE with COSMED – Quark CPET, a previously validated stationary metabolic cart. Methods: A total of 22 subjects (17 male and 5 female) aged 32.3 ± 11.1 years took part in the study. Breath by breath gas exchange was measured by both devices during a four-stage incremental protocol on a cycle ergometer. On a separate day, 10 participants repeated the trial to assess the reliability of the PNOE metabolic cart. Results: Strong correlations were obtained in VO2 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), VCO2 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), VE (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), and RQ (r = 0.91, p < 0.001), between the two devices. Bland-Altman plots revealed a mean difference of 34.0 ± 118 ml/min and 36.4 ± 110 ml/min in VO2 and VCO2 analysis, respectively. There were no significant differences in VO2, VCO2, VE, or RQ between the two devices. Intraclass correlation coefficient was high between the two trials for VO2 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), VCO2 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), VE (r = 0.99, p < 0.001), and RQ (r = 0.93, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our data indicate that the portable metabolic cart PNOE can accurately determine respiratory gases over a wide range of exercise intensities, in healthy individuals, in a controlled laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis E Tsekouras
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos D Tambalis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros E Sarras
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Antoniou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter Kokkinos
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.,Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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