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Fleming AR, MacDonald HV, Buckner SL, Winchester LJ. Lower limb blood flow occlusion increases systemic pressor response without increasing brachial arterial blood flow redistribution in women. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2024; 44:285-296. [PMID: 38402408 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the systemic hemodynamic and vascular changes in women during and after two commonly used clinical blood flow restriction (BFR) pressures at rest. There are minimal data regarding the independent effects of BFR on hemodynamic and systemic vascular changes due to pressor response, particularly among women. Therefore, this study investigated BFR-induced alterations in pressor response and systemic flow redistribution at rest during two commonly used pressures (50% and 80% limb occlusion pressure [LOP]). Fifteen women (22.1 ± 4.2 years) completed two randomised sessions involving 8-min of bilateral, lower limb restriction at 50% or 80% LOP followed by 8-min of recovery post-deflation. Changes in vascular (arterial diameter [DIA], time-averaged mean velocity [TAMV], volume flow [VF], and area) and hemodynamic (heart rate [HR] and blood pressure) measures over time (pre-, during, post-occlusion) and by session (50% vs. 80% LOP) were tested using repeated measures analysis of variance. Repeated measures correlations (rrm) quantified common intraindividual associations between BFR-induced hemodynamic and vascular responses. HR increased from baseline during 50% LOP and remained elevated during recovery (p < 0.05). HR increased from baseline during 80% LOP, while tibial VF and TAMV decreased (p < 0.03 for all). HR and TAMV values returned to baseline during recovery, while brachial artery VF decreased (p < 0.05). Changes in HR, brachial VF, and brachial TAMV were similar between 50% and 80% LOP (rrm = 0.32-0.70, p < 0.05 for all). At 80% LOP, changes in HR were positively correlated with brachial VF (rrm = 0.38) and TAMV (rrm = 0.43) and negatively correlated with tibial VF (rrm = -0.36) and TAMV (rrm = -0.30) (p < 0.05 for all). Results suggest that BFR at 80% LOP elicits an acute systemic pressor reflex without concomitant increases in brachial arterial flow, while 50% LOP elicits a subdued response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby R Fleming
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Hayley V MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Lee J Winchester
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Nuzzo JL. Muscle Strength Preservation During Repeated Sets of Fatiguing Resistance Exercise: A Secondary Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1149-1156. [PMID: 38781472 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nuzzo, JL. Muscle strength preservation during repeated sets of fatiguing resistance exercise: A secondary analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1149-1156, 2024-During sustained or repeated maximal voluntary efforts, muscle fatigue (acute strength loss) is not linear. After a large initial decrease, muscle strength plateaus at approximately 40% of baseline. This plateau, which likely reflects muscle strength preservation, has been observed in sustained maximal isometric and repeated maximal isokinetic contractions. Whether this pattern of fatigue occurs with traditional resistance exercise repetitions with free weights and weight stack machines has not been overviewed. Here, the aim was to determine whether the number of repetitions completed across 4 or more consecutive repetitions-to-failure tests exhibits the same nonlinear pattern of muscle fatigue. A secondary analysis was applied to data extracted as part of a recent meta-analysis on repetitions-to-failure tests. Studies were eligible if they reported mean number of repetitions completed in 4-6 consecutive repetitions-to-failure tests at a given relative load. Twenty-nine studies were included. Overall, the results show that the number of repetitions completed in consecutive repetitions-to-failure tests at a given load generally decreases curvilinearly. The numbers of repetitions completed in sets 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were equal to approximately 70, 55, 50, 45, and 45% of the number of repetitions completed in set 1, respectively. Longer interset rest intervals typically attenuated repetition loss, but the curvilinear pattern remained. From the results, a chart was created to predict the number of repetitions across 6 sets of resistance exercise taken to failure based on the number of repetitions completed in set 1. The chart is a general guide and educational tool. It should be used cautiously. More data from a variety of exercises, relative loads, and interset rest intervals are needed for more precise estimates of number of repetitions completed during repeated sets of fatiguing resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K, Steele J. Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise. Sports Med 2024; 54:303-321. [PMID: 37792272 PMCID: PMC10933212 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The maximal number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of the one repetition maximum (1RM) [REPS ~ %1RM relationship] is foundational knowledge in resistance exercise programming. The current REPS ~ %1RM relationship is based on few studies and has not incorporated uncertainty into estimations or accounted for between-individuals variation. Therefore, we conducted a meta-regression to estimate the mean and between-individuals standard deviation of the number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of 1RM. We also explored if the REPS ~ %1RM relationship is moderated by sex, age, training status, and/or exercise. A total of 952 repetitions-to-failure tests, completed by 7289 individuals in 452 groups from 269 studies, were identified. Study groups were predominantly male (66%), healthy (97%), < 59 years of age (92%), and resistance trained (60%). The bench press (42%) and leg press (14%) were the most commonly studied exercises. The REPS ~ %1RM relationship for mean repetitions and standard deviation of repetitions were best described using natural cubic splines and a linear model, respectively, with mean and standard deviation for repetitions decreasing with increasing %1RM. More repetitions were evident in the leg press than bench press across the loading spectrum, thus separate REPS ~ %1RM tables were developed for these two exercises. Analysis of moderators suggested little influences of sex, age, or training status on the REPS ~ %1RM relationship, thus the general main model REPS ~ %1RM table can be applied to all individuals and to all exercises other than the bench press and leg press. More data are needed to develop REPS ~ %1RM tables for other exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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Chen YC, Lin YT, Hu CL, Hwang IS. Low-Level Laser Therapy Facilitates Postcontraction Recovery with Ischemic Preconditioning. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1326-1333. [PMID: 36878185 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite early development of muscle fatigue, ischemic preconditioning is gaining popularity for strength training combined with low-load resistance exercise. This study investigated the effect of low-level laser (LLL) on postcontraction recovery with ischemic preconditioning. METHODS Forty healthy adults (22.9 ± 3.5 yr) were allocated into sham (11 men, 9 women) and LLL (11 men, 9 women) groups. With ischemic preconditioning, they were trained with three bouts of intermittent wrist extension of 40% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). During the recovery period, the LLL group received LLL (wavelength of 808 nm, 60 J) on the working muscle, whereas the sham group received no sham therapy. MVC, force fluctuations, and discharge variables of motor units (MU) for a trapezoidal contraction were compared between groups at baseline (T0), postcontraction (T1), and after-recovery (T2). RESULTS At T2, the LLL group exhibited a higher normalized MVC (T2/T0; 86.22% ± 12.59%) than that of the sham group (71.70% ± 13.56%; P = 0.001). The LLL group had smaller normalized force fluctuations (LLL, 94.76% ± 21.95%; sham, 121.37% ± 29.02%; P = 0.002) with greater normalized electromyography amplitude (LLL, 94.33% ± 14.69%; sham, 73.57% ± 14.94%; P < 0.001) during trapezoidal contraction. In the LLL group, the smaller force fluctuations were associated with lower coefficients of variation of interspike intervals of MUs (LLL, 0.202 ± 0.053; sham, 0.208 ± 0.048; P = 0.004) with higher recruitment thresholds (LLL, 11.61 ± 12.68 %MVC; sham, 10.27 ± 12.73 %MVC; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS LLL expedites postcontraction recovery with ischemic preconditioning, manifesting as superior force generation capacity and force precision control for activation of MU with a higher recruitment threshold and lower discharge variability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yen-Ting Lin
- Department of Ball Sport, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung City, TAIWAN
| | - Chia-Ling Hu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, TAIWAN
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Hornikel B, Saffold KS, Esco MR, Mota JA, Fedewa MV, Wind SA, Adams TL, Winchester LJ. Acute Responses to High-Intensity Back Squats with Bilateral Blood Flow Restriction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3555. [PMID: 36834246 PMCID: PMC9959773 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the acute effects of high-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) on performance and fatigue, metabolic stress, and markers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6)), muscle damage (myoglobin), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)). Thirteen resistance-trained participants (four female, 24.8 ± 4.7 years) performed four sets of barbell back-squats (75% 1RM) to failure under two conditions: blood flow restriction (BFR, bilateral 80% occlusion pressure) and control (CTRL). Completed repetitions and pre-post-exercise changes in maximal voluntary isometric contractions, countermovement jump, barbell mean propulsive velocity, and surface electromyography were recorded. Pre-post blood lactate (BLa) and venous blood samples for analysis of IL-6, myoglobin, and VEGF were collected. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain were recorded for each set. Fewer repetitions were performed during BFR (25.5 ± 9.6 reps) compared to CTRL (43.4 ± 14.2 reps, p < 0.001), with greater repetitions performed during sets 1, 2, and 4 (p < 0.05) in CTRL. Although RPE between conditions was similar across all sets (p > 0.05), pain was greater in BFR across all sets (p < 0.05). Post-exercise fatigue was comparable between conditions. BLa was significantly greater in CTRL compared to BFR at two minutes (p = 0.001) but not four minutes post-exercise (p = 0.063). IL-6 was significantly elevated following BFR (p = 0.011). Comparable increases in myoglobin (p > 0.05) and no changes in VEGF were observed (p > 0.05). BFR increases the rate of muscular fatigue during high-intensity resistance exercise and acutely enhances IL-6 response, with significantly less total work performed, but increases pain perception, limiting implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Hornikel
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Keith S. Saffold
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Michael R. Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jacob A. Mota
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Michael V. Fedewa
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Stefanie A. Wind
- Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Adams
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Lee J. Winchester
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Yang Q, He XJ, Li YD, Zhang YZ, Ding CS, Li GX, Sun J. Dose-response relationship of blood flow restriction training on isometric muscle strength, maximum strength and lower limb extensor strength: A meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1046625. [PMID: 36589415 PMCID: PMC9800008 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1046625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To perform a meta-analysis on the efficacy and dose-response relationship of blood flow restriction training on muscle strength reported worldwide. Methods: Thirty-four eligible articles with a total sample size of 549 participants were included in the meta-analysis. This study was performed using the method recommended by the Cochrane Handbook (https://training.cochrane.org/handbook), and the effect size was estimated using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and using RevMan 5.3 software (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, 2014). Results: The meta-analysis showed that blood flow restriction training increased the lower limb extensor muscle strength [SMD = 0.72, 95%; confidence interval (CI): 0.43 to 1.00, p < 0.01], knee extensor isokinetic torque SMD = 0.48 [95% CI: 0.24 to 0.73, p < 0.01], knee flexor isokinetic torque SMD = 0.39 [95% CI: 0.11 to 0.67, p < 0.01], and squat one-repetition maximum [SMD = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.55, p < 0.01]. There was no publication bias. Evaluation of dose-response relationship showed that the training load, mode, frequency, duration, and maximum cuff pressure affected the muscle function. Conclusion: blood flow restriction training. 16 significantly improved lower limb muscle strength, and the optimal training conditions consisted of a weight load smaller or equal to 30% of one-repetition maximum, training duration longer than 4 weeks, frequency of more than 3 times/week, and maximum cuff pressure lower than 200 mmHg. Systematic Review Registration: website, identifier registration number.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Sun
- *Correspondence: Guo Xing Li, ; Jian Sun,
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Winchester LJ, Blake MT, Fleming AR, Aguiar EJ, Fedewa MV, Esco MR, Earley RL. Hemodynamic Responses to Resistance Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction Using a Practical Method Versus a Traditional Cuff-Inflation System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191811548. [PMID: 36141820 PMCID: PMC9517024 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to examine the potential differences in acute hemodynamic responses and muscular performance outcomes following resistance exercise between traditional blood flow restriction (TRABFR) and a novel band tissue flossing method (BTFBFR). METHODS Fifteen healthy young adults (23.27 ± 2.69 years) visited the lab for three sessions (≥72 h apart). Each session's exercise consisted of three sets of 20 maximum-effort seated leg extensions and flexions with one of three conditions: control (CON), TRABFR (50% limb occlusion pressure (LOP)), or BTFBFR. During TRABFR and BTFBFR sessions, occlusion was applied immediately prior to exercise and removed immediately after. Heart rate was collected prior to exercise, after onset of occlusion, immediately after exercise, and one-minute after removal of occlusion. Ultrasonography was performed prior to, and at least 30 s after, occlusion. RESULTS BTFBFR caused greater reductions in arterial distance (14.28%, p = 0.010) and arterial area (28.43%, p = 0.020) than TRABFR. BTFBFR was able to significantly reduce arterial flow below pre-occlusion values, while TRABFR did not. Both conditions caused significant elevations in heart rate following occlusion (TRABFR: +4.67 bpm, p = 0.046 and BTFBFR: +6.07 bpm, p = 0.034), immediately post-exercise (TRABFR: +56.93 bpm, p < 0.001 and BTFBFR: +52.79 bpm, p < 0.001) and one-minute post-exercise (TRABFR: +15.71, p = 0.003 and BTFBFR: +14.57, p < 0.001). Only BTFBFR caused significant reductions in performance as measured by average power per repetition. CONCLUSIONS BTFBFR causes a more exaggerated decrease in arterial blood flow as well as muscular power when compared to traditional TRABFR at 50% of LOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J. Winchester
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Morgan T. Blake
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Abby R. Fleming
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Elroy J. Aguiar
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Michael V. Fedewa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Michael R. Esco
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Ryan L. Earley
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Varangot-Reille C, Cuenca-Martínez F, Suso-Martí L, La Touche R, Rouquette A, Hamon J, Araldi M, de Asís-Fernández F, Herranz-Gómez A. Hypoalgesic effects of a blood flow restriction technique at moderate intensity with or without motor imagery: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Somatosens Mot Res 2021; 39:29-38. [PMID: 34645366 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2021.1987876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objective was to assess the hypoalgesic effect of adding blood flow restriction (BFR) training with or without motor imagery (MI) to moderate-intensity exercise. The secondary objective was to analyse the correlations of the pain pressure thresholds (PPTs) regarding perceived pain intensity, perceived fatigue, and cuff pressure discomfort. METHODS A sample of 42 asymptomatic participants were randomly assigned to 3 groups: control group (CG), BFR group, and BFR with MI group. All participants performed a squat exercise at an intensity of 60% of 1RM. For the BFR groups, blood occlusion occurred at 80% of maximal arterial occlusive pressure. Local, bilateral, and distal PPT were assessed pre-intervention, post-intervention and 48 h post-intervention. The perceived fatigue was assessed post-intervention, and pain intensity was assessed only 48 h post-intervention. RESULTS There were intragroup differences in the CG and BFR + MI group in the local PPT between the pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements (p = 0.039, d= -0.32 and p = 0.009, d= -0.46, respectively) and only in the CG in the bilateral PPT (p = 0.002, d= -0.41). The CG and BFR group showed significant differences at 48 h post-intervention, with a decrease in local PPT (p = 0.009, d = 0.51 and p = 0.049, d = 0.43, respectively) and bilateral PPT (p = 0.004, d = 0.53 and p = 0.021, d = 0.46, respectively). There was a negative moderate correlation between local PPT at the post-intervention time and perceived discomfort of the occlusion device only in the BFR group (r=-0.54, p = 0.045). CONCLUSION Moderate-intensity resistance training with high occlusion did not generate hypoalgesia but did appear to generate a hyperalgesic response within 48 h after the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Varangot-Reille
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Cuenca-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Suso-Martí
- Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roy La Touche
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencia y Dolor Craneofacial (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amélie Rouquette
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie Hamon
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maxime Araldi
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco de Asís-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Breatherapy Research Group, Instituto de Neurociencias y Ciencias del Movimiento (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Herranz-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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