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Cooley C, Simonson SR, Maddy DA. The Force-Vector Theory Supports Use of the Laterally Resisted Split Squat to Enhance Change of Direction. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:835-841. [PMID: 38662881 PMCID: PMC11042517 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cooley, C, Simonson, SR, and Maddy, DA. The force-vector theory supports use of the laterally resisted split squat to enhance change of direction. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 835-841, 2024-The purpose of this study was to challenge the conventional change of direction (COD) training methods of the modern-day strength and conditioning professional. A new iteration of the modified single-leg squat (MSLS), the laterally resisted split squat (LRSS), is theorized to be the most effective movement for enhancing COD performance. This study lays out a rationale for this hypothesis by biomechanically comparing the LRSS, bilateral back squat (BS), and MSLS with a COD task (90-degree turn). One repetition maximum (1RM) for LRSS, MSLS, and BS was measured for 23 healthy active female subjects. Peak ground reaction forces (GRF) for the dominant leg were recorded when performing COD and the LRSS, MSLS, and BS at 70% 1RM. Peak frontal plane GRF magnitude and angle were calculated for each task and submitted to repeated measures ANOVA. Peak GRF magnitude was significantly larger for COD (2.23 ± 0.62 body weight) than the LRSS, MSLS, and BS (p ≤ 0.001). Peak GRF angle was not significantly different between COD and the LRSS (p = 0.057), whereas the MSLS and BS (p < 0.001) vector angles were significantly greater than COD. In this application of the force-vector theory, the LRSS more closely matches COD than the MSLS or BS. Thus, the LRSS has the greater potential to enhance COD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derek A. Maddy
- Department of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho
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2
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Fei Z. STRENGTH TRAINING AND COORDINATION IN SOCCER PLAYERS’ LOWER LIMBS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The long distance running and the short distance running shot are common in soccer world, so that soccer presents a higher demand in relation to the strength of lower limbs and motor coordination by the athlete. Objective: Analyze the methods of training lower-limb strength and coordination in soccer. Methods: The experiment-by-control method was adopted. During the 12 weeks of training, the control group performed the traditional mode of lower limb strength training based on deep squat, while the experimental group adopted the global mode of lower limb strength training. The exercise training plans of the experimental group and control group were standardized. Results: The relative performance of the athletes in the experimental group and the control group was improved, however, the developmental effect of the experimental group was more significant. Conclusion: The comprehensive mode of lower limb strength training proposed in this study presents little difference in relation to the traditional mode of strength training in the optimization of maximum strength; however, it is more directed to soccer demand, and it can promote a better motor coordination to the athletes, besides optimizing the soccer sport level and making the athletes have more advantages in the field. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Fei
- Wuchang Institute of Technology, China
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Ramadan W, Elsayed A, Alim MA, Abdi E, Razek MKA. The Influence of Ballistic Exercises on Growth, Somatomedin Hormones for Soccer Players. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The sequence of exercise-induced hormonal changes demonstrates the quantification of training and competition loads and developing a sport-specific conditioning program.
AIM: The present study investigates the impact of ballistic exercises on biochemical variables and the muscular ability of soccer players.
METHODS: Participants were assigned randomly to two groups, including ten participants in each group, and underwent a pre- post-intervention test, including growth hormone, somatomedin hormone, triple jump, and wide jump.
RESULTS: The experimental group showed a significant increase in Growth by 43.56%, somatomedin by 6.99%, Triple jumps by 18.65%, and Wide jump by 15.68% compared to the control group.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, ballistic exercises improved growth and somatomedin hormone, triple jump, and wide jump and thus enhancing biochemical variables and muscular ability.
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Ramos GP, Nakamura FY, Penna EM, Mendes TT, Mahseredjian F, Lima AM, Garcia ES, Prado LS, Coimbra CC. Comparison of Physical Fitness and Anthropometrical Profiles Among Brazilian Female Soccer National Teams From U15 to Senior Categories. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2302-2308. [PMID: 31009426 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ramos, GP, Nakamura, FY, Penna, EM, Mendes, TT, Mahseredjian, F, Lima, AM, Garcia, ES, Prado, LS, and Coimbra, CC. Comparison of physical fitness and anthropometrical profiles among Brazilian female soccer national teams from U15 to senior categories. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2302-2308, 2021-This study aimed to compare anthropometric and physical fitness of Brazilian female national team soccer players from the U15 to senior categories, and to compare the physical performance between selected and nonselected players. Subjects included 231 athletes (U15, n = 46, U17, n = 49, U20, n = 98, and Senior, n = 38). Body mass, height, sum of skinfolds, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m linear sprint, and Yo-Yo IR1 were assessed. The U15 players were shorter than all other groups (p < 0.01) and lighter than U20 players (p < 0.01). Regarding physical tests, Senior athletes presented higher SJ compared with U20, and both showed higher CMJ and SJ compared with the U15 and U17 (p < 0.05). Senior athletes were also faster than players of all other categories in 20-m sprint (p < 0.01) and covered the greatest distance in the Yo-Yo IR1 (p < 0.05). U20 were better in the Yo-Yo IR1 than the younger groups (p < 0.05). When comparing selected and nonselected players, no differences were identified in anthropometric measures (p > 0.05). However, selected players from U17, U20, and Senior teams showed better performance in Yo-Yo IR1 than nonselected ones (p < 0.05). Finally, selected senior athletes also presented higher CMJ and SJ than nonselected players (p < 0.05). These results suggest that, although there is a tendency for maintenance in anthropometric measures from the age of 15 years, there are substantial improvements in speed, lower-body power, and aerobic capacity from U20 age group. In addition, it seems that intermittent aerobic fitness contributes to the selection of players to international tournaments in national teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme P Ramos
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Brazilian National Football Confederation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Y Nakamura
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eduardo M Penna
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Federal University of Para, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago T Mendes
- Federal University of Maranhão, São Luiz, Maranhão, Brazil ; and
| | | | - Andre M Lima
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Garcia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luciano S Prado
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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5
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New photocell timing gates for measuring the maximum velocity of futsal players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Pardos-Mainer E, Casajús JA, Julián C, Bishop C, Gonzalo-Skok O. Determining the reliability and usability of change of direction speed tests in adolescent female soccer players: a systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:720-732. [PMID: 32438788 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review aimed 1) to describe the most common tests used for assessing change of direction (COD) performance; 2) to detail the reliability of current COD tests; 3) to provide an overview of current intervention strategies used to improve COD performance in adolescent female soccer players. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A computerized search was conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane Plus and Web of Science (from 1995 to January 2020) for English and Spanish language and peer-reviewed investigations. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 221 studies were identified, with only 16 meeting the specific search criteria. The main findings were that eleven different tests have been used to assess COD performance with intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation values between 0.72-0.99 and 1-10.6%, respectively. The number of CODs performed during each test ranged from 1 to 9 within a range of 45º to 180º and with a duration <5 s, 5-9 s and >10 s. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that the reliability of the COD tests seems to depend on: the equipment used, the surface tested on and the technical level of the soccer player. These results should be interpreted with caution as they may be influenced by the period of growth and maturation, the playing position of the player and the period of the soccer season. Finally, strength and power drills could be considered as appropriate to improve COD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pardos-Mainer
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain - .,San Jorge University, Zaragoza, Spain -
| | - José A Casajús
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Julián
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Isabel I University, Burgos, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
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Akınoğlu B, Kocahan T. Russian current versus high voltage current with isokinetic training on the quadriceps muscle strength and endurance. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:272-278. [PMID: 32724785 PMCID: PMC7365730 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040260.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrotherapy modalities are one of the increasing ways of muscle strength and endurance. However, it is not clear which electrotherapy modalities are more effective. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of Russian current (RC) and high voltage pulsed current (HVPC) on the strength and endurance of the quadriceps muscle. The study was performed on 10 volleyball athletes. The participants' extremities were divided into two groups as RC and HVPC. Muscle strength and endurance levels were assessed by an isokinetic device. Isokinetic training and 20-min electrotherapy were given in each treatment session. This training program consisted of a total of 12 sessions, scheduled twice a week for 6 weeks. After training, knee extensor peak torque values and endurance ratios have increased in both groups, but it was determined that this increase was only significant in terms of the endurance ratio (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the muscle strength and the endurance ratio of the RC and HVPC groups (P>0.05). RC or HVPC have no advantages over each other, and therefore it has been determined that both currents can be used in order to strengthen muscles and increase muscular endurance. Additional studies whose longer-term effects will investigate are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihter Akınoğlu
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey.,Center of Athlete Training and Health Research, Department of Health Services, Sports General Directorship, The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Kocahan
- Center of Athlete Training and Health Research, Department of Health Services, Sports General Directorship, The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Ankara, Turkey
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Goulart KNDO, Duffield R, Junior GOC, Passos Ramos G, Pimenta EM, Couto BP. Recovery timeline following resistance training in professional female soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1737724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Naves de Oliveira Goulart
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, Australia
| | - Geraldo Oliveira Carvalho Junior
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Passos Ramos
- Department of Selection or Departamento de Seleção, Brazilian National Football Confederation (CBF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mendonça Pimenta
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pena Couto
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Plummer A, Mugele H, Steffen K, Stoll J, Mayer F, Müller J. General versus sports-specific injury prevention programs in athletes: A systematic review on the effects on performance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221346. [PMID: 31465458 PMCID: PMC6715272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injury prevention programs (IPPs) are an inherent part of training in recreational and professional sports. Providing performance-enhancing benefits in addition to injury prevention may help adjust coaches and athletes' attitudes towards implementation of injury prevention into daily routine. Conventional thinking by players and coaches alike seems to suggest that IPPs need to be specific to one's sport to allow for performance enhancement. The systematic literature review aims to firstly determine the IPPs nature of exercises and whether they are specific to the sport or based on general conditioning. Secondly, can they demonstrate whether general, sports-specific or even mixed IPPs improve key performance indicators with the aim to better facilitate long-term implementation of these programs? METHODS PubMed and Web of Science were electronically searched throughout March 2018. The inclusion criteria were randomized control trials, publication dates between Jan 2006 and Feb 2018, athletes (11-45 years), injury prevention programs and included predefined performance measures that could be categorized into balance, power, strength, speed/agility and endurance. The methodological quality of included articles was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration assessment tools. RESULTS Of 6619 initial findings, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria. In addition, reference lists unearthed a further 6 studies, making a total of 28. Nine studies used sports specific IPPs, eleven general and eight mixed prevention strategies. Overall, general programs ranged from 29-57% in their effectiveness across performance outcomes. Mixed IPPs improved in 80% balance outcomes but only 20-44% in others. Sports-specific programs led to larger scale improvements in balance (66%), power (83%), strength (75%), and speed/agility (62%). CONCLUSION Sports-specific IPPs have the strongest influence on most performance indices based on the significant improvement versus control groups. Other factors such as intensity, technical execution and compliance should be accounted for in future investigations in addition to exercise modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Plummer
- Clinical Exercise Science, University of Potsdam, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hendrik Mugele
- Clinical Exercise Science, University of Potsdam, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Josefine Stoll
- University Outpatient Clinic, Professorship of Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- University Outpatient Clinic, Professorship of Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Juliane Müller
- University Outpatient Clinic, Professorship of Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Professorship for Physiotherapy: Exercise Science and Applied Biomechanics, Trier University of Applied Science, Trier, Germany
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10
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Boraczyński MT, Sozański HA, Boraczyński TW. Effects of a 12-Month Complex Proprioceptive-Coordinative Training Program on Soccer Performance in Prepubertal Boys Aged 10-11 Years. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1380-1393. [PMID: 28368953 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Boraczyński, MT, Sozański, HA, and Boraczyński, TW. Effects of a 12-month complex proprioceptive-coordinative training program on soccer performance in prepubertal boys aged 10-11 years. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1380-1393, 2019-The aim was to examine the effects of a series of on-field proprioceptive-coordinative (P-C) exercises on motor performance (MP) in prepubertal soccer players. Fifty-three male soccer players aged 10.1-11.8 years were randomized among 2 experimental programs receiving P-C training (P-CT; n = 26) or regular training (RT; n = 27). A control group (C; n = 22) consisted of age-matched (10.3-11.9 years) cohorts not involved in any regular physical activity. Both experimental groups completed an identical 12-month comprehensive soccer program except training in P-CT was modified to substitute small-sided conditioning games with 24 multimode P-C exercises with modulated exercise intensity (every 8-9 weeks based on predicted maximal heart rate [HRmax]). Pre-, peri-, and posttraining measures included anthropometry and 5 tests assessing soccer-specific MP: movement rhythm (turning the ball backwards-T1), motor adaptation (running with the ball around poles-T2), spatial orientation (running to sequentially numbered balls-T3), balance (single-leg static balance-T4), and kinesthetic differentiation of movement (landing the ball on a 2 × 2 m sector-T5). Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed no significance between-group differences for age, anthropometry, and body-fat percentage at baseline. Significant main effects for group (P-CT vs. RT) were found in all tests (T1-T5) and main effects for time (group P-CT) in T3-T5, whereas a significant group × time interaction was observed only in T4 (F = 2.98, p = 0.0204). Post hoc tests indicated that P-CT attained significantly better results than RT at peritraining (by 26.4%; p < 0.01) and posttraining (by 31.9%, p < 0.01). Modulated exercise intensity had little effect on soccer performance (T1-T3, T5). Based on the results, it is recommended that the training of young soccer players be supplemented with the bilateral balance exercises and games used in the study. Furthermore, the suitability of monitoring HR in P-C exercises targeting the analyzed MP skills is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał T Boraczyński
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Rusiecki Olsztyn University College, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Henryk A Sozański
- Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz W Boraczyński
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Rusiecki Olsztyn University College, Olsztyn, Poland
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11
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Sonoda T, Tashiro Y, Suzuki Y, Kajiwara Y, Zeidan H, Yokota Y, Kawagoe M, Nakayama Y, Bito T, Shimoura K, Tatsumi M, Nakai K, Nishida Y, Yoshimi S, Aoyama T. Relationship between agility and lower limb muscle strength, targeting university badminton players. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:320-323. [PMID: 29545704 PMCID: PMC5851373 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Targeting university badminton players, this study investigated the relationship between agility, which is associated with performance in badminton, and lower limb muscle strength, and examined which muscles influence agility. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 23 male university badminton players were evaluated for side-shuffle test scores and lower limb strength. The relationships between agility, lower limb strength, and duration of experience playing badminton were evaluated using a correlation analysis. Moreover, the relationship between agility and lower limb strength was evaluated by partial correlation analysis, adjusting for the effects of experience of each badminton player. [Results] The agility score correlated with hip extension and ankle plantar flexion strength, with adjustment for badminton experience. [Conclusion] This study suggests that hip extension training and improvement in ankle plantar flexion strength may improve agility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sonoda
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuto Tashiro
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Kajiwara
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, Japan
| | - Hala Zeidan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokota
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mirei Kawagoe
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakayama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Bito
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimoura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masataka Tatsumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kengo Nakai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nishida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Soyoka Yoshimi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aoyama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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12
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Spiteri T, McIntyre F, Specos C, Myszka S. Cognitive Training for Agility: The Integration Between Perception and Action. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lloyd RS, Cronin JB, Faigenbaum AD, Haff GG, Howard R, Kraemer WJ, Micheli LJ, Myer GD, Oliver JL. National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Long-Term Athletic Development. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1491-509. [PMID: 26933920 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been a growing interest in long-term athletic development for youth. Because of their unique physical, psychological, and social differences, children and adolescents should engage in appropriately prescribed exercise programs that promote physical development to prevent injury and enhance fitness behaviors that can be retained later in life. Irrespective of whether a child is involved in organized sport or engages in recreational physical activity, there remains a need to adopt a structured, logical, and evidence-based approach to the long-term development of athleticism. This is of particular importance considering the alarmingly high number of youth who fail to meet global physical activity recommendations and consequently present with negative health profiles. However, appropriate exercise prescription is also crucial for those young athletes who are physically underprepared and at risk of overuse injury because of high volumes of competition and an absence of preparatory conditioning. Whether the child accumulates insufficient or excessive amounts of exercise, or falls somewhere between these opposing ends of the spectrum, it is generally accepted that the young bodies of modern day youth are often ill-prepared to tolerate the rigors of sports or physical activity. All youth should engage in regular physical activity and thus should be viewed as "athletes" and afforded the opportunity to enhance athleticism in an individualized, holistic, and child-centered manner. Because of emerging interest in long-term athletic development, an authorship team was tasked on behalf of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) to critically synthesize existing literature and current practices within the field and to compose a relevant position statement. This document was subsequently reviewed and formally ratified by the NSCA Board of Directors. A list of 10 pillars of successful long-term athletic development are presented, which summarize the key recommendations detailed within the position statement. With these pillars in place, it is believed that the NSCA can (a) help foster a more unified and holistic approach to long-term athletic development, (b) promote the benefits of a lifetime of healthy physical activity, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri S Lloyd
- 1Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; 2Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; 3Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; 4Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; 5Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania; 6Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 7Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; 8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; 9The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts; 10Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; 11Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and 12Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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de Hoyo M, Gonzalo-Skok O, Sañudo B, Carrascal C, Plaza-Armas JR, Camacho-Candil F, Otero-Esquina C. Comparative Effects of In-Season Full-Back Squat, Resisted Sprint Training, and Plyometric Training on Explosive Performance in U-19 Elite Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:368-77. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Haugen T, Buchheit M. Sprint Running Performance Monitoring: Methodological and Practical Considerations. Sports Med 2015; 46:641-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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18
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Young WB, Miller IR, Talpey SW. Physical Qualities Predict Change-of-Direction Speed but Not Defensive Agility in Australian Rules Football. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:206-12. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Does SAQ training improve the speed and flexibility of young soccer players? A randomized controlled trial. Hum Mov Sci 2014; 38:197-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Abstract
The overall objective of this review was to investigate the role and development of sprinting speed in soccer. Time–motion analyses show that short sprints occur frequently during soccer games. Straight sprinting is the most frequent action before goals, both for the scoring and assisting player. Straight-line sprinting velocity (both acceleration and maximal sprinting speed), certain agility skills, and repeated-sprint ability are shown to distinguish groups from different performance levels. Professional players have become faster over time, indicating that sprinting skills are becoming more and more important in modern soccer. In research literature, the majority of soccer-related training interventions have provided positive effects on sprinting capabilities, leading to the assumption that all kinds of training can be performed with success. However, most successful intervention studies are time consuming and challenging to incorporate into the overall soccer training program. Even though the principle of specificity is clearly present, several questions remain regarding the optimal training methods within the larger context of the team-sport setting. Considering time-efficiency effects, soccer players may benefit more by performing sprint-training regimens similar to the progression model used in strength training and by world-leading athletics practitioners, compared with the majority of guidelines that traditionally have been presented in research literature.
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21
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Faude O, Roth R, Di Giovine D, Zahner L, Donath L. Combined strength and power training in high-level amateur football during the competitive season: a randomised-controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:1460-7. [PMID: 23768214 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.796065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyse the effects of combined strength and power training during the competitive season on physical fitness in high-level amateur football players. Sixteen male players (22.5 (SD 2.5) years, 1.79 (0.05) m, 76.8 (6.1) kg) from one team were randomly assigned to either a strength training (ST, N = 8) or a control (CON, N = 8) group. ST conducted lower extremity resistance exercises combined with plyometrics and/or sprints 2 × 30 min per week for 7 weeks. CON performed technical-tactical training during the same time period. Before and after training several physical fitness parameters were assessed: one-repetition maximum (1-RM, half squat), isometric peak strength and rate of force development (RFD, leg press), jump height (countermovement, CMJ, drop jump, DJ), sprint times, agility, and intermittent endurance. Large significant test × group interactions were found for 1-RM, CMJ, and DJ reactivity index with increases in CT relative to CON(+11 to 18%). Although not significant (P < 0.20), likely practically relevant effects were observed for isometric peak strength and RFD (+24 to 29%). We found no relevant interaction effects for agility, sprint times, and intermittent endurance. A 7-week in-season combined strength and power training program can improve relevant strength and jump parameters in high-level amateur football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Faude
- Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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22
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Lloyd RS, Read P, Oliver JL, Meyers RW, Nimphius S, Jeffreys I. Considerations for the Development of Agility During Childhood and Adolescence. Strength Cond J 2013. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e31827ab08c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Stewart PF, Turner AN, Miller SC. Reliability, factorial validity, and interrelationships of five commonly used change of direction speed tests. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:500-6. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. F. Stewart
- London Sport Institute; Middlesex University; London UK
| | - A. N. Turner
- London Sport Institute; Middlesex University; London UK
| | - S. C. Miller
- London Sport Institute; Middlesex University; London UK
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24
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Strength Training for Athletes: Does It Really Help Sports Performance? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2012; 7:2-5. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of strength training designed to increase underlying strength and power qualities in elite athletes in an attempt to improve athletic performance is commonplace. Although the extent to which strength and power are important to sports performance may vary depending on the activity, the associations between these qualities and performance have been well documented in the literature. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of strength training research to determine if it really helps improve athletic performance. While there is a need for more research with elite athletes to investigate the relationship between strength training and athletic performance, there is sufficient evidence for strength training programs to continue to be an integral part of athletic preparation in team sports.
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25
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Tessitore A, Perroni F, Cortis C, Meeusen R, Lupo C, Capranica L. Coordination of soccer players during preseason training. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 25:3059-69. [PMID: 21993023 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318212e3e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify whether coordination improves as a result of a preseason soccer training. During 5 experimental sessions (days 1, 6, 11, 15, and 19), 16 semiprofessional male soccer players (22.0 ± 3.6 years) were administered 3 specific soccer tests (speed dribbling, shooting a dead ball, and shooting from a pass) and an interlimb coordination test (total duration of a trial: 60 seconds), consisting of isodirectional and nonisodirectional synchronized (1:1 ratio) hand and foot flexions and extensions at an increasing velocity of execution (80, 120, and 180 b·min(-1)). Furthermore, subjective ratings were monitored to assess the recovery state (RestQ) of the players, their perceived exertion (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) for the whole body, and the perceived muscle pain (rating of muscle pain [RMP]) for the lower limbs and the internal training load by means of the session-RPE method. The ratios between post and pretraining RPE and RMP increased only during the first 2 experimental sessions and decreased after the second week of the training camp (p = 0.001). The Rest-Q showed increases (p < 0.05) for general stress, conflict/pressure, social recovery, and being in shape dimensions. Conversely, decreases (p < 0.05) were observed for social stress, fatigue, physical complaints dimensions. Throughout the preseason, the players improved their speed dribbling (p = 0.03), Shooting from a Pass (p = 0.02), and interlimb coordination (p < 0.0001) performances. These coordination tests succeeded in discriminating coordination in soccer players and could integrate field test batteries during the whole soccer season, because they were easily and inexpensively administrable by coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.
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26
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Turner A, Walker S, Stembridge M, Coneyworth P, Reed G, Birdsey L, Barter P, Moody J. A Testing Battery for the Assessment of Fitness in Soccer Players. Strength Cond J 2011. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e31822fc80a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Jovanovic M, Sporis G, Omrcen D, Fiorentini F. Effects of speed, agility, quickness training method on power performance in elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:1285-92. [PMID: 21522073 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d67c65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the speed, agility, quickness (SAQ) training method on power performance in soccer players. Soccer players were assigned randomly to 2 groups: experimental group (EG; n = 50) and control group (n = 50). Power performance was assessed by a test of quickness--the 5-m sprint, a test of acceleration--the 10-m sprint, tests of maximal speed--the 20- and the 30-m sprint along with Bosco jump tests--squat jump, countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal CMJ, and continuous jumps performed with legs extended. The initial testing procedure took place at the beginning of the in-season period. The 8-week specific SAQ training program was implemented after which final testing took place. The results of the 2-way analysis of variance indicated that the EG improved significantly (p < 0.05) in 5-m (1.43 vs. 1.39 seconds) and in 10-m (2.15 vs. 2.07 seconds) sprints, and they also improved their jumping performance in countermovement (44.04 vs. 4.48 cm) and continuous jumps (41.08 vs. 41.39 cm) performed with legs extended (p < 0.05). The SAQ training program appears to be an effective way of improving some segments of power performance in young soccer players during the in-season period. Soccer coaches could use this information in the process of planning in-season training. Without proper planning of the SAQ training, soccer players will most likely be confronted with decrease in power performance during in-season period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Jovanovic
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
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28
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López-Segovia M, Palao Andrés JM, González-Badillo JJ. Effect of 4 months of training on aerobic power, strength, and acceleration in two under-19 soccer teams. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 24:2705-14. [PMID: 20647948 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cc237d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the training executed by 2 under-19 teams from the first Spanish division on aerobic power, strength, and acceleration capacity. Two under-19 soccer teams that competed in the same league were evaluated on 2 occasions. The first evaluation (E₁) was done at the beginning of the competitive period, and the second evaluation (E₂) was done 16 weeks later, coinciding with the end of the first half of the regular season. The following were evaluated: lower-body strength through jump height with countermovement with and without load (CMJ/CMJ₂₀), speed of the Smith machine bar movement in a progressive load test of full squats (FSL), acceleration capacity in 10, 20, and 30 m (T₁₀, T₂₀, T₃₀, T₁₀₋₂₀, T₁₀₋₃₀, T₂₀₋₃₀), and maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Team A executed complementary strength training, and training loads were determined with regard to the speed with which each player moved the bar in FSL. Between the evaluations, the training sessions of each team were recorded to assess their influence on the changes in E2. Team A significantly improved its MAS (p < 0.01) and its application of strength in the CMJ₂₀ (p < 0.05) and FS₂₀₋₃₀₋₄₀ (p < 0.01), while significantly worsening their acceleration capacity in all the splits (p < 0.01). Team B slightly worsened its MAS and significantly improved its application of strength in the CMJ₂₀ (p < 0.01) and FS₅₀₋₆₀ (p < 0.05). Its acceleration capacity improved insignificantly except for in the 20- to 30-m interval/T₂₀₋₃₀ (p < 0.05). The present study demonstrates that the use of loads as a function of the speed of movement, without the need to determine maximum repetitions is a methodology that is adequate for the improvement of the application of strength in under-19 soccer players.
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Walker S, Turner A. A One-Day Field Test Battery for the Assessment of Aerobic Capacity, Anaerobic Capacity, Speed, and Agility of Soccer Players. Strength Cond J 2009. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181c22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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