1
|
Chatterjee T, Bhattacharyya D, Yadav A, Pal M. Quantification of physiological and mental workloads of faster and slower finishers of a long-distance military training activity. BMJ Mil Health 2024; 170:342-347. [PMID: 36283744 DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-distance runs with equipment are practised in military training establishments to develop physical stamina and prepare for battles. A study was planned to quantify and compare the physiological and mental workloads of the early and late finishers of a military endurance run through the jungle terrain of north-eastern India in hot and humid conditions. METHODS Twenty-five soldiers of the Indian Army completed a 15 km run through a rural and jungle track with 6.5 kg of equipment. Twelve participants who finished the race before 130 min were categorised as 'early finishers', and 13 were categorised as 'late finishers' who finished the race after 130 min. Physiological parameters, viz., heart rate (HR), breathing rate (BR), estimated core temperature (ECT), peak acceleration (PAC), and physiological intensity (PHYI) and mechanical intensity (MECHI) were recorded using BioHarness V.3 (Zephyr Technologies, USA) and NASA Task Load Index scores were obtained to assess mental workload. Mann-Whitney U test was applied to assess the level of significance at a p value of <0.05. RESULTS HR, ECT and PAC were significantly higher (167.9 and 156.0 beats/min, 39.0℃ and 38.4℃, and 1.1 and 1.0 g, respectively) for the first group compared with the second group. The second group expressed higher BR and subjective responses ('total scores' were 76.5 and 82.5, respectively) than the first. The PHYI was significantly higher (from 7.2 to 6.3) for the first group, whereas the MECHI was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION The successful completion by the first group can be attributed to their motivation to continue heavy work in an adverse environment, and their ability to negotiate with natural obstacles was reflected through controlled subjective responses. Adoption of a possible safe and stable approach to the same task might have led the second group to take a longer duration, exert higher mental effort and demand lower physiological cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tirthankar Chatterjee
- Ergonomics, DRDO Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - D Bhattacharyya
- Ergonomics, DRDO Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - A Yadav
- Ergonomics, DRDO Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - M Pal
- Ergonomics, DRDO Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meadley B, Rogers M, Bowles KA, Caldwell J. The bookmark method to establish minimum performance standards for intensive care flight paramedics performing helicopter winch rescue. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 107:103934. [PMID: 36347089 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to use the bookmark method to establish minimum standards for selecting intensive care flight paramedics. Two subject matter expert (SME) focus groups reviewed nine videos of decreasing duration showing land and water helicopter rescue tasks. Focus Group 1 (FG1, n = 10) viewed videos individually off-site, whilst Focus Group 2 (FG2, n = 9) attended a face-to-face session. All SMEs selected the video they judged as the appropriate pace for the task then reviewed feedback. For both groups, the process was repeated until 80% agreement was achieved, or three rounds were completed (whichever occurred first). FG1 and FG2 achieved agreement after two rounds for the land task. For the water task, FG1 did not reach agreement. FG2 reached consensus after two rounds. The selected task durations were similar. The bookmark method is valuable to determine performance standards for performing winch rescue, and SMEs are more likely to reach consensus when face-to-face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Meadley
- Paramedic Health and Wellbeing Research Unit, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia; Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Matthew Rogers
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly-Ann Bowles
- Paramedic Health and Wellbeing Research Unit, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Caldwell
- Paramedic Health and Wellbeing Research Unit, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Orr RM, Lockie R, Milligan G, Lim C, Dawes J. Use of Physical Fitness Assessments in Tactical Populations. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
4
|
Paśko W, Guła P, Brożyna M, Dziadek B, Zadarko E, Śliż M, Polak K, Przednowek K. Psychomotor abilities of candidates for Polish Special Forces. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5075. [PMID: 35332229 PMCID: PMC8948284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combat tasks involving special units often put a mental and physical strain on the soldiers. During the military operation, soldiers may struggle with multiple difficulties such as extreme physical effort, sleep deprivation, weather conditions, limited access to food and stress. These circumstances require a high level of cognitive ability (including psychomotor abilities) to overcome the physiological stress response and to be able to quickly and efficiently make decisions under stressful situations, especially in combat. The aim of the study was to assess the level of the psychomotor abilities of candidates for the Polish Special Forces. The study comprised 48 candidates for the Polish Special Forces (age: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$30.06 \pm 2.87$$\end{document}30.06±2.87), 40 athletes (age: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$27.93 \pm 3.91$$\end{document}27.93±3.91) and 40 non-athletes (age: 24). The study was performed using Test2Drive software. Four computer-based tests were used to assess the following psychomotor abilities: simple reaction time, choice reaction time, hand-eye coordination and two-dimensional visuomotor coordination/spatial orientation test (SPANT). The analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences in reaction time and motor time between the study groups. The shortest reaction time in each test was observed in athletes, while the shortest motor time was observed in soldiers. All the psychomotor tests, except for the number of correct answers in SPANT, demonstrated statistically significant differences between the studied groups. It was also found that military training had a positive effect on the motor time in every psychomotor test. As regards the reaction time, it was observed that the athletes were characterised with better reaction times than the special forces candidates. The study has confirmed that military training and sports training have a positive effect on the level of psychomotor abilities, especially motor time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Paśko
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Guła
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maciej Brożyna
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Dziadek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Emilian Zadarko
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maciej Śliż
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Klementyna Polak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pattyn N, Van Cutsem J, Lacroix E, Van Puyvelde M, Cortoos A, Roelands B, Tibax V, Dessy E, Huret M, Rietjens G, Sannen M, Vliegen R, Ceccaldi J, Peffer J, Neyens E, Duvigneaud N, Van Tiggelen D. Lessons From Special Forces Operators for Elite Team Sports Training: How to Make the Whole Greater Than the Sum of the Parts. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:780767. [PMID: 35387153 PMCID: PMC8979572 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.780767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This methodology paper describes the design of a holistic and multidisciplinary human performance program within the Belgian Special Forces Group, the Tier 1 Special Operations unit of the Belgian Defense. Performance management approaches in the military draw heavily on sports science. The key component of the program design described here is its integrative nature, which team sports training might benefit from. The basic rationale behind the program was to bridge several gaps: the gap between physical and mental training; the gap between the curative or preventive medical approach and the performance enhancement approach; and the gap between individual and team training. To achieve this goal, the methodology of Intervention Mapping was applied, and a multidisciplinary team of training and care professionals was constituted with operational stakeholders. This was the first step in the program design. The second step took a year, and consisted of formal and informal consultations, participant observations and task analyses. These two first stages and their conclusions are described in the Method section. The Results section covers the next two stages (three and four) of the process, which aimed at defining the content of the program; and to test a pilot project implementation. The third stage encompassed the choice of the most relevant assessment and intervention tools for the target population, within each area of expertise. This is described extensively, to allow for replication. The fourth and last stage was to "test drive" the real-life integration and implementation of the whole program at the scale of a single team (8 individuals). For obvious confidentiality reasons, the content data will not be reported extensively here. Implications for wider-scale implementation and tie-back to sports team training are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pattyn
- VIPER Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- VIPER Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Lacroix
- VIPER Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Van Puyvelde
- VIPER Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
- Brain Body and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aisha Cortoos
- VIPER Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Brainwise Ltd, Overijse, Belgium
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veerle Tibax
- Directorate General Human Resources, Department of Defence, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Dessy
- VIPER Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magali Huret
- Centre for Mental Health, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerard Rietjens
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Korps Commandotroepen, Dutch Defence, Roosendaal, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Sannen
- Special Forces Group, Belgian Defence, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Vliegen
- Special Forces Group, Belgian Defence, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Ceccaldi
- Special Forces Group, Belgian Defence, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérémy Peffer
- Special Forces Group, Belgian Defence, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Neyens
- Medical Regional Centre in Beauvechain Air Base, Belgian Defense, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Duvigneaud
- Centre for Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Van Tiggelen
- Centre for Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Brussels, Belgium
- Department Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effects of Acute Stress on Psychophysiology in Armed Tactical Occupations: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031802. [PMID: 35162825 PMCID: PMC8834678 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform under extreme pressure is one of the most sought-after qualities in both sports and tactical (military, law enforcement, fire, and rescue, etc.) occupations. While tactical performance relies on both physical and mental capabilities to achieve a desired outcome, it is often hampered by the stressful environments in which these personnel work. The acute stress experienced by tactical personnel can interfere with occupational performance, impacting both physical execution of tasks and decision-making. This narrative review discusses the implications of acute stress on the psychophysiology and physical performance of personnel serving in armed tactical occupations.
Collapse
|
7
|
Stephenson MD, Thompson AG, Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Hagen JA. Applying Heart Rate Variability to Monitor Health and Performance in Tactical Personnel: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8143. [PMID: 34360435 PMCID: PMC8346173 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human performance optimization of tactical personnel requires accurate, meticulous, and effective monitoring of biological adaptations and systemic recovery. Due to an increased understanding of its importance and the commercial availability of assessment tools, the use of heart rate variability (HRV) to address this need is becoming more common in the tactical community. Measuring HRV is a non-invasive, practical method for objectively assessing a performer's readiness, workload, and recovery status; when combined with additional data sources and practitioner input, it provides an affordable and scalable solution for gaining actionable information to support the facilitation and maintenance of operational performance. This narrative review discusses the non-clinical use of HRV for assessing, monitoring, and interpreting autonomic nervous system resource availability, modulation, effectiveness, and efficiency in tactical populations. Broadly, HRV metrics represent a complex series of interactions resulting from internal and external stimuli; therefore, a general overview of HRV applications in tactical personnel is discussed, including the influence of occupational specific demands, interactions between cognitive and physical domains, and recommendations on implementing HRV for training and recovery insights into critical health and performance outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Stephenson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (A.G.T.); (J.J.M.); (J.D.S.); (J.A.H.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Royer SD, Poploski KM, Ross JA, Heebner NR, Abt JP, Sheppard RL, Winters JD. Training Strategies Maintain Performance Characteristics in Marines Selected for Marine Forces Special Operations Individualized Training Course. Mil Med 2021; 187:e1271-e1277. [PMID: 33825899 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Marines must complete an intensive Assessment and Selection (A&S) course before becoming a U.S. Marine Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC) Raider. Following selection, marines are given training recommendations designed to maintain performance characteristics deemed relevant to successfully complete a rigorous 9-month Individualized Training Course (ITC). However, training strategies are individually implemented by the marine, and the time between the two courses is highly irregular, ranging between 2 months and 24 months based on operational factors related to military occupational specialty (MOS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in performance between the completion of A&S and the start of ITC and to examine if the duration between courses and previous MOS influenced changes in performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Body fat percentage (BF%), anaerobic power (AP), anaerobic capacity (AC), aerobic capacity (VO2max), knee flexion (KF), knee extension (KE), trunk extension (TE), and trunk flexion (TF) isokinetic strength were collected on 38 marines (age: 25.1 ± 2.7 years, height: 1.77 ± 0.05 m, mass: 83.2 ± 7.7 kg, Post-A&S to ITC start: 204.1 ± 68.4 days) following A&S and directly before ITC. RESULTS Pre-ITC students had significantly greater mass (P = .002), BF% (P = .000), and AP (P = .039). There were no significant changes in AC (P = .170), VO2max (P = .259), KF (P = .400), KE (P = .320), TE (P = .178), and TF (P = .643). There was no significant relationship between performance outcomes and time between courses and previous MOS. CONCLUSION Current training strategies appear effective at addressing performance deficits that occur as a result of A&S, while maintaining high levels of KF, KE, TE, TF, AC, and VO2max. However, pre-ITC students still exhibited AP deficits compared to active marine raiders, so forthcoming programming may benefit from an increased emphasis on AP. Assessment of additional selectees at these timepoints, as well as students before A&S may provide valuable information to MARSOC human performance specialists to develop programing, ultimately leading to a higher ITC graduation rate, increased force readiness, and decreased financial burden forcewide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Royer
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Kathleen M Poploski
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeremy A Ross
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Nicholas R Heebner
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - John P Abt
- Children's Health Andrews Institute for Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Plano, TX 75024, USA
| | - Ryan L Sheppard
- United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Joshua D Winters
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thomas E, Alesi M, Tabacchi G, da Silva CM, Sturm DJ, Şahin FN, Güler Ö, Gómez-López M, Pajaujiene S, Basile M, Rada A, Palma A, Bianco A. Cognitive and Physical Activity-Related Aspects of Children Associated to the Performance of the Crunning Movement. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6010009. [PMID: 33462170 PMCID: PMC7838865 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to identify possible related factors associated to the performance of the crunning test in European children and adolescents. A total number of 559 children and adolescents (age range 6-14 years) of which 308 boys (55.1%) and 251 girls (44.9%), from seven European countries, were screened. A questionnaire concerning demographic and personal life-related factors and a cognitive assessment were performed. A regression analysis was conducted with the performance measures of the crunning movement. T-tests and ANCOVA were used to analyze sub-group differences. Boys have greater crunning performance values compared to girls (5.55 s vs. 7.06 s, p < 0.001) and older children perform better than younger ones (R2 -0.23; p < 0.001). Children with healthy and active habits (exercising or spending time with family members vs. reading or surfing the internet) performed better in the test. Children engaged in team sports had better crunning performances compared to those engaged in individual sports (6.01 s vs. 6.66 s, p = 0.0166). No significant association was found regarding cognitive-related aspects in either children engaged in team or individual sports and the crunning performance. Older and male children performed better in the crunning test than younger and female children. Physical activity-related aspects of children's life are associated with crunning movement performance. No association was found between higher cognitive performance and the crunning test results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.); (G.T.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3208899934
| | - Marianna Alesi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.); (G.T.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Garden Tabacchi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.); (G.T.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Carlos Marques da Silva
- CIEQV-Life Quality Research Centre, Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior-IPSANTAREM, Avenida Dr. Mário Soares, 20413 RIO Maior, Portugal;
| | - David J. Sturm
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Uptown Munich Campus D, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992 Munich, Germany;
| | - Fatma Neşe Şahin
- Department of Sport and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Golbaşı Yerleşkesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Golbaşı, 06830 Ankara, Turkey; (F.N.Ş.); (Ö.G.)
| | - Özkan Güler
- Department of Sport and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Golbaşı Yerleşkesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Golbaşı, 06830 Ankara, Turkey; (F.N.Ş.); (Ö.G.)
| | - Manuel Gómez-López
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Calle Argentina, s/n., 30720 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Simona Pajaujiene
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Michele Basile
- University of Palermo Sport Center (CUS Palermo), Via Altofonte, 80, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Ante Rada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.); (G.T.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.); (G.T.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hinde KL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Wardle SL. Measuring Protein Turnover in the Field: Implications for Military Research. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:887-896. [PMID: 33079983 PMCID: PMC8166569 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein turnover reflects the continual synthesis and breakdown of body proteins, and can be measured at a whole-body (i.e. aggregated across all body proteins) or tissue (e.g. skeletal muscle only) level using stable isotope methods. Evaluating protein turnover in free-living environments, such as military training, can help inform protein requirements. We undertook a narrative review of published literature with the aim of reviewing the suitability of, and advancements in, stable isotope methods for measuring protein turnover in field research. The 2 primary approaches for measuring protein turnover are based on precursor- and end-product methods. The precursor method is the gold-standard for measuring acute (over several hours) skeletal muscle protein turnover, whereas the end-product method measures chronic (over several weeks) skeletal muscle protein turnover and provides the opportunity to monitor free-living activities. Both methods require invasive procedures such as the infusion of amino acid tracers and muscle biopsies to assess the uptake of the tracer into tissue. However, the end-product method can also be used to measure acute (over 9-24 h) whole-body protein turnover noninvasively by ingesting 15N-glycine, or equivalent isotope tracers, and collecting urine samples. The end-product method using 15N-glycine is a practical method for measuring whole-body protein turnover in the field over short (24 h) time frames and has been used effectively in recent military field research. Application of this method may improve our understanding of protein kinetics during conditions of high physiological stress in free-living environments such as military training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Hinde
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Heileson JL, Funderburk LK. The effect of fish oil supplementation on the promotion and preservation of lean body mass, strength, and recovery from physiological stress in young, healthy adults: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:1001-1014. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
Military personnel are subjected to physiologically stressful environments during combat and its associated training. Evidence suggests that fish oil–derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (FO n-3 PUFAs) may affect military personnel’s performance by promoting or preserving lean body mass, strength, and power, while enhancing recovery from training-associated muscle damage.
Objective
Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review assessed the evidence for FO n-3 PUFA supplementation across various military-relevant outcomes related to physical performance in healthy adult populations.
Data Sources
The PubMed, Embase, and the CINAHL databases were searched along with references lists of selected articles and reviews.
Data Extraction
Eighteen trials were assessed for bias, and descriptive data were extracted.
Data Analysis
Of the 18 studies included, 12 trials favored FO n-3 PUFA supplementation in ≥ 1 of the performance outcomes.
Conclusion
Overall, FO n-3 PUFA supplementation likely preserves strength and very likely enhances recovery from physiological stress in young, healthy adults. However, FO n-3 PUFAs’ role in promoting or preserving lean body mass or promoting strength is unclear and warrants additional investigation.
Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020152786.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Heileson
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - LesLee K Funderburk
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Field-Based Tests for the Assessment of Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents Practicing Sport: A Systematic Review within the ESA Program. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11247187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High levels of physical fitness (PF) can positively affect both health and cognitive function, thus monitoring its levels in youth can help increase health and quality of life in adult populations later on. This systematic review aims to identify PF field-based tests used in young European populations practicing sport to find tools that are adequate for the considered target involving a new battery within the Enriched Sport Activities (ESA) project. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed. In the 83 identified articles, the main tests used were: vertical/horizontal jumps (for muscular strength/power); push-ups, running at maximum effort, sit-ups (for muscular strength/endurance); multistage non-intermittent and intermittent tests (for aerobic endurance); sit and reach (for flexibility); sprinting and agility T-tests (for speed and agility, respectively); 10 × 5 m shuttle run (SR) (for both speed and agility). Few studies assessed coordination, reaction time, power, and balance. Although the selected tests are widely used and validated, they do not determine all PF aspects and do not reflect sport-specific features. A final decision was made for the inclusion of the following tests: standing broad jump, seated medicine ball throw, 20 m SR test, 30 m sprint, Illinois test, and a new test, i.e., the crunning test, to assess different skill-related components at once. The use of this combination of tests allows for the assessment of all PF components and can help planning effective training programs and cultivate sporting talent.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ojanen T, Häkkinen K, Vasankari T, Kyröläinen H. Changes in Physical Performance During 21 d of Military Field Training in Warfighters. Mil Med 2019; 183:e174-e181. [PMID: 29420780 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Few studies have reported the amount of physical activity (PA) and its associations to physical performance of warfighters during military field training (MFT). The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in neuromuscular performance and PA among male Finnish Army conscripts during a 21-d MFT and to evaluate their recovery during 4 d after MFT. Methods Body composition and physical performance were measured four times during the study (before MFT (PRE), after 12 d (MID), post training (POST) and after 4 d of recovery (RECO)). PA was measured throughout MFT in a group of healthy young male conscripts (n=49) by using a tri-axial accelerometer. The study was approved by the Finnish Defence Forces and was granted ethics approval by the Ethics Committee of the University of Jyväskylä. Results Body mass declined significantly from 73.5 ± 8.7 to 71.6 ± 8.2 kg, but it recovered close to the PRE values (73.0 ± 8.3 kg). The same trend was also found in skeletal muscle mass and fat mass. The change in body mass and in skeletal muscle mass correlated negatively with the change in vigorous physical activity (r = -0.374, p = 0.016, and r = -0.337, p = 0.031, respectively). Muscular endurance decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in sit-ups from the PRE (46 ± 9 reps/min) values compared with MID (40 ± 8 reps/min), POST (42 ± 8 reps/min), and RECO (34 ± 11 reps/min) values. Also in push-ups, the declines in the POST (34 ± 10 reps/min) and RECO (34 ± 13 reps/min) values (p < 0.001) from the PRE (40 ± 13 reps/min) and MID (39 ± 12 reps/min) values were observed. There was a significant decrease in a standing long jump in all measurement points MID (220 ± 20 cm), POST (216 ± 20 cm), and RECO (213 ± 20 cm) as compared with the PRE values (229 ± 23 cm, p < 0.001). There was no change in 3.2 km loaded march time between the PRE (23:57 ± 4:12 min:s) and POST (23:44 ± 5:02 min:s) measurement time points. In PA, the total number of steps per day was significantly (p < 0.001) greater during ST (13,722 ± 2,379 steps) and MFT (13,937 ± 2,276 steps) than during garrison days (9,550 ± 2,569 steps). In POST, there was significantly (p < 0.001) more light (1.5-3.0 metabolic equivalent) (2:34:38 ± 0:22:53 h:min:s in ST and 3:03:27 ± 0:23:24 h:min:s in MFT) and moderate (3.0-6.0 metabolic equivalent) (2:12:15 ± 0:23:14 h:min:s in ST and 2:47:59 ± 0:27:23 h:min:s in MFT) PA than in the PRE measurements. Conclusion This study demonstrated slight decrements in warfighter physical performance during the 21-d MFT. The conscripts were overloaded during MFT, but 4 d of recovery seemed not to be enough to obtain the PRE measurement values in physical performance. This study also showed changes in the muscular endurance levels and PA during the 21-d MFT. It is important for warfighters to have a good physical fitness level PRE training or combat. As the prolonged MFT may have adverse effects in warfighters muscular endurance and PA levels, it is important to have sufficient recovery time after long MFT to regain combat readiness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Ojanen
- Finnish Defence Research Agency, Finnish Defence Forces, P.O. Box 5, 04401 Järvenpää, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, P.O. Box 30, 33501 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.,National Defence University, P.O. Box 7, 00861 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kyröläinen H, Pihlainen K, Vaara JP, Ojanen T, Santtila M. Optimising training adaptations and performance in military environment. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1131-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Dhahbi W, Sellami M, Chaouachi A, Padulo J, Milic M, Mekki I, Chamari K. Seasonal weather conditions affect training program efficiency and physical performance among special forces trainees: A long-term follow-up study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206088. [PMID: 30335826 PMCID: PMC6193725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to follow-up the effect of specific commandos' training-cycles (SCTCs) on upper-body strength resistance and running endurance performance, as well as determine whether variation in seasonal parameters has any effect on physical performance. Fourteen SCTCs were held over eight years, involving 466 participants. Participants were assigned to four subgroups according to their distribution over the seasons: summer (n = 124), autumn (n = 145), winter (n = 52) and spring (n = 145). Before and after each SCTC, four tests (maximal pull-up, push-up and sit-up repetitions in 70-seconds for muscle strength resistance) and a 5-km cross-country run (endurance) were performed. Seasonal data were continuously recorded during all SCTCs. Body mass decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all groups following SCTCs. These training-cycles induced a significant increase (p<0.05) in the 70-seconds push-ups, pull-ups and sit-ups and a decrease (p<0.01) in the 5-km cross-country running time among all trainees. The main effect of the season was present in all tests (p<0.01). With regard to the percentage of changes, the results from the 70-seconds push-up, pull-up and sit-up tests were significantly higher in winter and spring (p<0.01) compared with the two other seasons, while 5-km cross-country performance improvements were significantly higher (p<0.01) in spring and summer, compared to the two other seasons. In summary,14-week of SCTCs improved upper-body strength resistance and running endurance performance in the commandos. Improvements in strength resistance performance were greater during cool weather (winter and spring), while improvements in running endurance performance were higher during hotter (spring and summer) seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wissem Dhahbi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimisation”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
- Qatar Police College, Training Department, Doha, Qatar
- Tunisian National Guard Commandos School, Oued Zarga, Tunisia
- University of Qatar, College of Arts and Sciences (Qu-CAS), Sport Science Program (SSP), Doha, Qatar
| | - Maha Sellami
- University of Qatar, College of Arts and Sciences (Qu-CAS), Sport Science Program (SSP), Doha, Qatar
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimisation”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimisation”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
- University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Milic
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, Croatia
| | - Imed Mekki
- Tunisian National Guard Commandos School, Oued Zarga, Tunisia
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ojanen T, Kyröläinen H, Igendia M, Häkkinen K. Effect of Prolonged Military Field Training on Neuromuscular and Hormonal Responses and Shooting Performance in Warfighters. Mil Med 2018; 183:e705-e712. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Ojanen
- Finnish Defence Research Agency, Finnish Defence Forces, Järvenpää, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä., Jyväskylä, Finland
- National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Igendia
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä., Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä., Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Colosio AL, Pogliaghi S. Quantification of energy expenditure of military loaded runs: what is the performance of laboratory-based equations when applied to the field environment? J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2018; 164:253-258. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2017-000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionPerformance during army loaded runs provides a synthetic indicator of a soldier’s capacity to move while carrying loads and thereby remain able to execute a mission. The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the energy expenditure (EE) of army loaded runs, conducted in a field environment using laboratory-based equations and HR index (HRindex).Methods45 Ranger recruits had HR monitored during three loaded runs (10, 15 and 20 km) in full military equipment in the field environment. EE was calculated using reference equations (EE-Eq) and estimates of oxygen consumption based on HRindex (EE-HRindex). Correspondence between EE-Eq and EE-HRindex estimates was evaluated using a two-way analysis of variance, correlation test and Bland-Altman analysis.ResultsEE-Eq relative to time and weight was significantly higher for the 10 km (0.175±0.016) compared with 15 and 20 km (0.163±0.016 and 0.160±0.013 kcal/kg/min, not different). The overall EE-Eq increased significantly with distance (1129±59, 1703±80 and 2250±115 kcal for 10, 15 and 20 km). EE-Eq was not different from and highly correlated with EE-HRindex, with a small and non-significant bias and good precision between methods.ConclusionsOur study provides the first comprehensive data on HR and EE during long-distance loaded army runs, in full combat equipment, in actual field conditions. Equation-based estimates of EE during these heavy-intensity activities were not significantly different from and highly correlated with HR-based estimates. This corroborates the general applicability of the predictive equations in the field environment. Furthermore, our study suggests that time-resolved HR-based estimates of EE during army runs can be used to evaluate for the effects of context specificity, individual variability and fatigue in movement economy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Borms D, Maenhout A, Cools AM. Upper Quadrant Field Tests and Isokinetic Upper Limb Strength in Overhead Athletes. J Athl Train 2016; 51:789-796. [PMID: 27834503 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Isokinetic testing is used to determine possible deficits in upper extremity strength in overhead athletes. Given that isokinetic testing is restricted to a laboratory setting, field tests, such as the Seated Medicine Ball Throw (SMBT) and Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-UQ), were developed to assess upper body performance. The relationships between these field tests and isokinetic strength have not been examined. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between isokinetic strength testing for shoulder external and internal rotation and elbow flexion and extension and SMBT distance and YBT-UQ performance in overhead athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Institutional laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 29 healthy overhead athletes (14 men, 15 women; age = 21.6 ± 2.5 years, height = 177.7 ± 9.7 cm, mass = 70.3 ± 11.5 kg). INTERVENTION(S) A Biodex dynamometer was used to measure the isokinetic strength of the shoulder and elbow muscles. Upper extremity performance was assessed using the SMBT and YBT-UQ. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We used Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination to analyze the relationship between SMBT and YBT-UQ performance and the isokinetic strength variables. RESULTS We observed moderate to strong correlations between the SMBT and isokinetic shoulder and elbow strength (r range = 0.595-0.855) but no correlations between the YBT-UQ and isokinetic strength variables. The shared variance between these strength variables and the SMBT ranged from 35.4% to 64.5% for shoulder strength and 58.5% to 73.1% for elbow strength. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that the SMBT is a reliable, low-cost, and easy- and quick-to-administer alternative to isokinetic testing for evaluating upper extremity strength in a clinical setting. Performance on the YBT-UQ did not seem to be related to upper limb strength and, therefore, cannot be used for this purpose. Using the YBT-UQ for other purposes may have value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Borms
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Annelies Maenhout
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ann M Cools
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Colosio AL, Fontana FY, Pogliaghi S. Attrition in Italian Ranger trainees during special forces training program: a preliminary investigation. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Dhahbi W, Chamari K, Chèze L, Behm DG, Chaouachi A. External Responsiveness and Intrasession Reliability of the Rope-Climbing Test. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2952-8. [PMID: 26849786 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dhahbi, W, Chamari, K, Chèze, L, Behm, DG, and Chaouachi, A. External responsiveness and intrasession reliability of the rope-climbing test. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2952-2958, 2016-Although the rope-climbing test (RCT) has been validated for upper-body power assessment of Commando soldiers, the external responsiveness and intrasession reliability of the RCT have not been reported. To examine RCT external responsiveness and intrasession reliability, this study consisted of 2 separate phases. Forty male soldiers belonging to the special units of the National Guard, selected on the basis of their training and specialty operations levels, participated in the first phase of the study to identify the discriminant ability of RCT. This group was then divided into anti-terrorism Commandos (21 soldiers) and Intervention-Brigade (19 soldiers). Only the anti-terrorism Commandos participated in the intrasession reliability study. The Commandos were significantly better than the Intervention-Brigade soldiers on execution time (ET), absolute power output (APO), and relative power output (RPO; p < 0.001). The areas under the receiver operator characteristics curves were all higher than 0.70: 0.91, 0.85, and 0.90 for ET, APO, and RPO, respectively. The RCT provided good external responsiveness; thus, RCT was considered to indicate "good" discriminative ability. No significant difference was found between groups in posttest rating of perceived exertion. The intrasession reliability coefficients were excellent for ET, APO, and RPO (intraclass correlation coefficient [3,1] > 0.90). The standard errors of measurement values for the ET, APO, and RPO were all less than 5% (range: 1.29-1.47%). The main findings of this study suggest that RCT is a tool with both high sensitivity and intrasession reliability, allowing the consistent detection of differences in upper-limb power performance between the 2 military groups of different operational capacity levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wissem Dhahbi
- 1Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia; 2Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar; 3University of Tunis El Manar, Science Faculty of Tunis, Tunisia; 4University of Lyon, F-69622, Lyon; IFSTTAR, LBMC, UMR_T9406, Bron; Lyon University 1, Villeurbanne, France; 5University Center of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System; 6School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada; and University; and 7Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hoffman MW, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Landua G, Fukuda DH, Sharvit N, Moran DS, Carmon E, Ostfeld I. Critical Velocity Is Associated With Combat-Specific Performance Measures in a Special Forces Unit. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:446-53. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
22
|
Havenetidis K. The use of creatine supplements in the military. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2015; 162:242-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2014-000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|