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Sankari M, Vaara JP, Pihlainen K, Ojanen T, Kyröläinen H. Lower-body muscular power predicts performance on urban combat simulation. Work 2024; 77:1331-1340. [PMID: 38517830 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military operations in urban environments requires faster movements and therefore may place greater demands on soldier strength and anaerobic ability. OBJECTIVE The aim was to study how physical fitness and body composition are associated with occupational test for urban combat soldiers before and after a 5-day military field exercise (MFE). METHODS Twenty-six conscripts (age = 20±1 yrs.) volunteered, of which thirteen completed the study. Occupational performance was determined by using the newly developed Urban Combat Simulation test (UCS); which included 50-m sprinting, moving a truck tire (56 kg) 2 meters with a sledgehammer, a 12-m kettlebell carry (2×20 kg) up the stairs with a 3-m ascent, 4-time sandbag lifts (20 kg) with obstacle crossing, and a 20-m mannequin (85 kg) drag. Aerobic and muscle fitness, as well as anaerobic capacity were measured, and, body composition was assessed with multifrequency bioimpedance analysis. RESULTS The UCS performance correlated significantly with standing long jump performance, as well as lower and upper body maximal strength before (r = -0.56 to -0.66) and after (r = -0.59 to -0.68) MFE, and, with body mass and FFM before (r = -0.81 to -0.83) and after (r = -0.86 to -0.91) MFE. In the regression analyses, fat free mass (R2 = 0.50, p = 0.01) and counter movement jump in combat load (R2 = 0.46, p = 0.009) most strongly explained the UCS performance. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that muscle mass and lower body explosive force production together with maximal strength are key fitness components related to typical urban combat soldiers' military tasks. Physical training developing these components are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Sankari
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani P Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Training Division of Defence Command, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Ojanen
- Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Research Agency, Tuusula, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Shaw J, Gould ZI, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS. Physical Determinants of Golf Swing Performance: Considerations for Youth Golfers. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bchini S, Hammami N, Ouerghi N, Zalleg D, Bouassida A. The relationship between lower limb muscle volume and peak vertical jump power in children. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-220024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vertical jump is an index representing leg power. It is important to determine factors that influence the vertical jump to help athletes improve their leg power. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the relationship between lower limbs muscle volume and peak vertical jump (VJ) power in children for both sexes. METHODS: Fourty children healthy boys (n= 20) and girls (n= 20) aged 10 to 12 years old, randomly performed three VJ modalities: squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump without (CMJ) and with arm swings (CMJarms). Lower limbs muscle volume (MV) estimated using a standard anthropometric method. Peak power (PP) calculated by Sayers equation. RESULTS: significant correlations between MV and Peak vertical jump power showed for both sexes. Likewise, significant correlations were found between MV and body mass for boys (r= 0.66; p= 0.001) and for girls (r= 0.59; p= 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: The correlation observed between peak vertical jump power and MV in both sexes can be considered as estimation tool of the lower limbs muscle power. Lower limb’s muscle volume are determining factor in muscle power for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Bchini
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of La Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Nadhir Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of La Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Nejmeddine Ouerghi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of La Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dalenda Zalleg
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of La Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Bouassida
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of La Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
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Potential Energy as an Alternative for Assessing Lower Limb Peak Power in Children: A Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106300. [PMID: 35627836 PMCID: PMC9140554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the use of potential energy (PE) as an alternative method to assess peak power of the lower limbs (PP) in children. 815 Spanish children (416 girls; 6–11 years old; Body Mass Index groups (n): underweight = 40, normal weight = 431, overweight = 216, obese = 128) were involved in this study. All participants performed a Countermovement Jump (CMJ) test. PP was calculated using Duncan (PPDUNCAN), Gomez-Bruton (PPGOMEZ) and PECMJ formulas. A model with PECMJ as the predictor variable showed a higher predictive accuracy with PPDUNCAN and PPGOMEZ than CMJ height (R2 = 0.99 and 0.97, respectively; ELPDdiff = 1037.0 and 646.7, respectively). Moreover, PECMJ showed a higher linear association with PPDUNCAN and PPGOMEZ across BMI groups than CMJ height (βPECMJ range from 0.67 to 0.77 predicting PPDUNCAN; and from 0.90 to 1.13 predicting PPGOMEZ). Our results provide further support for proposing PECMJ as an index to measure PP of the lower limbs, taking into account the children’s weight and not only the height of the jump. Therefore, we suggest the use of PECMJ in physical education classes as a valid method for estimating PP among children when laboratory methods are not feasible.
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Hong WH, Lo SF, Wu HC, Chiu MC. Effects of compression garment on muscular efficacy, proprioception, and recovery after exercise-induced muscle fatigue onset for people who exercise regularly. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264569. [PMID: 35226703 PMCID: PMC8884515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a major cause of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Compression garments (CGs) can aid post-exercise recovery, therefore, this study explored the effects of CGs on muscular efficacy, proprioception, and recovery after exercise-induced muscle fatigue in people who exercise regularly. Twelve healthy participants who exercised regularly were enrolled in this study. Each participant completed an exercise-induced muscle fatigue test while wearing a randomly assigned lower-body CG or sports pants (SP); after at least 7 days, the participant repeated the test while wearing the other garment. The dependent variables were muscle efficacy, proprioception (displacements of center of pressure/COP, and absolute error), and fatigue recovery (muscle oxygen saturation/SmO2, deoxygenation and reoxygenation rate, and subjective muscle soreness). A two-way repeated measure analysis of variance was conducted to determine the effect of garment type. The results indicated that relative to SP use, CG use can promote muscle efficacy, proprioception in ML displacement of COP, and fatigue recovery. Higher deoxygenation and reoxygenation rates were observed with CG use than with SP use. For CG use, SmO2 quickly returned to baseline value after 10 min of rest and was maintained at a high level until after 1 h of rest, whereas for SP use, SmO2 increased with time after fatigue onset. ML displacement of COP quickly returned to baseline value after 10 min of rest and subsequently decreased until after 1 hour of rest. Relative to SP use, CG use was associated with a significantly lower ML displacement after 20 min of rest. In conclusion, proprioception and SmO2 recovery was achieved after 10 min of rest; however, at least 24 h may be required for recovery pertaining to muscle efficacy and soreness regardless of CG or SP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsien Hong
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Foon Lo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chieh Wu
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chi Chiu
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Management, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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White MGE, Bezodis NE, Neville J, Summers H, Rees P. Determining jumping performance from a single body-worn accelerometer using machine learning. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263846. [PMID: 35143555 PMCID: PMC8830617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
External peak power in the countermovement jump is frequently used to monitor athlete training. The gold standard method uses force platforms, but they are unsuitable for field-based testing. However, alternatives based on jump flight time or Newtonian methods applied to inertial sensor data have not been sufficiently accurate for athlete monitoring. Instead, we developed a machine learning model based on characteristic features (functional principal components) extracted from a single body-worn accelerometer. Data were collected from 69 male and female athletes at recreational, club or national levels, who performed 696 jumps in total. We considered vertical countermovement jumps (with and without arm swing), sensor anatomical locations, machine learning models and whether to use resultant or triaxial signals. Using a novel surrogate model optimisation procedure, we obtained the lowest errors with a support vector machine when using the resultant signal from a lower back sensor in jumps without arm swing. This model had a peak power RMSE of 2.3 W·kg-1 (5.1% of the mean), estimated using nested cross validation and supported by an independent holdout test (2.0 W·kg-1). This error is lower than in previous studies, although it is not yet sufficiently accurate for a field-based method. Our results demonstrate that functional data representations work well in machine learning by reducing model complexity in applications where signals are aligned in time. Our optimisation procedure also was shown to be robust can be used in wider applications with low-cost, noisy objective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G. E. White
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil E. Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon Neville
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Huw Summers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Rees
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Gülü M, Akalan C. A new peak-power estimation equations in 12 to 14 years-old soccer players. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27383. [PMID: 34596159 PMCID: PMC8483844 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an age and soccer-specific regression equation to estimate the peak power of children aged 12-14 from the height of their vertical jumps using a large sample (n = 188). This study included 188 male soccer players (age, 12.6 ± 0.55; height, 153.31 ± 8.38 cm; and body weight, 43.65 ± 7.58 kg). Their actual peak power values obtained from vertical jumps were recorded using a force platform. The body weights of the participants were measured using Tanita. A regression model was developed using body weight and vertical jump values. All data were analyzed with the IBM SPSS (version 21) statistical analysis program. A multiple linear regression model was used to generate the best estimation of peak power. In this regression model, Power = -1714,116 + [(47.788 ∗ body weight (kg)] + [(58,976 ∗ Countermovement jump height (cm)]. Actual peak power is highly predictable for 12-14-year-old football players. In line with the new model, the actual peak power values obtained in this study were close to the estimated peak power values obtained with the Tufano formula. This may be because of the larger sample size and the same branch used for both equation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gülü
- Kirikkale University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Akalan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Schons P, da Silva ES, Coertjens M, Oliveira HB, Fischer G, Costa RR, Preissler AAB, Knorst MM, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. The relationship between height of vertical jumps, functionality and fall episodes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A case-control study. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111457. [PMID: 34157377 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the height of jumps and functional parameters in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to those in healthy people, in addition to assessing the relationship among variables in patients with COPD. Twenty patients with COPD (forced expiratory volume [FEV1] % of predicted: 39.98 ± 11.69%; age: 62.95 ± 8.06 years) and 16 healthy people (FEV1% of predicted: 97.44 ± 14.45%; age: 59.94 ± 6.43 years) were evaluated, and all participants performed the Squat Jump (SJ) and Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) tests to assess rapid force considering the jumping height. Functional capacity was assessed using the self-selected walking speed tests, walking speed in 10 m, walking test in 6 min, balance on one leg, sitting and standing, timed up and go, and a stair-climbing test. In addition, the questionnaires on recall of falls, Falls Efficacy Scale-International (concern with falling), International Physical Activity Questionnaires, and Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire were administered. The height of the jumps showed no difference between the groups, but the COPD group performed worse in most functional tests and was more afraid of falling. The number of falls was correlated with height in the SJ (r = -0.51) and CMJ (r = -0.62) jumps (p < 0.05), and with the performance in different functional tests. We suggest that interventions targeting rapid force may bring improvements in functional mobility and physical fitness as well as reducing fall episodes in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Schons
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson Soares da Silva
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Coertjens
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Fischer
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rochelle Rocha Costa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marli Maria Knorst
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Alexandre Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Güçlüöver A, Gülü M. Developing a new muscle power prediction equation through vertical jump power output in adolescent women. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20882. [PMID: 32569237 PMCID: PMC7310737 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Explosive power is a performance determinant in many sports activities. Vertical jump tests for assessing power output are widely employed. Accurate and reliable methods are needed to predict human power output using the widely employed vertical jump height.To determine vertical jump capacity by using force platform in high school-level girls and to develop an equation that predict vertical jump muscle power (MP) (watts) through body composition and vertical jump height.An experimental group consisting of 87 high school-level young sedentary girls (mean; age; 16.49 ± 1.93, height;161.25 ± 6.21, weight; 55.59 ± 10.27) and a validation (control) group consisting of a similar population of 30 people (mean; age; 16.14 ± 1.31, height; 163.30 ± 6.28, weight; 56.65 ± 9.59), participated in this study. A stepwise linear regression model, including fat free body mass, vertical jump height and fat percentage as independent parameters was applied to develop a new muscle power (MP) estimation equation. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated between actual and predicted MP.The new prediction equation obtained from regression analysis for muscle power (MP) could explain 74.5% (R) of the variation. A strong and high correlation was observed between the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients of the actual and predicted MP (experimental; r = 0.863; P < .000) and (control; r = 0.898; P < .000).The direct measurements of muscle power (MP) require researchers to access costly and complex instruments. This need will be met by the MP estimation equations obtained from a simple vertical jump height and body composition measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Güçlüöver
- Kirikkale University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kirikkale
| | - Mehmet Gülü
- Ankara University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Morin JB, Jiménez-Reyes P, Brughelli M, Samozino P. When Jump Height is not a Good Indicator of Lower Limb Maximal Power Output: Theoretical Demonstration, Experimental Evidence and Practical Solutions. Sports Med 2020; 49:999-1006. [PMID: 30805913 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lower limb external maximal power output capacity is a key physical component of performance in many sports. During squat jump and countermovement jump tests, athletes produce high amounts of mechanical work over a short duration to displace their body mass (i.e. the dimension of mechanical power). Thus, jump height has been frequently used by the sports science and medicine communities as an indicator of the power output produced during the jump and by extension, of maximal power output capacity. However, in this article, we contend that squat jump and countermovement jump height are not systematically good indicators of power output produced during the jump and maximal power output capacity. To support our opinion, we first detail why, theoretically, jump height and maximal power output capacity are not fully related. Specifically, we demonstrate that individual body mass, push-off distance, optimal loading and the force-velocity profile confound the jump height-power relationship. We also discuss the relationship between squat jump or countermovement jump height and maximal power output capacity measured with a force plate based on data reported in the literature, which added to our own experimental evidence. Finally, we discuss the limitations of existing practical solutions (regression-based estimation equations and allometric scaling), and advocate using a valid, reliable and simple field-based procedure to compute individual power output produced during the jump and maximal power output capacity directly from jump height, body mass and push-off distance. The latter may allow researchers and practitioners to reduce bias in their assessment of lower limb mechanical power output by using jump height as an input with a simple yet accurate computation method, and not as the first/only variable of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoit Morin
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France. .,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | - Matt Brughelli
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
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11
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Montalvo S, Dorgo S. The effect of different stretching protocols on vertical jump measures in college age gymnasts. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 59:1956-1962. [PMID: 31933341 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gymnastics is a sport that requires rapid display of explosive power expressed through the vertical jump. Recent studies have shown that a static-stretching based warm-up is ineffective for explosive power development. The aim of this study was to compare different stretching protocols and their effect on vertical jump measures. METHODS Eleven gymnasts (9 males, 2 females; 23.18±2.52 yrs) participated in this randomized crossover study. Participants were measured on the countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SQJ), and depth jump (DJ) at baseline (no warm-up). Participants were then randomly placed into one of four stretching protocols: Static (ST), dynamic (DY), static + dynamic (ST+DY), and dynamic + static (DY+ST) and tested on the CMJ, SQJ, and DJ. A photoelectric cell device was used to measure vertical jump height (VJH), flight time (FT), power output (PO), and Reactive Strength Index (RSI). The non-parametric Friedman test was used to test differences between stretching protocols. RESULTS The DY protocol showed significant improvements in VJH, FT, and PO in the CMJ. The ST, ST+DY, and DY+ST protocols did not show any significant improvements. CONCLUSIONS A warm-up consisting of dynamic movements that resemble those used in the sport of gymnastics can improve vertical jump measures, as reflected through the CMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Montalvo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA -
| | - Sandor Dorgo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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Gomez-Bruton A, Gabel L, Nettlefold L, Macdonald H, Race D, McKay H. Estimation of Peak Muscle Power From a Countermovement Vertical Jump in Children and Adolescents. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:390-398. [PMID: 28570492 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gomez-Bruton, A, Gabel, L, Nettlefold, L, Macdonald, H, Race, D, and McKay, H. Estimation of peak muscle power from a countermovement vertical jump in children and adolescents. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 390-398, 2019-Several equations to predict muscle power (MP) from vertical jump height (VJH) have been developed in adults. However, few have been derived in children. We therefore aimed to: (a) evaluate the validity of existing MP estimation equations from a vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) in children and adolescents and (b) develop and validate a new MP estimation equation for use in children and adolescents. We measured peak MP (in watts) and VJH (in centimeters) during a CMJ using a force platform in 249 children and adolescents (9-17 years; 119 boys and 130 girls). We compared actual (force platform) with predicted (12 existing prediction equations) MP using repeated-measures analysis of variance and estimated bias using modified Bland-Altman plots. We developed a new prediction equation using stepwise linear regression, assessed predictive error using leave-one-out and 10-fold cross-validation, and externally validated the equation in an independent sample (n = 100). All existing prediction equations demonstrated some degree of bias, either systematic bias (mean differences ranging 178-1,377 W; 8-64%) or bias at the extremes or interactions with sex. Our new prediction equation estimates MP from VJH and body mass: Power (W) = 54.2 × VJH (cm) + 34.4 × body mass (kg) - 1,520.4. With this new equation, there was no difference between actual and predicted MP (0%) and negligible differences (0.2-0.9%) in R and root mean square error between our observed and cross-validated sets. Actual and predicted MP were not different in our external validation (p = 0.12). The new equation demonstrates excellent validity and can be used to predict MP from a CMJ in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gomez-Bruton
- GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Leigh Gabel
- Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lindsay Nettlefold
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heather Macdonald
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Douglas Race
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heather McKay
- Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Kons RL, Ache-Dias J, Detanico D, Barth J, Dal Pupo J. Is Vertical Jump Height an Indicator of Athletes' Power Output in Different Sport Modalities? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:708-715. [PMID: 29466272 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Kons, RL, Ache-Dias, J, Detanico, D, Barth, J, and Dal Pupo, J. Is vertical jump height an indicator of athletes' power output in different sports modalities? J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 708-715, 2018-This study aimed to identify whether the ratio standard is adequate for the scaling of peak power output (PPO) for body mass (BM) in athletes of different sports and to verify classification agreement for athletes involved in different sports using PPO scaled for BM and jump height (JH). One hundred and twenty-four male athletes divided into 3 different groups-combat sports, team sports, and runners-participated in this study. Participants performed the countermovement jump on a force plate. Peak power output and JH were calculated from the vertical ground reaction force. We found different allometric exponents for each modality, allowing the use of the ratio standard for team sports. For combat sports and runners, the ratio standard was not considered adequate, and therefore, a specific allometric exponent for these 2 groups was found. Significant correlations between adjusted PPO for BM (PPOADJ) and JH were found for all modalities, but it was higher for runners (r = 0.81) than team and combat sports (r = 0.63 and 0.65, respectively). Moderate agreement generated by the PPOADJ and JH was verified in team sports (k = 0.47) and running (k = 0.55) and fair agreement in combat sports (k = 0.29). We conclude that the ratio standard seems to be suitable only for team sports; for runners and combat sports, an allometric model seems adequate. The use of JH as an indicator of power output may be considered reasonable only for runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Kons
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Ache-Dias
- Catarinense Federal Institute-IFC, Araquari Campus, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Barth
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliano Dal Pupo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Wang R, Hoffman JR, Sadres E, Bartolomei S, Muddle TW, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. Evaluating Upper-Body Strength and Power From a Single Test: The Ballistic Push-up. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1338-1345. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Ache-Dias J, Dal Pupo J, Gheller RG, Külkamp W, Moro ARP. Power Output Prediction From Jump Height and Body Mass Does Not Appropriately Categorize or Rank Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:818-24. [PMID: 26332774 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were (a) to verify the agreement of categorization and ranks based on the actual power output measured by a force plate (PPact) and the estimated power output (PPest) from jump height and body mass (BM), and (b) to verify whether the ratio standard is adequate to scale the PPact for BM. The countermovement jumps of 309 male athletes were analyzed. The athletes were first categorized into tertiles (superior, intermediate, and inferior) according to PPact and PPest. After that the athletes were ranked (highest to lowest power output) according to PPact and PPest. The PPest equation explained 81% of PPact variance (standard error of estimate = 277.4 W). The PPest (3,757.1 ± 579.8 W) displayed similar mean values compared with PPact (3,757.1 ± 642.3 W). However, the agreement between the categories generated by PPact and PPest was only moderate (k = 0.6; p < 0.01), and in the intermediate tertile, the categorization differs 38.8%. The agreement between the ranks analyzed from a Bland-Altman plot shows bias zero, but a wide limits of agreement (81 ranks; 26.2%). For the PPact scaling, the ratio standard may be considered as an adequate method for removing the BM effect, considering the lack of correlation between the scaled PPact (PPact/BM) and BM, and also the confirmation of Tanner's special circumstance. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the athlete's power output was not appropriately categorized or ranked when using PPest. Furthermore, the use of the scaled PPact is recommended to fairly compare athletes with different BMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ache-Dias
- 1Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; and 2Center of Health Science and Sports, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Comparison of Physical Capacities Between Nonselected and Selected Elite Male Competitive Surfers for the National Junior Team. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015; 10:178-82. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To determine whether a previously validated performance-testing protocol for competitive surfers is able to differentiate between Australian elite junior surfers selected (S) to the national team and those not selected (NS).Methods:Thirty-two elite male competitive junior surfers were divided into 2 groups (S = 16, NS = 16). Their age, height, body mass, sum of 7 skinfolds, and lean-body-mass ratio (mean ± SD) were 16.17 ± 1.26 y, 173.40 ± 5.30 cm, 62.35 ± 7.40 kg, 41.74 ± 10.82 mm, 1.54 ± 0.35 for the S athletes and 16.13 ± 1.02 y, 170.56 ± 6.6 cm, 61.46 ± 10.10 kg, 49.25 ± 13.04 mm, 1.31 ± 0.30 for the NS athletes. Power (countermovement jump [CMJ]), strength (isometric midthigh pull), 15-m sprint paddling, and 400-m endurance paddling were measured.Results:There were significant (P ≤ .05) differences between the S and NS athletes for relative vertical-jump peak force (P = .01, d = 0.9); CMJ height (P = .01, d = 0.9); time to 5-, 10-, and 15-m sprint paddle; sprint paddle peak velocity (P = .03, d = 0.8; PV); time to 400 m (P = .04, d = 0.7); and endurance paddling velocity (P = .05, d = 0.7).Conclusions:All performance variables, particularly CMJ height; time to 5-, 10-, and 15-m sprint paddle; sprint paddle PV; time to 400 m; and endurance paddling velocity, can effectively discriminate between S and NS competitive surfers, and this may be important for athlete profiling and training-program design.
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Owen NJ, Watkins J, Kilduff LP, Bevan HR, Bennett MA. Development of a Criterion Method to Determine Peak Mechanical Power Output in a Countermovement Jump. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1552-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Relationships between sprinting speed, body mass, and vertical jump kinetics were assessed in 243 male soccer athletes ranging from 10–19 years. Participants ran a maximal 36.6 meter sprint; times at 9.1 (10 y) and 36.6 m (40 y) were determined using an electronic timing system. Body mass was measured by means of an electronic scale and body composition using a 3-site skinfold measurement completed by a skilled technician. Countermovement vertical jumps were performed on a force platform - from this test peak force was measured and peak power and vertical jump height were calculated. It was determined that age (r=−0.59; p<0.01), body mass (r=−0.52; p<0.01), lean mass (r=−0.61; p<0.01), vertical jump height (r=−0.67; p<0.01), peak power (r=−0.64; p<0.01), and peak force (r=−0.56; p<0.01) were correlated with time at 9.1 meters. Time-to-complete a 36.6 meter sprint was correlated with age (r=−0.71; p<0.01), body mass (r=−0.67; p<0.01), lean mass (r=−0.76; p<0.01), vertical jump height (r=−0.75; p<0.01), peak power (r=−0.78; p<0.01), and peak force (r=−0.69; p<0.01). These data indicate that soccer coaches desiring to improve speed in their athletes should devote substantive time to fitness programs that increase lean body mass and vertical force as well as power generating capabilities of their athletes. Additionally, vertical jump testing, with or without a force platform, may be a useful tool to screen soccer athletes for speed potential.
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Bui HT, Farinas MI, Fortin AM, Comtois AS, Leone M. Comparison and analysis of three different methods to evaluate vertical jump height. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:203-9. [PMID: 24690449 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare three methods to assess vertical jump height, to determine their limitations and to propose solutions to mitigate their effects. The chosen methods were the contact mat, the optical system and the Sargent jump. The testing environment was designed such that all three systems simultaneously measured the vertical jump height. A total of 41 kinesiology students (18 women, 23 men, mean age 23·2 ± 4·5 years) participated in this study. Data show that the contact mat and the optical system essentially provide similar results (P = 0·912) and that the correlation coefficient between the two systems was 0·972 (r(2) = 0·944). However, it was found that the Sargent jump has a tendency to overestimate the height, providing a measurement that is significantly different from the other two methods as the jumps are higher than 30·64 cm (P = 0·044). Through the design of the experiment, several sources of errors were identified and mathematically modelled. These sources include optical sensor placement, flat-footed landing and hip/knee bend. Whenever possible, the errors were quantified and solutions were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tien Bui
- Département des sciences appliquées, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la qualité et les saines habitudes de vie de l'UQAC, Saguenay, QC, Canada
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